Relationship Between Parents And Children

Relationship Between Parents And Children
When a person finds out it is their turn to be a parent, the first thing that comes to mind is not going to be, "what style of parent should be utilized in
this situation?" They are more worried about the child being healthy, which parent it will look like, and what will they name it? So many things cross a
parents mind before they think of what kind of parent they will be. Will they be strict, will they be relaxed, or will they find a happy medium? So
many questions to be answered that come in time, but come somewhat naturally. Many people do not realize there are different "styles" or
"approaches" to how others raise their children, but there are others that have very precise views on how they will go about day to day life with how
their children are raised. This is the case from Amy Chua. She is a Chinese mother married to a Western father with very opposite views of parenting.
Amy is strict, meticulous, and a disciplinarian. The way she handles herself with her family and in the way she raises her children have many effects on
their lives. These effects do not only effect the immediate family, but their extended family as well. Those most effected are her husband Jed and her
daughters Sophia and Lulu. Amy handles herself in a very specific manner and has no tolerance for anything less than her expectations. These
expectations have effects on her family and the relationships around her. Having high expectations as these make relationships hard to maintain, and
cause
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To Kill A Mockingbird Parent Child Relationship
The relationship between a parent and a child is an eternal relationship. They both have different responsibilities for each other. As a parent it is their
responsibility to teach his or her child what is right and what is wrong. They play a vital role in the development of a child's morality.Linda Poindexter
once remarked, "The irony of a parent and child relationship is, that at any given moment, you never know who is teaching whom." This is true in
many cases. Everyone can learn different things from each other at any given time. The parent child relationship can be considered a major factor in
many development domains, including moral domains. Parents use different techniques to influence the morality of their children. In Harper Lee's To
Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus Finch, his daughter Jean Louise 'Scout' Finch, and his son Jem ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Emotions between siblings are characteristically intense and can cycle rapidly between love and hostility" ("Brown"). At an early stage the siblings
are the first companion of a child and the presence of a sibling can boost a child's confidence during stressful events. Sibling gets comfort during the
time of need and also eases during stressful events such as illness and parental absence.
A healthy relation with neighbors is also important in maintaining a balance of the society. There are many different things that are learned only by
observing what other people does. In times of need people can quickly seek help from their neighbors.
It is the parent's responsibility to make his or her children understand that they mean lot of them. They should be reminded how important an
individual is to the other one. What are you have the same responsibility to make the relationship stronger and better. After birth a child is surrounded
by all these groups of people they learn a lot from this group of people and they plays an important role in the development of a child's

Disadvantages Of Free Range Parenting
Free–range parenting is a type of way to help a kids early, young, and adolescent stages of their life with their skills and abilities as well as for teaching
them how to be self supportive and to learn how to become a responsible young adult to be a better prepared for the future. In free–range parenting
their is no specific way of raising your child due to the fact that their can be several methods but what i do think is that their should be only one way
when it comes to parenting. Free–range parenting of course can and may have many negative but also many positive outcomes as well depending on
the type of technique the set of parents are using and by the way their kids are being raised and treated over the years of their teen life. Every set of
parents have their own technique, tactic, or method when it comes to parenting but at times the way they do it isn't the correct one to utilize at a child's
young age. The three types of free–range parenting methods that their is are the Abusive or neglectful parents, the prepared developmentally parents,
and finally the "helicopter" type of parents. An extreme kind parenting parent is an abusive or neglectful type of way that some children get from the
parents since they don't get or receive enough support, help, and assistance from their parents. A prepared developed set of parents are the type of
parents that most people prefer because they're responsible enough to give their child enough aid and assistance that may help and

Separation Is Official: How To Be A Positive Force For The...
One serious issue related to separation and divorce is child custody and resulting changes in parenting situations. You may have reached a custody
settlement that specifies terms regarding legal and physical child custody. Often, parents are mystified when it comes to their parental roles and
responsibilities following separation from each other. The following parenting tips and hints may be helpful for those who are interested.
The Separation is Official: How To Be A Positive Force For The Children
A great deal of child custody help is about facilitating parenting plans in ways that accommodate all parties involved in the family, including parents
and children. When parents split up, the emotional upheaval experienced by all parties doesn't usually lend itself to reasonable thinking and behaviors.
There is often a great deal of uncertainty about where and with whom children will live, while parents try to survive the heartbreak of their lost
relationship. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If they perceive their parents as working toward their benefit, youngsters can still be secure and avoid feeling threatened. They need reassurance of
their parents' love for them. Young people, developmentally, are at the center of the universe. If things are going well––they did it. If things are going
poorly–– they did it! It's important that they are bombarded with messages to the contrary regarding their parents'

Parents and Children: Effective Discipline and...
Parents and Children:
Effective Discipline and Communication One of the biggest issues for parents to resolve has been the ways in which they discipline their child. Along
with these concerns, parents and child psychologists have battled to find a solution to common problems of communication between parents and
children. While many styles and methods have been used to address these issues and responsibly raise a child to adulthood, many great debates of
parenthood have continued through time.
How do effective parents discipline and communicate with their children? Although many specific areas can be explored, in regards to this question,
we will narrowly focus on these few:
1.Forms of Discipline
2.Spank or Not to Spank?
3. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2). Additionally, regardless of the method used, the manner and reasons for punishment must always be consistently carried out to send one clear
message. Without such clarity, a child can be confused between what behavior to avoid and which are the acceptable choices to follow, and
consequently, is more likely to repeat the offense in the future.
Spank or Not to Spank Perhaps the most heated debate between parents, in reference to discipline, is the decision to spank a child. Each and every
state in the U.S. has upheld the right of a parent to use physical means to discipline their children by not creating laws which prohibit the action. This
especially sensitive topic is, therefore, not a legal issue, but rather an emotional one between advocates of less aggressive techniques of parenting and
those who believe that spanking is necessary. Several child psychologists can be found on both sides of this issue, and so using their words, in this
instance, would only be conflicting and counterproductive in this section. Instead, it is sufficient to say that parents will probably disagree on this
subject through time and push their positions, as to whether spanking a child is appropriate, effective or even proper.
Parent to Parent Communication Successful parents communicate on a substantial basis and will continue to do so often. While discussing matters
related to their children, they are good listeners, attentive to the needs

