GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF BUILDING DEMOLITION DURING ROAD EXPANSION PROJECT IN ADO-ODO OTA SETTINGS

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 9, Issue 12, December 2018, pp. 303–314, Article ID: IJCIET_09_12_034
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=12
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
©IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF BUILDING
DEMOLITION DURING ROAD EXPANSION
PROJECT IN ADO-ODO OTA SETTINGS
G. A. Adeyemi
Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Nigeria
O. G. Gbolahan
M. Markus
S. O. Edeki
Department of Mathematics, Covenant University, Nigeria
Corresponding Author’s Email: soedeki@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Building demolition during road expansion is a common phenomenon across
Nigerian states which may be due to unlawful construction of buildings without the
respect for right of way. The research analyses the issue of demolition of unlawful
erected structures in Ado Odo/Ota Local Government Area (LGA) of Ogun State. The
result obtained the questionnaire administered and analysed showed that many
citizens are aware of the rules and policies guiding road setback but did not adhere to
them. In addition, the lack of implementation was partly due to lack of effective
monitoring of these rules by government parastatal and agencies. Furthermore, the
inappropriate adjustment of building plan in an attempt to convert residential
buildings for commercial purposes to generate funds by the land/house owners also
created more congestion on the roads and highways. Buffers were created to
determine how many buildings will be affected should government need to expand
three roads in Ota. As a result, it was being detected that about hundred buildings will
need to be demolished either partly or wholly. We conclude that effective monitoring
of government rules and regulation regarding the right of way /road setback should be
enforced in other to save lives and properties and also reduce traffic congestion.
Key words: Building demolition; Decomposition Method; Geographic Information
System; Road Expansion

Geospatial Analysis of Building Demolition During Road Expansion Project in ADO-ODO OTA Settings
Cite this Article: G. A. Adeyemi, O. G. Gbolahan, M. Markus, S. O. Edeki,
Geospatial Analysis of Building Demolition During Road Expansion Project in ADO-
ODO OTA Settings, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology
(IJCIET) 9(12), 2018, pp. 303–314.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=12
1. INTRODUCTION
Road expansion is key and indispensable in the physical and economic development of any
country, city or towns. Areas with expanding road network, the value of property and land
tends to increase rapidly, hence a rapid increase in the price, standard of living, cost of
housing and land, increase in population are expected in regions or towns with a rapid
transportation improvements (Goldberg, 1970). The economic and physical growth of any
town, state or country will definitely be limited in development without adequate
transportation system (Oyesiku, 2002). Cost valuation models in terms of stochastic dynamics
can be adopted when considering building demolition (Edeki et al. 2015, Edeki et al. 2016a,
Edeki et al. 2016b).
Incessant building demolitions during road expansion projects have been noticed
generally across the nation, the closeness of houses and the development of infrastructures too
close to the highways has been a concern both for commercial and residential purposes.
Public spaces in human society originated before the developed environment. Settlements
encroaching into open spaces require statutory control to guarantee deliberate advancement
and mutual existence of different land use. According to Fadamiro (2002), park system, street
space and the entire larger space in which the city exists could be referred to as public space.
In developing countries like Nigeria, public spaces are subjected to depletion and
encroachment. This is as a result of rapid urbanization, increase in population, demand of
space for human activities. Applying GIS models to reach such decisions would provide a
transparent, well-defined and technical approach to the selection of sites (Adeyemi et al. 2018)
Road improvement is very important and necessary in order to preserve the roads in its
originally constructed state thereby providing a convenient travel along the route.
Unfortunately, maintenance is not properly carried out especially in the developing countries
which will eventually cause road failure over time. Unfortunately it’s impossible to build
roads which will not require maintenance.
The roads were however lacking in standard designs due to the fact that single lane roads
had sharp curves and poor drainage facilities. In the year 1952, 15,785km of bituminous
surface and 75,200km of gravel/earth roads were already in existence in Nigeria. According to
federal ministry of works & housing (2003) the total estimate of the current road is about
200,000km The Nigerian road classification system classifies Nigerian roads into three major
categories which are;
 Trunk “A” roads (federal roads): they are roads under the federal government ownership and
they are maintained and developed by the federal government.
 Trunk “B” roads (state roads): they are under the management and ownership of the states.
 Trunk “C” road (local government roads): they are roads under the local government
ownership and development.
Maintenance of road means keeping and preserving the existence of road facilities as near
as possible to its initial construction state. These involves correcting defects that might
develop due to ageing, usage and the effect of the element and making appropriate steps
towards correcting this defect thereby preventing the development or delaying the
development of other structural defects or deficiencies. Maintenance operation in Nigeria is

