Title ABC/123 Version X 1 Case Study One Worksheet PSYCH/660 Version 2 1 University of Phoenix MaterialCase Study One Worksheet Respond to the following questions in 1,250 to 1,500 words. 1. Why is this an ethical dilemma? Which APA Ethical Principles help frame the nature of the dilemma? 2. How might Dr. Romaro’s ambivalence toward the death penalty influence his decision to offer a forensic diagnosis of intellectual disability? How might John’s “confession” or his comment about the “boy waiting for the bus” influence the decision? To what extent should these factors play a role in Dr. Romaro’s report? 3. How are APA Ethical Standards 2.0f, 3.06, 4.04, 4.05, 5.01, 9.01a and 9.06 relevant to this case? Which other standards might apply? 4. What steps should Dr. Romaro take to ethically implement his decision and monitor its effect? Reference Fisher, C. B. (2013). Decoding the ethics code: A practical guide for psychologists. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Copyright © XXXX by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Copyright © 2014 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. CENGAGE ADVANTAGE EDITION BUILDING A SPEECH Eighth Edition Sheldon Metcalfe Community College of Baltimore County Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. www.cengage.com/highered Building a Speech, Eighth Edition, Advantage Edition Sheldon Metcalfe Senior Publisher: Lyn Uhl Publisher: Monica Eckman Development Editor: Larry Goldberg Senior Assistant Editor: Rebekah Matthews Editorial Assistant: Colin Solan Media Editor: Jessica Badiner Manufacturing Planner: Doug Bertke Marketing Manager: Amy Whitaker Marketing Coordinator: Brittany Blais MarComm Manager: Linda Yip RAS, Image & Text: Mandy Groszko Art and Cover Direction, Production Management, and Composition: PreMediaGlobal Cover Image: © Ocean/Corbis Cover Designer: Jenny Willingham © 2013, 2010, 2007 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 o ...

1. Title
ABC/123 Version X
1
Case Study One Worksheet
PSYCH/660 Version 2
1
University of Phoenix MaterialCase Study One Worksheet
Respond to the following questions in 1,250 to 1,500 words.
1. Why is this an ethical dilemma? Which APA Ethical
Principles help frame the nature of the dilemma?
2. How might Dr. Romaro’s ambivalence toward the death
penalty influence his decision to offer a forensic diagnosis of
intellectual disability? How might John’s “confession” or his
comment about the “boy waiting for the bus” influence the
decision? To what extent should these factors play a role in Dr.
Romaro’s report?
3. How are APA Ethical Standards 2.0f, 3.06, 4.04, 4.05, 5.01,
9.01a and 9.06 relevant to this case? Which other standards
might apply?
4. What steps should Dr. Romaro take to ethically implement
his decision and monitor its effect?
Reference
Fisher, C. B. (2013). Decoding the ethics code: A practical
guide for psychologists. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Copyright © XXXX by University of Phoenix. All rights
reserved.

2. Copyright © 2014 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.
CENGAGE ADVANTAGE EDITION
BUILDING
A SPEECH
Eighth Edition
Sheldon Metcalfe
Community College of Baltimore County
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain
• United Kingdom • United States
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to
electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review
has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning
experience. The publisher reserves the right
to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent
rights restrictions require it. For
valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to
current editions, and alternate
formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by
ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for
materials in your areas of interest.
www.cengage.com/highered

3. Building a Speech, Eighth Edition,
Advantage Edition
Sheldon Metcalfe
Senior Publisher: Lyn Uhl
Publisher: Monica Eckman
Development Editor: Larry Goldberg
Senior Assistant Editor: Rebekah Matthews
Editorial Assistant: Colin Solan
Media Editor: Jessica Badiner
Manufacturing Planner: Doug Bertke
Marketing Manager: Amy Whitaker
Marketing Coordinator: Brittany Blais
MarComm Manager: Linda Yip
RAS, Image & Text: Mandy Groszko
Art and Cover Direction, Production
Management, and Composition:
PreMediaGlobal
Cover Image: © Ocean/Corbis
Cover Designer: Jenny Willingham
© 2013, 2010, 2007 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning

4. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the
copyright
herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any
form or
by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but
not
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Web
distribution, information networks, or information storage and
retrieval
systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the
1976
United States Copyright Act, without the prior written
permission of
the publisher.
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Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706
For permission to use material from this text or product,
submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.
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ISBN-13: 978-1-111-34837-3
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To my mother, who gave me the values,
and my father, who gave me the vision
to write this book.
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6. Brief Contents
Preface xxi
Unit One SURVEYING THE LANDSCAPE
Chapter 1 Introducing the Study of Public Speaking 2
Chapter 2 Understanding and Reducing Your Apprehension 15
Chapter 3 Building Your First Speech 28
Chapter 4 Analyzing Your Audience 43
Chapter 5 Improving Your Listening Skills 64
Chapter 6 Considering the Ethics of Public Speaking 81
Unit Two PREPARING THE FOUNDATION
Chapter 7 Selecting the Topic and Purpose 102
Chapter 8 Conducting Research 116
Chapter 9 Choosing Supporting Materials 141
Unit Three CREATING THE STRUCTURE
Chapter 10 Organizing the Body of the Speech 160
Chapter 11 Selecting the Introduction and Conclusion 179
Unit Four REFINING THE APPEARANCE

7. Chapter 12 Using Audiovisual Aids 206
Chapter 13 Considering Language 229
Chapter 14 Developing the Delivery 247
v
Unit Five
CONSIDERING DIFFERENT TYPES
OF STRUCTURE
Chapter 15 Speaking to Inform 270
Chapter 16 Speaking to Persuade 292
Chapter 17 Speaking to Persuade: Motivating Audiences 324
Chapter 18 Speaking for Special Occasions 340
Chapter 19 Speaking in Groups 357
v i Brief Contents
Contents
Preface xxi
Unit One Survey ing the Landscape
Chapter 1 Introducing the Study of Public Speaking 2
COMMUNICATION IN THE MODERN WORLD 3

8. THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS 4
A Communication Model 5
The Sender: Encoding Ideas into Symbols 5
The Message 6
The Channel 6
The Receiver: Decoding Symbols into Ideas 6
Feedback 7
Setting 7
Noise 8
UNDERSTANDING THE TOOLS OF COMMUNICATION 10
APPLYING THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS 12
DESIGNING A PLAN FOR SUCCESS 13
SUMMARY 14
SKILL BUILDERS 14
BUILDING A SPEECH ONLINE 14
Chapter 2 Understanding and Reducing Your Apprehension 15
SPEECH ANXIETY IS COMMON 16
RESEARCH INTO STRESS AND COMMUNICATION
APPREHENSION 17

9. REDUCING COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION 19
Face Anxiety Honestly and Overcome It 19
Develop a Positive Attitude 21
Adopt Constructive Behaviors 23
Maintain a Healthy Body 23
Be Thoroughly Prepared 24
Reward Yourself 24
Learn from Mistakes 25
Accept Constructive Criticism 25
vii
TAKING RESPONSIBILITY TO REDUCE APPREHENSION 26
SUMMARY 27
SKILL BUILDERS 27
BUILDING A SPEECH ONLINE 27
Chapter 3 Building Your First Speech 28
EXTEMPORANEOUS DELIVERY AND SPEAKING STYLES
29
CREATING A BLUEPRINT 30

10. Step 1: Choose an Interesting, Well-Defined Topic 30
Step 2: Understand the General Purpose 31
Step 3: Conduct Extensive Research 31
Step 4: Write Specific Purpose and Thesis Statements 32
Step 5: Write a Comprehensive Outline 32
Step 6: Be Sensitive to Audience Members 33
Step 7: Understand Your Ethical Responsibilities 33
Step 8: Choose Extemporaneous Delivery 33
Step 9: Practice the Speech 33
Step 10: Be Confident and Prepared 35
THE CAREER SPEECH 36
Researching the Career Speech 36
Developing the Career Speech 37
SAMPLE SPEECH: CAREERS IN ANTHROPOLOGY 37
SUMMARY 41
SKILL BUILDERS 42
BUILDING A SPEECH ONLINE 42
Chapter 4 Analyzing Your Audience 43