Parenting Techniques for Babies Essay
In western culture, babies are bombarded with distractions. This is not only to keep them occupied, but also to keep the parents content with the
behavior of the child. The prevailing parenting technique in our culture, therefore, seems to be that of constantly stimulating the child in order to
somehow produce some sort of super baby. With new distractions and studies arriving daily that are meant to boost the earliest form of intellect
within the child, you would expect the babies who are raised in this society to end up being geniuses by the age of 5. Unfortunately, this is far from
the truth. When all is said and done, a baby is still a baby. This is something that the mothers in a small village within Opuwo, Namibia, have never...
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He refers to the idea a theorist explored being that, "Lamb suggests that being responsible doesn't necessarily involved direct interaction with the child;
the anxiety, worry, and contingency planning that comprise paternal responsibility often occurs when the father is doing something else"(Page 251 of
250–256). This proves that even though Ponijao may not have constant interaction with her Father, he still shapes the child she is today.
Based on my research conducted on children's toys earlier in unit one, I had the chance to analyze and understand the impact that they have on the
development and functioning of the child. Reflecting back on my own experience with toys, I concluded that certain toys in my childhood had a
significant impact on my development, while other toys may have hindered my maturation. For instance, playing with blocks and creating structures
allowed my creative outlet to develop while utilizing my faculty of wonder, as well as my understanding of and balance and physical awareness. In
spite of that, the overall quantity of toys that I had acquired over the years of my childhood, had caused me to rely on materialistic entities as a
source of distraction, and as I developed I looked to find satisfaction in material objects. In contrast to this, Ponijao's exposure to toys is very limited in
comparison to the sources of entertainment the other children in the film are familiarized with, based on the progress of

Effects Of Neglect On Child Welfare System
In 2012, nearly four million children were reported to Child Protective Services (CPS) with concerns of neglect or abuse (U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services, 2012). Out of those four million reports, approximately 563,000 children were found to be victims of substantiated neglect, as
reported and inspected by CPS (DePanifilis, 2006). In 2002, 1400 children died as a result of abuse or neglect (Harder, 2005). Cases of neglect occur
roughly three times more (75%) than cases of physical abuse alone (18.3%), five times more than sexual abuse (9.3%), and are more likely to result in
the death of the child (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). The impact of neglect can severely damage the physical, cognitive,
interpersonal and emotional development of the child (DePanifilis, 2006). Parent–training interventions are frequently utilized in the child welfare
system when working to preserve the family unit or have reunification as an end result (Barth et al., 2005). In children that have been neglected, do
parent–training interventions reduce the negative impacts of neglect?
Child neglect can include, but is not limited to, failing to meet a child's emotional, physical, educational, and/or medical needs (Child Welfare
Information Gateway, 2013). Neglect range in severity from a one–time occurrence of not securing a child in a car seat before operating a vehicle to
continually failing to provide food, shelter, and security (DePanfilis, 2006). Alone, these

Why Is Amy Chua's Battle Hymn Of The Tiger Mother?
In Amy Chua's controversial memoir, Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, she explores the Western and Chinese parenting technique. She describes
herself as being a "tiger mother" and raising her daughters the Chinese way. A "tiger mother" can be described as a strict or demanding mother who
pushes her children to high levels or achievement, using methods regarded as typical of childrearing in China and other parts of East Asia (Google:
2014). The term "Chinese mother" is used loosely in this essay, as not all Chinese mothers are "tiger mothers" many other cultures such as Korean and
Jamaican follow similar practises. Contrasted to that, a "Western parent" is believed to be a more lenient, less pressurising parent. Recently, there has
been a lot ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the child is not forced to partake in inhumanely amounts of academic work, they therefore have more free time to partake in other activities. This
therefore encourages and nurtures creativity as the parent is more respective towards the child's preferences. As a result of this, their individuality is
nurtured as they are not pressured to partake in one activity (academic work or music) like everyone else. These qualities can play a very important
role in the development of the child. It promotes freedom of speech therefore stimulating more innovative ideas. Why does the world need more
innovative people? A study shows says that innovative children and young adults are more likely to be risk takers and pursue their true dreams. One
could think that if the world had more innovative thinkers, countries would become more developed and this would create more job opportunities. Not
all Western parents are emotionally supportive towards their children, but according to a study done in America emotionally supportiveparenting
promotes better moods and better emotional coping. A study of American children, aged 9 to11 years, evaluated their ability to cope with their
emotions in school and at home. Children with secure attachment relationships and greater levels of maternal support

Parenting Techniques and Their Influences on Their...
Parenting Techniques and Their Influences on Their Child's Behavior and Habits.
McNeese State University
Abstract
Parenting techniques and beliefs are essential to the growth of any child. Parents instill habits, behaviors, and moral sense in to their children at an
early age. Children benefit when parents engage themselves in to their child's life. In saying that, parents also have to learn to adapt to what their
child needs and teach them to assert themselves and become independent. Habits children pick up are usually either picked up from their parents or
tolerated by their parents. It is the parent's responsibility to assess what is right for their child and correct any bad habits they may learn along ... Show
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The researchers of this study also chose not to cover any demographic characteristics such as age or socioeconomic factors. A longitudinal study
exhibiting ages when a child learns eating habits and gaining weight would improve the study. Socioeconomic status could also play a large role in
what the child had available to eat. In many studies, it is said that many lower or working class families struggle with obesity due to the lack of funds
to get healthier foods. Social status would also explain if the parents were not there to monitor what the child was eating. This would affect a lot of
qualities in the study had it been chosen to be covered.
Differences between race and social classes have been studied for many decades. In an article by Bodovski (2010), she stated that Lareau (2003)
examined how socioeconomic status and race backgrounds influenced how parents raised their children and how the children benefited academically.
The social class in which a family is raised shapes their values, behavior, and explains what they have available as resources. Middle–class and
upper–middle–class families actively reinforce their involvement in their child's learning and socialization. This social class has a wide array of
opportunities to expose their children to including sports, art, dance, and many other extracurricular activities. Middle–class families also encourage
their children to stand up