G. A. Adeyemi, O. G. Gbolahan, M. Markus, S. O. Edeki
classified into the following categories. The loss of property , business as a result of building
demolition during road expansion projects is becoming a common issue in Nigeria, this
demolition projects often times affect the residence of the affected buildings. Although a
token is paid as compensation for the affected individuals but it’s seen as often times
inadequate by these individuals when compared to the loss and inconveniencies incurred. GIS
helps to represent geophysical data in their geographic location and enhance predictive
capability (Awoyera P.O et al 2016)
Therefore, this research will be focused one examining the issue of demolition of
structures with the main focus on establishing the causes and effect of building demolition
and who is to blame, using Ado-Odo Ota as a case study. This research will help to prevent or
reduce the occurrence of such exercise
The main aim of this project is to ascertain the level of building demolition during road
expansion projects using ado Odo Ota as a case study .this research also seeks to determine
the effects of this demolition process on the citizens whose properties are affected by the
demolition process.
2. OVERVIEW OF THE LOCATION AND MEANS OF ANALYSIS
Roads are engineering facilities meant to aid the movement of people and goods from one
geographic location to the other.
Road transportation is the common means of merchandise transportation in Africa,
representing 80 percent of the merchandise movement and 90 percent traveler activity on the
mainland (Ajani, 2001). Road infrastructure is the core of any country’s improvement and the
central point for its effective planning towards the accomplishment of feasible advancement.
Due to the advantage of road transportation being able to provide door to door services, Road
transportation is most disparaged among different means of transportation particularly in
developing countries like Nigeria. road developments in Nigeria got a noteworthy lift in the
1970‟s amid the „‟oil boom‟ period and has from that point forward turn into a noteworthy
part of yearly capital spending plans at both the states and national levels. With the relating
increment in rush hour gridlock volumes on our street described by fluctuating arrangement
and hub loads, street disintegration and disappointment are experienced. Road planning in
Nigeria have been tormented by various issues, for example, flawed outlines, lacking seepage
framework, potholes, washed away asphalts, fallen scaffolds and so forth these have made it
troublesome, costly and more difficult to move items and administrations from makers to
buyers, cultivate deliver from rustic to urban focuses, which regularly prompt loss of worker
hours and high cost of merchandise and ventures. The yearly loss because of awful roads is
esteemed at 80 billion naira, while extra vehicle working expense coming about because of
terrible streets is esteemed at 53.8 billion, bringing the aggregate loss per annum to 133.8
billion( Federal Ministry of Works& Housing,2003). This consider does not bring with
account the man-hour misfortunes in rush hour gridlock because of awful streets and other
enthusiastic and physical injury individuals experience utilizing the streets and the resulting
misfortune in profitability.
Road systems assume a fundamental part in the financial and political improvement of any
nation. It is subsequently important to consider the issues related to road support with a view
to proffering answers and solutions to them. To adapt to the pace of maintenance of the
regularly expanding rate of street harm, there is a need for adequate spatially referenced street
related information, unified geo-database for the spatially referenced information, and
continuous access to street information data and models for viable administration. GIS
innovation is the appropriate response. The abilities of Geographic Information System (GIS)