11. THE IMPORTANCE OF AUDIENCE ANALYSIS 44
Audience Perception of the Speaker 45
Audience Perception of the Topic 46
Motivations of the Audience 49
Physiological Needs 50
Safety Needs 50
Love Needs 50
Esteem Needs 50
Self-Actualization Needs 50
Impact of Social Groups on Listeners 51
Age 51
Gender 52
Religion 53
Cultural and Ethnic Origin 53
Educational Level, Occupation, and Interests 55
Income Level 56
v i i i Contents

12. Geographic Location 56
Social Organizations 56
Targeting Specific Groups 57
Impact of the Occasion on Listeners 58
The Purpose of the Occasion 58
The Physical Location of the Event 59
The Expectations of the Speaker 59
CONDUCTING AN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS 60
Collecting Demographic Data about the Audience 60
Informal Assessments 60
Surveys 60
Questionnaires 61
Interviews 61
Processing the Data with a Computer 62
Evaluating the Audience Profile 62
SUMMARY 62
SKILL BUILDERS 62
BUILDING A SPEECH ONLINE 63

13. Chapter 5 Improving Your Listening Skills 64
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LISTENING 65
THE PROCESS OF LISTENING 66
KINDS OF LISTENING 68
Discriminative Listening 68
Evaluative Listening 69
Appreciative Listening 69
Empathic Listening 70
Active and Passive Listening 70
BARRIERS TO LISTENING: THE LACK OF BEING
“PRESENT” 70
Yielding to Distractions 71
Blocking Out Communication 72
Listening Selectively 73
Overcriticizing the Speaker 74
Faking Attention 74
Avoiding Difficult or Unpleasant Listening Situations 74
HOW TO BECOME AN ACTIVE LISTENER AND SPEAKER
75
Withhold Judgment 75

14. Avoid the Appearance Trap 75
Don’t Be Easily Swayed by Delivery and Style 76
Give All Topics a Fair Hearing 76
Avoid Extraneous Mental Activity During the Speech 76
Give Honest, Attentive Feedback 76
Contents ix
Eliminate Distractions 78
Evaluate the Communication When It Is Finished 78
SUMMARY 79
SKILL BUILDERS 80
BUILDING A SPEECH ONLINE 80
Chapter 6 Considering the Ethics of Public Speaking 81
THE NEED FOR ETHICS IN SOCIETY 83
EVALUATING A SPEAKER’S ETHICS 84
Honesty and the Speaker 84
The Speaker’s Reliability 87
The Speaker’s Motivations 87

15. The Speaker’s Policies 88
APPLYING ETHICAL STANDARDS 90
Be Honest 91
Direct Quotation 91
Paraphrased Passage 91
Plagiarized Passage 91
Advocate Ideas That Benefit Others 92
Evaluate Your Motives for Speaking 92
Develop a Speaking Code of Ethics 93
SAMPLE SPEECH: PRACTICE, PRACTICE, PRACTICE:
KNOWING IS NOT THE
SAME THING AS DOING 95
SUMMARY 99
SKILL BUILDERS 99
BUILDING A SPEECH ONLINE 99
Unit Two Prepar ing the Foundat ion
Chapter 7 Selecting the Topic and Purpose 102
GETTING IDEAS 103
Your Own Knowledge and Experience 103
Brainstorming 104

16. Library Databases and the Internet 104
Ask for Help 104
SELECTING THE TOPIC 104
It Should Interest You, the Speaker 104
It Should be Sufficiently Narrow and Conform to the Time
Limit 105
It Should Provide New Information 106
It Should be Appropriate 106
It Should Conform to the General Purpose 107
Speeches to Inform 107
Speeches to Persuade 107
Speeches to Entertain 108
x Contents
WRITING THE SPECIFIC PURPOSE 108
Be Clear, Concise, and Unambiguous 108
Include Only One Major Idea 109
Use a Declarative Statement 110

17. WORDING THE THESIS STATEMENT 110
Problems with the Thesis Statement 112
PUTTING IT TOGETHER 113
SUMMARY 114
SKILL BUILDERS 114
BUILDING A SPEECH ONLINE 115
Chapter 8 Conducting Research 116
PREPARING FOR RESEARCH 117
ESTABLISHING CREDIBILITY 117
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES 118
ACCESSING THE LIBRARY 119
The Online Catalog 119
Databases 119
GUIDELINES FOR SEARCHING THE INTERNET 121
RESEARCHING REFERENCE SOURCES 123
Biographies 123
Directories and Handbooks 124
The Dictionary and Thesaurus 124
Encyclopedias 124