Parenting Group Paper
The group will be designed for Parenting Class. Married parents, single parents, and foster parents are welcome to join the parenting group. Any
family member is welcome to join the class; members do not need to be parents to participate in the group. Any adults working with children can also
join such as teachers, teacher aids, principals, therapist etc. Parents that are mandated by court are also welcome to join the parenting group. This
parenting group is important because it can help parents deal with parenting issues that they are experiencing with their children as well as strengthen
their relationships with their children. Parenting group is also important because the behavior of the child starts from their parents. Providing

The Development Of The Middle Phase Of Group Work
There are many tasks, skills, and actions involved in the middle phase of group work. The leader must assist the group in making progress on individual
and group goals, attend to group dynamics, assist members with connecting with resources, use the best practical techniques, implement the appropriate
group approaches, complete record–keeping, and access and use supervision. The leader will assist the members in making progress by reinforcing
connections, offering problematic ideas and activities, assess progress, identifying difficulties and obstacles, attending to special needs of an individual,
engaging members in problem solving, summarizing group sessions, planning for the next steps, and re–contracting with members as needed. The...
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Often the parents have to be encouraged to take the role of the parent and guided to interact and respond to their children appropriately. I model this
behavior throughout each visitation while decreasing the amount of modeling I do as the parents start to implement the modeled behavior. I complete
record keeping during and after each visitation to provide the family case manager a detailed report of attendance, arrival and departure times, a
narrative of interactions, strengths, issues, then provide a recommendation of services to assist the family in meeting all the needs of the family. The
desired outcome is to increase parent involvement with the children, establish limits and routine within the family, and provide the family with
guidance to increase communication. The reports that I complete allow the family case manager and the courts to see the progress or lack of progress
the family accomplishes during each visit. The Father's Engagement Group is an educational group that is intended to assist fathers in becoming more
involved in the lives of their children, increasing parenting skills, and becoming a positive role model in the lives of their children. One of the first
skills that are used is attending to any special needs that the members have. This is accomplished by the leader completing individual intakes and
making observations during the group session. One special need that I was able to attend to with one particular parent

Approach To Screamfree Parenting Analysis
Approach to ScreamFree Parenting
Nerma Zrinic Parent–Child Relations Professor Bruce Covey
Being a parent is a lifelong commitment individuals make when having a child. The responsibilities that come with being a parent can be a heavy
burden to carry. However, we find that the rewards ofparenting outweigh its cost. Its likely for parent's to become too involved in their children's lives.
This can have a detrimental affect on the parent's well being and result in negative reactions. Hal Edward Runkel, a licensed marriage and family
therapist, takes a scream free approach to parenting. Runkel earned his master's degree from Abilene Christian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
He redefines what it means to be a "cool" parent, addressing that the expectations of parents having to keep up with the latest trends in order to
relate to their child is inaccurate. Being a "cool" parent begins when the parent's authority is challenged by his or her child, and they remain calm
(Runkel, 2007, p. 1). Runkel (2007) states that a parent who's truly in charge, allows there to be room for growth without making constant demands
of their children (p. 29). Runkel makes the significant distinction between being responsible for your kids and having responsibility to your kids.
Illustrating that it's the parent's responsibility to be the kind of parent their child needs. Such as, provide for their basic needs and model appropriate
behavior. He stresses that parents cannot control their children's actions but what they can control is how they choose to respond and address them.
It's crucial for parents to not depend on their child's behavior being factored into their happiness. "What children need most is for their parents to be
the first ones who see them as individuals in their own right with their own lives and decisions and futures" (Runkel, 2007, p. 77). Aside from parents
being aware of their emotional reactivity, they must also be conscious of the space their children need in order to grow. Giving children the space to
make their own mistakes without continual direction, will keep them from living "borrowed lives" (Runkel, 2007, p. 79). Runkel informs eight ways
parents can provide their children with emotional

What Makes A Good Parent, By Jeannette Walls
Not all people raise children the same way. Each parent has his or her own method of preparing a child for the world. In the article "What Makes a
Good Parent," author Robert Epstein lays out ten criteria for "good" parents. In The Glass Castle by Jeannette Walls, Walls's parents display techniques
that initially seem detrimental to her life. However, throughout the memoir, Walls'smother and father demonstrate Epstein's good parenting qualities by
promoting self–sufficiency and providing educational opportunities in unique ways. One key parenting skill that shows that Walls's mother and father
are effective parents is the ability to guide a child to live independently. An important competency listed by Epstein is that parents should

Parenting Styles and Children's Development Essay
Parenting Styles and Children's Development
There are several parenting styles which guide children throughout their life. These parenting styles can be either good or bad and this will have an
effect on the child; either a positive or a negative one. This essay investigates the parenting styles from which emerge questions about the role of the
mother and the father. It also focuses on the ways that either too much mothering or too much fathering might have an effect on the child's identity later
on in its life.
What is good parenting style and how should parents act? Good parenting style shapes a child's character and helps the child become a decent person of
good manners. It is found that in order for this to occur parents must ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Parenting style can be diverse from country to country, but even across country they can be surprisingly similar. As Being from Greece I would
like to compare the American parenting style to the Greek parenting style. An interview of my roommate was conducted which showed that her
parents were never strict with her and she never had a curfew. Her parents let her make her own decisions. This is how things work in my family as
well. My parents let me make my own decisions and take responsibility for any consequences. Apart from that she argued that in her family the
mother is in charge of the house and the children's care whereas the father is less involved. So things are not as different between our families. On the
contrary they are rather similar. However, whether parenting styles are pretty much the same it is also very important how a specific parenting
behavior takes place. If it takes place under harsh and non–friendly conditions then the child will never know how to act in a good way around people
and it will never have the manners that its parents would wanted it to.
This similarity of parenting styles might be happening because there are quite a few stereotypes which still exist in a large number of families. In most
families the mother is the one who is responsible for the child's rearing. The mother wakes the children up in the morning, she takes them to school, and
she makes their meals and tucks them