in information collection, analysis and dispersal will incredibly support road upkeep, as it can
deal with spatially referenced information with speed and at least cost.
The population of urban inhabitants continue rising throughout the world. at a yearly rate
of double the development rate of the world`s total populace (UN-HABITAT, 2006). the
United Nations current estimate has put the total populace at 6.572 billion individuals, out of
which around half now lived in the urban zones, and by 2030, around 61% of the total world
populace is anticipated to live in the urban areas; This development is expected to take place
mainly in developing countries (Daramola and Ibem, 2001; UN, 2004; UNCHS, 2007;
UNFPA, 2007).
In order for the government to achieve a sustainable development, government needs to
provide transport facilities and infrastructure that ensures security, safety, economic and
social enhancement, welfare and health, restoration and protection of natural habitat. One of
the initial steps taking by the government in ensuring that these infrastructures and facilities
are provided is the acquisition of appropriate land. In some instances, several locations could
be good for these facilities and government is able to purchase these lands directly through the
land market.
According Olagbadebo and Dienye (2008), the advanced generation of maps which help
in enhancing the decipherability, precision and refreshing strategies is accomplished utilizing
Geographic Information System (GIS). Thus the advancement of a GIS based street map of
Port Harcourt for taking care of issues related with the street planning.
3. BASIC AND RESEARCH TERMS
3.1. Road Expansion
Roads are engineering facilities meant to aid the movement of people, good from one
geographic location to the other it is used to leave a particular place of origin to get to an
intended destination. Road expansion is the process of widening the roads by adding
additional lanes to meet up with the current traffic demand. For almost a century, road
expansion has been touted as an intense boost for the nearby economy (Dom Nozzi 2013), he
also described road expansion in his book as the best invention man has ever come up with.
According to vanguard (2018) the federal government of Nigeria is to spend N300 billion for
the rehabilitation and construction of roads in 2016.
3.2. Demolition
Demolition simply means to completely destroy a building especially in order to use it for
something else. In Nigeria, there have been several publications on the building demolition
for instance; (Onyeose 2011) reported that Abuja environmental protection board (AFPB)
carried out evacuation and demolition exercise in Nyanya and its surroundings. The vanguard
(2018) reported that 100 buildings were demolished by the Ogun state government for road
project. The news (2013) also reported the demolition of illegal structures by Sokoto
government. Urban improvement, in modern context, requires careful urban planning,critical
review ol land use/land cover.
3.3. Why are building demolished?
Where a structure raised is observed to be defective as to constitute risk or an annoyance to
the occupier and general society, the Control Department (in charge of issues identifying with
advancement control and execution of physical improvement designs) has the ability to serve
a destruction see on an engineer of such structure. The Notice given might contain a date
which ought not be later than twenty-one days on which the Control Department should then
find a way to effect the demolition. After the termination of the time determined in the notice,

the control division makes fundamental move to effect the demolition. The engineer of the
building/structure has an obligation to repay the Control Department for all costs sensibly
brought about in the demolition.
3.4. Setback
A setback according to the land use code is the minimum distance a building or structure must
leave before any construction takes place, Except permitted by the Land Use Code.
3.5. Where are setback measured?
Setbacks are measured most of the times from property lines. Setbacks are needed along the
front, back, and side property lines. In any case, back street and access easements crossing a
property may require extraordinary Setback from the focal point of the rear way or edge of an
entrance easement. When estimating a front setback from a property line connecting an open
road or private street, the setback is measured from the internal edge of the right of way (for
open/public road) or tract (for private road) Unlike right of way, access easement generally
does not coincide with property lines. The easement might be found mostly or completely on
your property. At the point when a front-yard difficulty is required from an easement situated
on a property, the setback is taken from the internal edge of the easement. Assuming that the
property contains critical areas, extra buffer and setback apply and are taken from the critical
region edge. The amount of setback required depends on the land use authorities where the
property is situated and whether setback is along a front, back, or side property line.
3.6. Nigerian laws on building demolition
The Urban and Regional Planning Act made no arrangement for pay to proprietors or
occupiers of structures that were pulverized due to being flawed. Yet, arrangements for pay
are made for inhabitants of territories proposed to be enhanced by the National Urban and
Regional Planning Commission (Federal Level) or the State Urban and Regional Planning
Board (State Level) or the Local Planning Authority. Thus, where any of these experts trusts
that the recovery, redesign and update of the physical condition, social offices and framework
of a specific zone is conceivable, it at that point proclaims such region as a change region.
Nonetheless, the relevant authority announces such a zone as an improvement zone
simply after:
 the occupants of the region have been educated about: the reasons and substance of the
proposed change, the forces vested in the significant specialist, the offices that will be given in
the territory and the advantages to be gotten from the change;
 gatherings must have been held with the neighborhood administration of the zone or some
other relationship in the zone to know the perspectives of the occupants in the territory
concerning the proposed change and furthermore to set up councils to screen the advance of
the restoration, redesign and update;
 educating other important statutory experts of the proposed change and taking their
perspectives; and
 Taking into account the perspectives and remarks about the proposed change.
While numerous policies have drastically enhanced social welfare in numerous areas,
numerous disappointments in compliance exist. A prior OECD report recognized eight
reasons for resistance from the perspective of those targeted:
− Failure to comprehend the law.
− Collapse of faith in law.