18. Almanacs, Yearbooks, and Statistical Publications 125
Collections of Quotations 125
Books 125
Magazines, Journals, and Newspapers 125
Legal Research 126
Audiovisual Aids 126
Interviews with Authorities 127
Legislative and Governmental Research 129
Institutional and Organizational Research 129
Specialized Libraries and Museums 130
KEEPING ACCURATE NOTES 130
INTERVIEWING 132
Preparing for the Interview 132
Conducting the Interview 133
Taking Notes During the Interview 134
THE BIBLIOGRAPHY: HOW TO RECORD AN ENTRY 134
AVOIDING PLAGIARISM 136
THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT SPEECH RESEARCH

19. AND CONSTRUCTION 136
Contents xi
Be Willing to Test Information 136
Be Organized 138
View Ideas from Different Perspectives 138
Think for Yourself 139
SUMMARY 140
SKILL BUILDERS 140
BUILDING A SPEECH ONLINE 140
Chapter 9 Choosing Supporting Materials 141
MAKING THE APPROPRIATE SELECTION 142
STATISTICS, POLLS, AND SURVEYS 142
Using Statistics 142
Poll 143
Study 143
Startling Statistics 143
EXAMPLES, ILLUSTRATIONS, CASE STUDIES,
AND NARRATIVES 144

20. Using Examples 144
Example 144
Hypothetical Example 145
Illustration 145
Case Study 146
Narrative 147
QUOTATIONS AND TESTIMONY 147
Using Quotations and Testimonies 148
Quotation 148
Expert Testimony 148
Prestige Testimony 149
Personal Testimony 149
VISUAL EVIDENCE 149
COMPARISONS AND CONTRASTS 149
Using Comparisons and Contrasts 150
PERSONAL EXPERIENCE AND OBSERVATION 151
Using Experience and Observation 151
HUMOR AND ANECDOTES 152

21. Using Humor and Anecdotes 152
ROLE-PLAYING 153
Using Role-Playing Techniques 153
SAMPLE SPEECH: THE FLAG RAISINGS ON
IWO JIMA 154
SUMMARY 157
SKILL BUILDERS 157
BUILDING A SPEECH ONLINE 157
xi i Contents
Unit Three Creat ing the Structure
Chapter 10 Organizing the Body of the Speech 160
APPROACHING ORGANIZATION LOGICALLY 161
PRINCIPLES OF OUTLINING 161
Building Block One: The Body Should Contain Between Two
and Four Main Points or
Numerals in a Five- to Seven-Minute Speech 162
Building Block Two: Main Points in the Body Should be
Structured in an Organizational
Sequence that is Logical, Interesting, and Appropriate to the
Topic 162
Chronological Sequence 162

22. Spatial Sequence 163
Cause-Effect Sequence 164
Topical Sequence 164
Other Sequences 165
Building Block Three: A System of Roman Numerals, Letters,
and Arabic Numbers
Should be Combined with Indentation to Identify Main and
Subordinate Levels 166
Building Block Four: The Outline Should Include Supporting
Materials That are Coordinated
and Subordinated in a Logical Manner 167
Building Block Five: Every Subdivision must Contain at Least
Two Items 169
Building Block Six: Each Point Should Include Only One Topic
or Idea 170
Building Block Seven: Main Points (Numerals) and Supporting
Items Should be Linguistically
Parallel 171
Building Block Eight: The Outline Should be Expressed in
Either Sentences
or Topics 172
Building Block Nine: The Outline Should Identify Sources for
Major
Supporting Materials 173