Were You Punished As A Child Analysis
Were you punished as a child? This seems like a rhetorical question; a better question would be how? I am sure countless childhood memories you can
immediately recall when someone asks about times you were punished for acting out by one of your parents, whether they raised their voice, a
time–out, or in some cases a spanking. It seen incomprehensible that a child could go their whole lives without pushing their parents to the point of
punishment, and their parents to retain the ability to remain calm in those inevitable situations when raising a child. Well, according to writer Olga
Khazan and child psychologist Dr. Kazdin future children could potentially say that they were never punished by their parents, with the use of
unconventional... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Khazan begins the article by asking the rhetorical question about the necessity of punishing a child, and then proceeds to contradict this by stating that
Kazdin a certified psychologist declares this untruthful. Following this, Khazan states that Dr. Kazdin, the director of YaleParenting Center advocates
for the unconventional parenting method of positively reinforcing behaviors that you want, oppose to the use of punishment to try to prevent the ones
you do not want. After her transitional introduction, Khazan includes her interview with Alan Kazdin, Ph.D., Director of Yale Parenting Center to give
professional credibility and insight to her controversial article. Interviewing someone who has a PhD and also specializes in parenting techniques
certainly adds to the trustworthiness of the Doctors methods and insight. On the Yale Parenting Center's official website, Dr. Kazdin emphasize the
success and popularity of their methods by proclaiming that "The work that we do has been featured on NPR, PBS, BBC, CNN, and the Today
Show... Good Morning America, ABC News, 20/20, and Dr. Phil to discuss and demonstrate what we do" (Kazdin) in attempts to impress and persuade
potential clients, if not

Analysis Of Why Chinese Moms Are Superior
"Why Chinese Moms are Superior" Critique In Amy Chua's article "Why Chinese Moms are Superior", she explains what she thinks is correct way
to raise children. Being based off her book, Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, which was also written in 2011. It doesn't encompass the entire writing
but instead focuses on the main ideas from the original text. This is not Chau's only accomplishment as she has written a few books including: 'The
World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability", "Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to
Global Dominance–and Why They Fall", and the text of current topic. She also is a Harvard Law graduate. Being raised this way by her own mother is
most likely behind this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The evidence that she gives to show the effectiveness of those methods of 'tiger mom" parenting is of her daughter's performance at a recital. Even
though Lulu, her daughter, couldn't play the song on the piano at first, she practiced for hours into the night without being able to get food or water.
Chau would not allow her to get up for anything. And after hours into practicing she finally got it. Then weeks later she performed it and received an
abundance of praise. Shau puts a large amount of focus on the assumption that all "Western" parents are the same as each other. This logical fallacy,
hasty generalization, is used throughout the excerpt to emphasize the idea that one style of parenting, the "Chinese" style of parenting, is superior to
most of the world. She only shows these two sides of parenting, this making her argument debatable and controversial. She also does not define who is
included in the "Western" parents category or what they consist of. This leaves the audience to believe that all other parents fail or do not parent their
children successfully. In order to get her point across, Chau explains how her father called her garbage. Her reaction to this was that she was "deeply
ashamed" in herself.This fallacy causes the reader to sympathize with her situation and side with her argument. Along with this she says things like
"extremely disrespectfully" and "extremely anxious" when either describing her daughter's

According To Amy Chua's Essay? Why Chinese Mothers Are...
In Amy Chua's essay "Why Chinese Mothers are superior?", She discusses the difference between Tiger parenting–Chinese parents– and western
parenting styles. Both Tiger parents and Western parents have effective parenting techniques but differ in many ways. Chua in her article describes the
first primary difference to revolve around the concept of self–esteem. Tiger parents believe that their children need to be strong and be able to take an
insult and assume: "strength not fragility." Conveys the assumption that he or she is strong enough to handle insults. On the other hand, Western
parents believe that shaming their children, will only damage his or her self–esteem. The second significant difference is the idea that he or she owes
everything to their parents.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The final difference between both parenting style tiger parents believe that they know what is best for their children, so one's parents make the
decisions for them. In the article, Chua mentions her experience of not being allowed to pick their elective classes and must never bring any grader
lower than an A, unless it was Physical Education or drama. One may believe that deciding for their children is the correct parenting technique. Western
parents believe that their child should have a voice in their decisions and fully support their choices. Regarding the effectiveness of tiger parenting and
Western parenting styles, I agree that Tiger parenting is overall a better parenting mindset for a child to developed skill sets needed in adulthood.
Coming from a Hispanic house, I grew up experiencing similar parenting techniques to Tiger

Critical Review On Obese Children
Critical Analysis Review
Taylor Cholota
The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
September 24, 2016
Morawska, A., & West, F. (2013). Do parents of obese children use ineffective parenting strategies? Journal of Child Health Care, 17(4), 375
–386.
Introduction
According to Morawska (2013), the research connecting parenting strategies and childhood obesity is lacking in prevalence and accuracy. Previous
research on this topic has shown to not always be accurate or plausible to support the claim that these two factors are related. In this study, utilization of
reliable surveys and methods are an important factor in obtaining validity of the research. Suggesting there is connection between these two topics
could bring up new avenues ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ability of research to support or refute a study or technique that would be useful in practice, is used in a way to better inform yourself as a
professional and your client in order to serve them most effectively. This article in particular could be useful in facing parenting strategies that are
ineffective in regards to children clients who are obese and facing emotional issues in their society. If a client were to have these types of issues in
their school or community, they could face emotional or psychological troubles such as bullying. Being able to have research to back up the fact that
parenting strategies could potentially be a factor in their rates of obesity, could be beneficial to finding solutions to the emotional problems the
children are facing by looking at parenting skills used and how this has shaped their behaviors and lifestyles. The implications of this research are not
yet generalizable to larger populations, but the information nonetheless is a topic in need of exploration in hopes of improving and reinforcing
techniques for social work

The Role Of Parenting In Battle Hymn Of The Tiger Mother
The Chinese culture has always been steadfast in their views of parenting. Ms. Chua, a professor at Yale Law, and a Chinese mother herself is an
example of just that. Ms. Chua is a firm believer in the Chinese philosophy of parenting , and has referenced in her book Battle Hymn of the Tiger
Mother that happiness comes from mastery. This is just one of the many reasons it is believed that this strategy ofparenting raises such stereotypically
successful children, which is in direct opposition to her perception on children raised in a Western technique. Chau regards her methods as holding a
higher influence in producing children who are proficient in a broad array of areas, such as academically as well as musically.
In consideration to the