− Procedural unfairness.
− Costs of administrative consistence.
− Deterrence disappointment.
− Incapacitation of those managed.
− Failure of influence.
− Failure of common society.
3.7. Reasons why GIS is Important in Urban Planning?
GIS innovation is frequently utilized as a part of urban planning, and effects individuals living
in the zone from numerous points of view. The advantages of utilizing a GIS in urban
planning are various, in light of the fact that GIS contemplates a wide range of components to
help build an effective and organized city.
GIS can be applied at different scales of urban and local planning administration,
extending from neighborhood, provincial, mainland to international and worldwide ecological
issues. GIS joins data from various sources by relating them as per area. The information from
these sources can be gathered into sensible and significant layers that can be consolidated to
form a single map.
Urban planning requires numerous layers of detail on a single map, and one of the
highlights of a GIS is multilayered mapping. Every one of these layers has diverse sorts of
data and information related with it. A municipal planning agency can utilize a GIS to see a
wide range of things, surface water, Road networks, agricultural lands, and highly erodible
land. This multilayered capacity can have a major effect when building up an area. G.A
Adeyemi and S.O Edeki (2018) opined that the need of better descriptive models such as the
Geographic Information System (GIS) whose effectiveness in data representation for both
qualitative and qualitative decision making in a problem solving environment cannot be over
emphasized
According to Samuel O & Leke (2005) the flexibility and dynamism of the GIS
innovation gives data to organizers to effectively plan. The unique feature of GIS is its
capacity to give answers to the questions through rational and efficient investigation of the
circumstance and help organizers to take snappy choice. Planning comprise of settling on
decisions among different options that appears to be available to the future and securing their
execution which rely upon designation of necessary resources. Data has been portrayed as
"the essential asset in all decision making", nonetheless, in the act of urban developing in the
creating cities most choices are being made based on insufficient data and in a disconnected
and incremental way (Dale and McLaughlin 1988). GIS can assist a planners in answering a
set of nonexclusive questions. to for taking proper decisions. Recorded underneath are
potential application regions of GIS in planning;
 Natural resources management.
 Land use / Land cover evaluation and monitoring.
 Water inventory and monitoring.
 Environmental planning and management.
 Emergency planning and management.
Education plays a pivotal role for the people to obey and abide by government rules and
regulations in respecting road setback for them to escape the likely havocs that may emanate
from lack of regard for road setback. Adeyemi, et al 2016 opined that Today, the corporate
growth and development requires planning and taking the right decisions at the right time.

Taking the right decision in road decongestion would enhance societal orderliness. In
addition, The quality of built structures in an environment defines the level of advancement
attained by the society.
4. METHODOLOGY
Field survey was carried out with the administration of a well-structured questionnaire with
the primary aim of collecting data in order to extract significant information that would
enhance the study and facilitate the understanding of public perception on the cause and effect
of building demolition during road expansion projects, determine their level of awareness of
the policies guiding setbacks and determine the impacts of building demolition on their
general well beign. Questionnaires were administered in the areas where building demolitions
took place during road expansion. Oral interviews were equally conducted with the aim of
gathering additional information and contributions from local residence in general. In
addition, information was extricated from unpublished works running from books,
conferences proceedings Satellite image of the study area was used to estimate the numbers of
houses that would be demolished should the government decide to expand a particular road.
4.1. Section A - General Information/ Socio-demographics
The first section of the questionnaire inquired into general information of the respondent such
as age, sex, marital status, education level, occupation and estimate of average annual income
level.
4.2. Section B - Household Statistics
This section inquired into the basic household statistics of the respondent such as the type of
residence, total number of people in the residence.
4.3. Section C – Authenticity of property documents owned by respondents
This section was aimed at ensuring that the properties demolished have proper documents
approved by town planning authorities.
4.4. Section D – perception on building demolition and road setback awareness
This section examined the level of aware of these individuals on road setback distances
5. METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
The primary data obtained via the administered questionnaires were analysed using
mathematical and statistical tools of IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM
SPSS 20). The tool was used to generate statistical information as well as relevant
illustrations and diagrams such as tables, pie-charts, bar-charts, graphs, frequency tables and
percentages etc. Observations Made on the Field Survey. Data were collected on the 3rd
March
2018 and 10th
March 2018
6. RESULTS
It is recorded that 32% of the total respondents have been on this property for less than 5
years, 20.7% has been on this property between 5-10 years, 17.3% have been on this property
for 10-30 years while 30% of the respondents have been living on this property for a period of
30 years and above. This shows that development of this region took place within the past 30
years. As a city increases in population, proper spatial planning should be put in place to
accommodate the need for residential land use in the city.