23. Building Block Ten: The Outline Should Include External
Transitions Between
Main Numerals 174
YOUR SPEAKING NOTES 175
SUMMARY 177
SKILL BUILDERS 177
BUILDING A SPEECH ONLINE 178
Chapter 11 Selecting the Introduction and Conclusion 179
PURPOSE OF THE INTRODUCTION 180
THE INADEQUATE INTRODUCTION 180
PLANNING AN EFFECTIVE INTRODUCTION 181
Examples, Stories, and Illustrations 182
Shocking Statement or Situation 183
Statistics 184
Questions 185
Quotation 186
Suspense 186
Contents xi i i
Personal Reference, Compliment, or Reference to the Occasion

24. 187
Humor 188
The Flexible Introduction 189
Combination of Strategies 190
OUTLINING THE INTRODUCTION 190
PURPOSE OF THE CONCLUSION 191
THE INADEQUATE CONCLUSION 191
PLANNING THE EFFECTIVE CONCLUSION 192
Summary of Main Points 192
Quotation 193
Reference to the Introduction 194
Challenge or Appeal 194
Humor 195
Question 196
Story, Illustration, and Example 197
Statistics 197
OUTLINING THE CONCLUSION 198
SPEAKING NOTES FOR THE INTRODUCTION
AND CONCLUSION 199

25. SAMPLE OUTLINE: RAISING THE MONITOR 200
SUMMARY 203
SKILL BUILDERS 203
BUILDING A SPEECH ONLINE 203
Unit Four Ref in ing the Appearance
Chapter 12 Using Audiovisual Aids 206
TYPES OF AUDIOVISUAL AIDS 207
Electronic Media 207
The Data Projector and Computer 207
Devices for Capturing Text and Media 208
The Document Camera 208
The Touch Screen Monitor or Whiteboard 209
Audience Response Systems 209
Older Technologies 209
Graphs 213
Illustrations, Photographs, and Pictures 214
Posters, Flipcharts, and Chalkboards 218
Models and Objects 220

26. You as a Visual Aid 220
Copyright Cautions 223
xiv Contents
SAMPLE SPEECH: HOW DO AIRPLANE WINGS PRODUCE
LIFT? 223
SUMMARY 227
SKILL BUILDERS 228
BUILDING A SPEECH ONLINE 228
Chapter 13 Considering Language 229
DEVELOPING CLARITY 230
Avoiding Euphemisms 231
USING CONCRETE LANGUAGE 232
Denotation and Connotation 233
BUILDING A UNIQUE STYLE 234
Similes 234
Metaphors 235
Alliteration 236
Amplification 236

27. Antithesis 236
Repetition 237
Mnemonic Phrases 237
BEING APPROPRIATE 238
Be Aware of Cultural Differences 238
Recognize Differences Due to Gender 240
Avoid Offensive Terms 241
Eliminate Irrelevant Language 241
Avoid Trite Expressions 242
Eliminate Grammatical Errors 242
Build Vocabulary Skills 243
MAKING IDEAS MEANINGFUL AND INTERRELATED 243
Personal Pronouns 243
Transitions 244
SUMMARY 245
SKILL BUILDERS 246
BUILDING A SPEECH ONLINE 246
Chapter 14 Developing the Delivery 247
DELIVERING THE SPEECH 248

28. PROPER BREATHING FOR VOCAL DELIVERY 249
VOCAL DELIVERY 250
Volume 250
Articulation 251
Pitch and Inflection 251
Quality 252
Rate 253
Contents xv
Pronunciation 253
Pauses 254
Emphasis and Phrasing 255
VISUAL, NONVERBAL DELIVERY 256
Eye Contact 256
Appearance 257
Gestures 257
Facial Expression 258
Body Position and Movement 259

29. Culture and Nonverbal Delivery 260
Gender and Nonverbal Delivery 261
COMBINING VOCAL AND VISUAL DELIVERY 263
BUILDING SKILLS IN DELIVERY 264
Know Your Material 264
Be Well Organized 264
Prepare Your Speaking Notes 264
Practice the Delivery 266
SUMMARY 267
SKILL BUILDERS 267
BUILDING A SPEECH ONLINE 268
Unit Five Considering Dif ferent Types of Structure
Chapter 15 Speaking to Inform 270
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INFORMATION AND
PERSUASION 271
TYPES OF INFORMATIVE SPEECHES 272
The Descriptive Speech 272
An Example 273
Outlining the Descriptive Speech 275