Parent Management Training : A Behavioral Treatment For...
Parent Management Training (PMT) is an evidence–based intervention instilled to parents of children and adolescents with aggressive, antisocial and
defiant behaviors. Parents are taught social learning techniques with the purpose of changing the behavior of their children. Parents learn effective
parent–child relationship management strategies and parenting skills through exercises and role play with the therapist. These methods include
observing and recording behavior, positive reinforcement, token reinforcement, time out reinforcement, attending, ignoring, reprimanding, shaping, and
compromising. As treatment sessions progress, these concepts are introduced and instructed to be implemented at home. The timing of this
reinforcement and its modulations to shape parent behavior are trained rather explicitly among therapists (Kazdin, 2005). Several behavioral training
programs exist today, and techniques from a number of them are depicted in the Parent Management Training manual paradigm discussed throughout
this synopsis. The compendium of literature presented in this overview suggest the effectiveness of PMT as a behavioral treatment for children and
adolescents.
Keywords: Parent Management Training, parent–child relationship, positive reinforcement, token reinforcement, time out reinforcement, reprimanding,
shaping, Parent Management Training: Treatment for Oppositional, Aggressive, and Antisocial Behavior in Children and Adolescents
Classified in the DSM–5 under

Tiger Moms: Is Tough Parenting Really The Answer? By Annie...
The article Tiger Moms: Is Tough Parenting Really the Answer? by Annie Murphy Paul tells the story of one self
–proclaimed "tiger mom," Amy Chua,
and her endeavors in raising her two daughters. She has much more stringent policies than most Western parents, to the point where many Americans
have voiced their contempt and disgust at her methods for the lack of love and nurturing for her children, but Chua insists that her methods are far
superior. She says that Chinese parenting techniques prepare children for the world, while American parenting makes children soft and entitled. Parents
in America allow their children far too much free time on the computer, internet, TV, and other useless activities, Chua claims, while not focusing on
discipline ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Paul approaches the subject objectively, presenting both the negative and positive sides of the issue. She begins by describing the more shocking
elements to draw in the reader, and then once the audience is hooked she skillfully interweaves arguments that the "tiger mom" ideology does have its
perks. The article is more purposed to inform the reader about the different parenting styles of other cultures rather than to persuade that one type is
better than the other, and to show that each side has pros and cons. The section of the article about how China is ahead of America in terms of
economy and education seemed a little out of place, as it was right in the middle of the story about Chua and seemed to interrupt the flow of the
narrative with some semi–related politics. If the advantages of China were the actual purpose of the article, or if the author wanted the audience to
pay special attention to that part, it was placed in the wrong place in the article. However, Paul does a great job of challenging the assumptions the
audience is sure to make– American readers are likely to make snap judgments about Chinese parents, but Paul successfully presents both sides of the
argument to contest the original judgments Western readers might make. The structure of the article, as well, works to bring Western readers from the
mindset that the "tiger mom" parenting strategy is appalling to see how the tiger moms themselves see their methods. In the end, the article doesn't
necessarily serve to persuade the reader that any type of parenting is right or wrong, but informs the reader about Chinese parenting culture and seeing
two sides of an

Different Approaches For Preparing Children
Different Approaches for Preparing Children As far as time goes back, there has always been differences within cultures. From the different kinds
of foods we enjoy to how we like to spend our past times. A main culture difference within the world of today is how we choose to raise our
children. A Yale law professor under the name of Amy Chua has written a bestselling book called "Battle Hymm of the Tiger Mother." Her book
includes detailed descriptions on her reasons why Chinese mothers are superior and follows it up with the strict rules she lies on her children. Some
of those include not being able to attend a sleep over, have a playdate, watch TV, play computer games and get any grade less than an A. She then uses
the rest of her paper to talk about the differences between Chinese parenting and Western parenting. Chua was unknown to most of the world until her
piece was published in the Wall Street Journal, which caused a big stir within the world. Many readers were taken back by her piece of writing, but
others appraised her for shutting down the trend of parents trying to be best friends with their children. The main differences between Western and
Chinese parenting is the different approaches to parenting, preparation to be competitive in the future market, and the amount of controversies between
the two styles.
As you all know, Chinese parenting and Western parenting come with some very key differences between each other. When it comes to the academic
sides of both

Family Vs Modern Families
What does it mean to be part of a family? Is it the constants support from one to another or is it just a group of people who live together? Today we
have what we call modern families. In this new age of technology constantly advancing everyday people fear that this is causing a less intimate family
experience. Some want to return to the good old days of traditional families, where kids played outside all day, parents took charge of their kid, and
the closeness one's family shared. The argument stands today of what kind of family is best, traditional or modern families. I believe modern families
are what's best for kids' due to improved parenting techniques, more diversity among peers, and a wider range of opportunities. In today's modern
families there is more of a sense of freedom. The technique of "Freelance Parenting" is when parents let their kids go out without supervision free to
become a kid and make mistakes to learn from. In Gary Soto's article "Looking for Work" he states when his friend Little John got in trouble that "I
went around to his bedroom window to suck my popsicle and watch Little John dodge his mother's blows" (Soto 2). The sense of punishment has
change from traditional ideas to today more modern techniques. Back then there was more of a sense of physical punishment compare to just having
your phone taken away today. The parents that fear that if they are not there their kids will get into trouble this causes what is called "Helicopter

Parenting In The Roar Of The Tiger Mom By Amy Chua
Parenting is a subject that often comes into question by our society. While parenting comes in many in different forms, it can be classified into two
general categories: Chinese and Western. In today's world, it seems that the Chinese methods of parenting are generating more prosperous children than
the Western approach. In "The Roar of the Tiger Mom". Amy Chua discusses the dramatic contrast between the concepts of Chinese and Western
parenting. She goes in depth to justify why she believes that the Chinese parenting style will yield better results than the parenting of the West. Her
examples of personal success with Chinese parenting attempts to convince the reader that putting your children through rigor will ultimately result in
success. There are many examples of how Chinese parenting is different than the customary parenting in the West. The Chinese approach is far more
harsh than even the most stern Western techniques. Nearly all Chinese parents are very acute about education and insist that their kids have perfect
grades. In opposition, Western parents feel that they should encourage their children to think that "learning is fun" (Chua, 305). The Chinese believe
that you cannot enjoy something until you are have mastered it. They impose learning on their children while Western parents surrender at the sight of
their children struggling. Chinese parents have various ways in which they can enforce this kind of parenting. In Chinese culture, it is acceptable for