Figure 1 Total number of years spent on the properties
Figure 2 A chart showing the percentage of people who approved documentation
From the pie chart above, it shows that 96.67% of the total respondents have valid
certificate of occupancy approve by the town planning authorities while 3.33% of the
respondents don’t have approve documents.
Figure 3 Adequacy of compensation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Less than 5
years
5-10 years 10-30 years 30 years
and above
Frequency
Percentage (%)
97%
3%
Yes
No
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Very
adequate
Adequate Average Inadequate Very
inadequate
Frequency
Percentage (%)

The information displayed above displays the inadequacy of compensation paid to
respondents whose buildings were demolished by the government.43% of the total number of
respondents said the compensation paid by the government was inadequate.
Figure 4 Effect of road expansion on business and wellbeing respondents
The information above indicates that loss of costumers was the greatest effect of the
expansion of the road which is 40% while 38% of the respondent experienced reduction in
profit. Other effect were exposure to environmental factors i.e rain, sun, Wind, road blockage,
dusty atmosphere.
Figure 5 Level of awareness of the respondent on road setback
The graph above shows that 86.7% of the total respondents are aware of setback policies
while 20% of the total respondents are not aware of setback policies. This shows that a sizable
amount of the total respondents whose buildings were demolished are aware of these policies
but either choose not to comply with the setback policies or little attention is given to the
implementation of these policies. Educational promotion can alleviate poverty and
unemployment being confronted by many developing countries of the world and reduce
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Loss of
customers
Reduction in
profit made
Exposure to
environmental
agents
Frequency
Percentage (%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Yes No
Frequency
Percentage (%)

deterioration of human capital at the long run (Bamgboye and Adeyemi, 2016).
Environmental management in relation to waste, materials, and structure are of great
important that cannot be neglected in geographical planning (Busari, Akinmusuru,
Dahunsi,(2018) and Bamigboye, Adedeji, Olukanni, Jolayemi, (2017)).
7. CONCLUSIONS
There must be attitudinal change in order to attain the expected development and orderly
society, and this will cut across all the societal strata. Effective planning, monitoring and
implementation of government policies especially in respect for road setbacks would enhance
free flow of traffic, save man-hour, promote human health and prevent environmental
pollution. The society would need to change from old ways of doing things, follow the path of
discipline, patriotism, honesty, transparency, follow due process and orderliness. Awareness
creation and land use reviews in all the local governments would enhance the general sanity.
The rule of law should hold at all times and everywhere, no matter how highly placed the
offender could be. Also, The need for the inclusion of GIS in road construction planning and
maintenance cannot be over emphasized. It would enhance efficiency, accuracy and speed of
operations. Town planning authorities should ensure that all private/public buildings
especially those situated along major roads should leave standard road setback distance before
approval for construction. The use of GIS in road construction planning and maintenance
should be encouraged, this will save costs and enhance adequacy in future planning. Adequate
road design and road network planning should be ensured prior to construction of
buildings/development less developed area in order to prevent future. traffic congestion.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are indeed thankful to Covenant University for all forms of support, and also
thank the anonymous reviewers for their useful and helpful comments.
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