30. The Demonstration Speech 276
An Example 278
Outlining the Demonstration Speech 278
The Speech of Definition 280
Other Informative Types: Reports, Lectures, and Personal
Experience 282
SAMPLE SPEECH: RAISING THE MONITOR 285
Alternative Introduction: Series of Questions 289
Alternative Conclusion: Quotation 290
SUMMARY 290
SKILL BUILDERS 291
BUILDING A SPEECH ONLINE 291
xv i Contents
Chapter 16 Speaking to Persuade 292
PERSUASION IN TODAY’S SOCIETY 293
THE NATURE OF PERSUASION 293
Speeches to Convince 294
Speeches to Stimulate 294

31. Speeches to Actuate 294
Selecting the Persuasive Topic 295
Wording the Proposition Statement 295
Propositions of Fact, Value, and Policy 296
ETHOS, PATHOS, AND LOGOS: THE MEANS OF
PERSUASION 297
Ethos: The Ethical Appeal 297
Pathos: The Emotional Appeal 299
Identify Emotions 300
Understand Audience Emotions 301
Express Your Own Feelings 302
Connect Emotions to the Occasion 303
LOGOS: THE APPEAL TO REASON 304
Arguments Based on Enumeration 305
Arguments Based on Analogy 306
Arguments Based on Causation 307
Developing Rebuttal Arguments 308
METHODS OF ORGANIZING PERSUASIVE SPEECHES 311

32. Reasons 311
Problem-
Solution
313
Comparative Advantages 315
Motivated Sequence 316
SAMPLE SPEECH: COMPUTER-ENHANCED ADVERTISING
SHOULD BE
CLEARLY LABELED 318
SUMMARY 322
SKILL BUILDERS 323
BUILDING A SPEECH ONLINE 323
Chapter 17 Speaking to Persuade: Motivating
Audiences 324

33. STRATEGIES FOR MOTIVATING LISTENERS 325
Appeal to the Needs of the Audience 325
Physical 325
Safety and Security 325
Love 325
Esteem 326
Self-Actualization 326
Appeal to Listeners’ Beliefs and Values 326
Contents xv i i
Provide Listeners with Incentives 327
Involve the Audience Emotionally 328
THE SPEECH TO ACTUATE 329

34. Attention Step 329
Need Step 329
Satisfaction Step 330
Visualization Step 330
Action Step 330
Phrasing the Thesis 330
APPLYING THE MOTIVATED SEQUENCE 331
Attention Step 331
Need Step 331
Satisfaction Step 332
Visualization Step 332
Action Step 333

35. Outlining the Motivated Sequence 335
SAMPLE SPEECH: GENOCIDE IN SUDAN 336
SUMMARY 338
SKILL BUILDERS 339
BUILDING A SPEECH ONLINE 339
Chapter 18 Speaking for Special Occasions 340
TYPES OF SPECIAL-OCCASION SPEECHES 341
The Speech of Tribute 341
Construct a Brief Biographical Sketch 341
Acknowledge Significant Achievements and Virtues 341
Convey Hope and Encouragement 341
The Presentation Speech 342
The Acceptance Speech 343

36. The Speech of Dedication 344
The Speech of Welcome 345
The Speech of Introduction 345
The Keynote Speech 346
The Nominating Speech 347
The Farewell Speech 348
The Victory Speech 348
The Commencement Speech 349
The After-Dinner Speech 349
Toasts 350
SAMPLE SPEECH: DEDICATION OF THE WORLD WAR II
MEMORIAL 352
SUMMARY 355

37. SKILL BUILDERS 355
BUILDING A SPEECH ONLINE 356
xv i i i Contents
Chapter 19 Speaking in Groups 357
CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL GROUPS 358
Shared Goals 358
Group Interaction 359
Size 359
Time Period 359
Leadership 359
DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL GROUPS 360
Forming 360

38. Storming 361
Norming 361
Performing 361
SOLVING PROBLEMS IN GROUPS 361
Questions for Discussion 361
Questions of Fact 361
Questions of Value 362
Questions of Policy 362
Developing a Problem-Solving Agenda 362
Define the Problem 362
Narrow the Problem 362
Analyze the Issue 363
Set Up Criteria 363

39. Suggest