Parenting Styles Paper
It is interesting how much impact a particular parenting style can have on a child's wellbeing and development throughout the child's life, including
adulthood. According to Kol (2016), the parenting style can influence children aged 5–6 years and their social skills. The author conducted a study of
231 students in that age group and used two different surveys to identify the parenting style of the parent and the social skills of the child. Kol (2016)
found that children with parents who practice the democratic style of parenting, which is similar to that of the authoritative practice, had the best social
skills for that cohort. The over–protective style had the most negative impact on a child's social skills. Passive and authoritarian also

Poor Parenting Techniques Displayed in Maurice Sendaks...
Poor Parenting can cause poorly behaved children
'Where The Wild Things Are' was first published in 1963 and is the first part of a trilogy of award– winning books by American author and illustrator
Maurice Sendak. 'Where The Wild Things Are' is haunting and imaginative and describes how ayoung child, called Max, creates a fictitious fantasy
world in order to deal with the terrifying reality of anger.
Poor parenting is a lack of parenting techniques and skills in relation to the responsibilities and obligations, which need to be fulfilled in order to
accomplish prominent problems within the family relationship. Poor parenting is most likely to come from an absence of cooperation from both child
and parent, satisfying both needs and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Max interprets the difference between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour in the picture book 'Where the Wild Things Are' by Maurice
Sendak, it is clearly evident that the ways in which he and his mother are portrayed influence the depiction of characters by the implied reader. Max's
mother is represented in the text as the authoritarian. She has the dominating position in the family and is likely to be the family decision maker. In
the 1960's, women were the housekeepers and wives and were the sole minder of the children as the father was a workingman who supplied the bread
and water. It should come as no surprise to the implied reader that Max's mother was therefore the dominant authoritarian as her main job was to care
for the children.
Max is represented as an adventurous but monstrous 6 to 8 year old child with destructive behaviour. He is wearing a wolf suit as a disguise; it
symbolizes a sense of development and privacy. Max's behaviour is represented in the monster picture he drew. It suggests the adventure he is about
to enter is not something that is new. He could have been thinking of a fantasy world, far away from the reality of his anger at his mother, and that he
has a history of destructive behaviour. Max's poor behaviour and characteristics are influenced by his mother's parenting skills and techniques. In a time
of great development and growth in this phase of his childhood, Max's social development characteristics included

The Pros And Cons Of Extreme Parenting
Helicopter Parents Crash
A parent fears how their kid is going to end up. Some think every day and night of their they stress about it and think, how can I make them beater.
Parents then act in a drastic or extreme mashers. Even though they believe their children will become beater people, extreme parenting can back fire
because the parents freaked out about everything and they become to attack to their kid. In this paper I will tell you about extreme parents.
They believe there children will become beater people but they don't realize that they code be hurting them. Like Adler learned that his son is an
"indigo," a child with sensory and intellectual gifts not evident to most of the world (Hinckley). She tried medication but decided to stop because of
the bad effects. Another example that shows that they believe their children will become beater people is Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, which is
about raising her two daughters. Title "Why Chines Mothers Are Superior," ("Extreme Parenting."). This book receives both negative and positive
effects and also some death threats. Chua's daughters, Sophia and Louisa were put to very strict discipline when they were young. This was ... Show
Extreme or aggressive parenting techniques are ineffective and can irreparably damage a child's psyche. Many children raised by overly strict parents
lack initiative and creativity ("Extreme Parenting."). Scout Masterson and Bill Horn freak–out after seeing the matching cheetah pajamas. They
informed Nana that if she repeats the pajama catastrophe she will not be able to have another sleepover with Simone. Simone was only three year
old and was going to have her first sleep over with her grandmother. But her nerves and controlling parents kept checking up on her bay video chat.
She's a three year old girl that is not invaded to nanas home a

Informative Speech : Attention Getter For Being A Single...
Specific Purpose: To inform the audience about Single Parenting.
Thesis/Central Idea: To understand that there are many parents raising their children alone with no help at all. Many single parents have different
circumstances that cause them to raise their children by themselves. Being a single parent is not easy there are good days and bad days and most single
parents must make it through no matter what. Many single parents do not realize that their children are looking at them for the rest of their lives.
Organizational Pattern: Topical
I.Introduction
A.Attention Getter: The way you act on determination is by taking charge. As the sole adult on the premises, you occupy the executive office anyway,
so you may as well get comfortable with the role.
B.Relevance: What do we know about single parents? According to Custodial Mothers and Fathers and Their Child Support: 2009, a report released
by the U.S. Census Bureau every two years (and most recently in December 2011), there are approximately 13.7 million single parents in the United
States today, and those parents are responsible for raising 22 million children. This number represents approximately 26% of children under 21 in the
U.S. today.
C.Credibility: I am a single parent of two daughter and I must say that I can relate to a lot of single parents. It is hard. I can say that there are good
days and bad days. Every day will not be perfect. At the age of 20, I became a single parent and caring for my daughter alone was the most difficult
experience ever for me. Single parenting to me is work on top of work and it is never ending.
D.Thesis: To understand that there are many parents raising their children alone with no help at all. Many single parents have different circumstances
that cause them to raise their children by themselves. Being a single parent is not easy there are good days and bad days and most single parents must
make it through no matter what. Many single parents do not realize that their children are looking at them for the rest of their lives.
E.Preview: Therefore, we will first talk about the meaning of being a single parent, next, we will move to the discussion of the finances of being a
single parent. Finally, we will talk about

Chinese Mothers Are Superior, By Amy Chua
In "Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior", Amy Chua argues that Chinese mothers are superior to Western mothers by their ability to understand what is
best for their children and push them to achieve their best. Many question the techniques that Chinese mothers use to raise their children, but it has
been proven to work when wishing to raise a successful child. Some activities that Chua has never let her daughters partake in include, "going to
sleepovers, joining the school play, and even watching TV". These regulations are key in the upbringing of their children, and the guaranteed success
that the parents strive for.
Chinese mothers are more strict in nature when raising their children compared to the methods of Western Mothers. Disciplining and pushing children
through the activities that they are a part of is critical when teaching life lessons. Western mothers will say that they believe pushing children
academically is not a good decision, while the Chinese spend, "10 times longer pressuring grades" when it comes to school. Chua says that, "nothing
is fun until you are good at it",which applies to schooling and other activities as well. Once the child becomes better at the activity, they learn to
appreciate the level of growth in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whether it be playing piano, passing a test, or becoming a better person, the child will learn that they are above what others may think of them. If a
Chinese parent happens to become angry and called their child "trash", the child will almost ignore the statement and will know that their parents still
think highly of them. Chinese mothers criticize their children harshly, which is beyond what most Western mothers would ever do. Calling their kid a
"fatty" and telling them that they need to lose weight rather than sugar–coating the criticism is along the lines of the type of parenting that Chua knows
the Chinese use and

The Neoclassical School Of Recidivism
Reginald Clemons conducted this research for is doctoral dissertation. He draws on this large amount of research to immediately make the assertion
that juvenile delinquency destroys communities in the United States via criminal behavior as a whole. Juveniles learn a response to societal rules
based on their parents own response. Clemons asserts that recidivist juveniles who repeatedly appear in juvenile court may eventually engage in adult
criminal behavior. Clemons touches on the Rational Choice Theory and the Neoclassical School of Positivism and notes several initiatives in the State
of California to stop juvenile crime. He also states the identification of juvenile delinquents most at risk of continued offending and the factors
contributing to their repeat offender is crucial in reducing their offender behavior. Clemons sets out to determine the importance of a number of
treatment programs to reducing juvenile recidivism. Secondarily, he attempts to identify and describe the components of juvenile treatment programs
that most contribute to a reduction in recidivism. Lastly, he explains his desire to identify and determine which juvenile treatment programs were
perceived to be most effective. The three of these purposes are judged by Deputy Probation officers in Los Angeles and Riverside Counties. Clemons
identifies four research questions: 1. What is the perceived importance of having a variety of alternative juvenile referral treatment programs to the rate
of

Close Attachment Figures And Motivation
Motivation can increase through performance attainments, where a task is performed successfully. This results to increased competence that the task
can be completed again and therefore would increase their motivation. For teen mothers, an example of this would be changing a diaper for the first
time, thus increasing the importance of pre–natal classes that teach mothers skills before they are experiencing it with a live infant (Koehn, 2002).
Another to increase the teenage parent's motivation is their interaction with others. The vicarious experience of observing the performance of others
involves observing or hearing about someone else completing the task. Individuals may feel a sense of hope that they may be able to complete the
task. This is expanded ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Challenging daily activities such as soothing a crying baby, consistency with parenting techniques, disciplining effectively, and daily schedules are all
influenced by one's perception of how they are motivated on what they are doing (Teti et al., 1999). Motivation has been found to be affected by close
attachment figures and the regard they hold for that individual. The more positive the regard the support figure has for the parent, the more likely she
is to have high motivation (Klaw, Rhodes & Fitzgerald, 2003). How these support figures influence parents' motivation affects their ability to perceive
themselves as a competent parent, which is critical in explaining parents' child–rearing practices (MacPhee, Fritz, & Miller–Heyl, 1996). If parents
develop motivation through vicarious observations and verbal and allied social influences who believe in their competence (Bandura, 1982), then one
would expect that the quality and degrees of social support provided to an at–risk group such as teen mothers would be especially important to their
functioning in terms of motivation and child–rearing

Indian Immigration To America Essay
Many immigrant come variety of locations and decide to settle somewhere in the United States. Specifically, within the last two decades there has
been many Indian immigrants coming and settling gin the United States. According to Min Zhou and J.V. Gatewood, "immigrants from Asia have
been rising from 1.4 million to 11.9 million or 4 percent of the total U.S. population in 2000" (Zhou and Gatewood, 2005; 655). Many scholars have
debated about the issue of did the move from India to the United States changed the way parenting are parenting their children. Although, there is not
thorough research done to make an exact claim, there is enough research to shift the research in one certain area. The recent scholarly work suggest that
Indian immigrants ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If people look at the history of Indian immigrants in the United States, many children today in college are the first ones in their nuclear family to attend
college in America. To go even further back in history, many Indian parents' came to America with nothing, while having everything back in the
motherland. For example, many of the Indian parents came to the United States poor and with no family. On the other hand, in the motherland they are
considered rich, have people working for them, and family. This implies the amount of sacrifice they have done. The sacrifice is not done for them, but
is done for their children. According to a study done researchers, "Asian American immigrant mothers had greater inappropriate expectations of their
children than the nonimmigrant mothers (European American and African American)" (Bowman & Stoott, 1994; Cannella, 1998; DeaterDeckard,
1996; Garcia Coll, 1996; 693). Many people believe that immigrant mothers, specifically Asian Indians, have inappropriate expectations because the
mothers would like to see their children be successful. The mothers would not like their children to go through the same amount of trouble and
hardship, as they went through when they came to the United

Parent Influences On Early Childhood
This study is introduced with a unique hypothesis and states the reason it is important in the abstract section. The article is titled "Parent influences on
early childhood internalizing difficulties". The main focus of the study was the concern that children 's internalization of mental illness is a major
concern for parents and society in general. However, this is due to the significant increase in health issue over a long period of time. This study in
particular is important because the researchers experimented with a multivariate model to predict the effects of parenting practices on young children
and infants, as well, it indicated in the research that parent anxiety and depression levels will directly affect the health of child(ren). In the research,
about 112 children who were aged at around 2 years old were followed up to the age of 4. Parents participated in finishing questionnaires and
playground observations were the main providers of independent measurement based on parenting as well as child variables. In the article, the
hypothesis is that "predictors of early childhood internalizing difficulties were over–involved/protective parenting, low warm–engaged parenting, and
parental anxiety–depression" which falls in the four main categories of parenting techniques discussed in lectures. Any family depression/stress related
and both parental depression/anxiety also predicted problematic parenting practices. The researchers finding within the experiment was completed

A Difference in Parenting Techniques
Children swearing chastised based on gender The education of children in the modern day society is more and more emphasized upon as the parents
focus more on the emotional and future wellbeing of their offspring. The literature in the field of child education has increased exponentially
throughout the past recent decades, as more and more psychologists share their knowledge and seek to transform it into practical advice for the parents
(Moran and Malott, 2004). Children are for instance educated to stand up for themselves and speak their minds, unlike their parents who were told to
keep their mouths shout and respect their elderly. Children as such taught to be assertive and responsible towards those around them, but also to "play
nice" and become integrated within the society. And more and more of the parenting techniques are inspired by studies and psychological input. Aletha
Solter for instance, a reputable developmental psychologist conducted numerous studies including testing her theories on her own children, who, she
says, turn out just fine and devised new theories on how children should be raised. She militates for a democartic approach, rather than one which is
highly authoritarian on the part of the parent. Also, while other parenting books advice the parents on how to stop their child from crying, Solter states
that infants and children should be left to cry. In essence, she argues that crying is beneficial for the children as a mechanism of releasing

Helicopter Parenting By Tashner: Article Analysis
Holly H. Schiffrin Miriam Liss Haley Miles–McLean Katherine A. Geary Mindy J. Erchull вЂЁTaryn Tashner the authors for the article titled
"Helping or Hovering? The Effects of Helicopter Parenting on College Students' Well–Being" states that parents who use inappropriate ways to control
their children will bring negative child outcomes. Moreover, they also found that helicopter parenting were related to children's depression and
decreased satisfaction with life.
Reflection:
In the article, it mentioned they have surveyed 297 college undergraduate students and once the students have done the survey will receive credit for
their participation. So I think the result would be reliable. The topic was mainly focus on college students, and the article states how helicopter
parenting would affect college students and their grades. The authors also studied more of affecting grades, they also found it would affect to their
whole life.
The authors, Kelly G. Odenweller, Melanie Booth–Butterfield, & Keith Weber wrote the article "Investigating Helicopter Parenting,Family
Environments, and Relational Outcomes for Millennials" states that there are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The article study the authors' hypothesis of " overparenting is associated with critical family environment" they have 477 participants, and the results
shows that overparenting is associated with personal problems, but they think the result were not reliable because those reports were only from
emerging adults not their parents. They also mentioned that those children who have helicopter parents may resent their parents because of
inappropriate educating way, such as shame and blame when the child failed, so the anger become a part of vicious circle. Also parents' distrust or
look down on their child might also cause

Single Parenting Essay example
Single Parenting
Single parents and their children constitute a rapidly increasing population. In the past single parenting was seen as a broken system, these units today
provide a viable alternative to nuclear families (Kleist, 1999, p. 1). In looking at the characteristics of single parents raising healthy children, I will
describe some of the challenges unique to single parenting, and review positive parenting techniques shown to be effective.
Social Development has not prepared individuals to be single parents. Single mothers and single fathers need to establish strong support networks,
personal friendships, and positive parenting skills. They need to learn how to synchronize the demands of work, home–care, and supervision of ... Show
Self–esteem
Self–esteem starts developing at birth when an infant attaches to its mother. This attachment needs to continue and change throughout the child's life
(Craig, 2002, pp. 214–215). Children need to feel valued and loved for being who they are. Children need to know they are important. Children need to
start developing intra–awareness, and a conscience. Ways to help this include 1) Modeling self–esteem. 2). Spending time with your children and
giving them attention. 3) Being a good role model 4) And being consistent in your parenting practices.
Positive Parenting/Discipline
The qualities of positive parenting I noticed throughout my reading of various books and articles were: 1). To make expectations clear. 2). To make
consequences clear. 3) To be fair and appropriate. 4). To reinforce positive behavior. 4). And to be consistent. Although these practices were similar, the
authors used different language and strategies.
I will review a few of the framework of particular parenting programs and give information on obtaining and analyzing specific parenting programs.
The Art of Discipline (DeFrancis, 1994) has a wonderful concise article on the World Wide Web. She suggests that parent's tailor their discipline
approaches by keeping in mind the child's age and temperament. She reinforces because no two children are the same, what works for one child, may

Why Do Parents Matter
Does Parenting Really Matter, states, research claims that parents are only minor players in children's development, that the effects of children's genetic
makeup and the peer culture overshadow their impact. In my opinion, I believe that both parenting skills, parent and child relationships, and children's
biological makeup and or genetic dispositions, effect raising children. Growing up, I believe my family structure can be described as authoritative. The
authoritative child–rearing style is said to be the most successful approach. In addition, the authoritative parenting style involves high acceptance and
involvement, adaptive control techniques, and appropriate autonomy granting. I believe I was raised this way because my parents are warm, ... Show
oNegative behaviors and or characteristics of rejected children include:
Anxiousness
Unhappy
Disruptive
Poorly achieving
Low self–esteem
Helping Rejected Children: A variety of interventions exist to improve the peer relations and psychological adjustment of rejected children.
oRejected–aggressive Children: The largest subtype, show high rates of conflict, physical and relational aggression, and hyperactive, inattentive, and
impulsive behavior. o Rejected–withdrawn Children: passive and socially awkward children. These timid children are overwhelmed by social anxiety,
hold negative expectations for treatment by peers, and fear being scorned, and attacked.
For example, coaching, modeling, and reinforcing positive social skills, such as how to initiate interaction with a peer, cooperate in play, and respond
to another child with friendly emotion and approval.
Combing social–skills training with other treatments increases effectiveness for helping the skills of rejected children.
oOverall, both types of rejected children need help attributing their peer difficulties to internal, changeable

Childhood Development And The Parenting Techniques Of This...
In this paper I will be discussing one stage of childhood development and the parenting techniques of this stage. I chose to write about children from
age's birth to 2 years old. I chose this stage because I am in love with watching a child grow right before my eyes and watching the many steps the
child takes into becoming a toddler out of the infant years. I am looking forward to using everything that I found in my research to create a good
environment for the infants and pre–toddlers that I will be working with.
Infants are extremely dependent upon their parents if there is no trust there then the defiance stage will be very hard. At first infants need more
help from their parents (Drago, 2009). During the first three months babies do not have any organization and gradually gain more organization
(Brooks, 2010). A newborn usually needs at least 18 hours of sleep a day and eats in between that every couple of hours ("Sleep and Newborns,"
n.d.). In my experience the more sleep a newborn gets the better they will act and they are less likely to be really fussy. Do not expect the newborn to
sleep through the night and they require more feedings, diaper changes, and so forth (Drago, 2009). Between the first six and twelve months babies
start to sleep longer during the night usually between eight and twelve hours. Babies are now more alert during the day, and also discovering the world
with their eyes. At first infants live in the now but by eight or nine months they

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