4. TRANSLATION
The term Translation is used to represent the
Biochemical translation of 4 Letter language (A,G,C,U) to
20 letter language of Proteins.
The sequence of amino acids in the protein synthesized
is determined by the nucleotide sequence of mRNA.
Genetic code: 3 (triplet)base sequences in m RNA that
acts as code words for amino acids in proteins.(codons).
Dictionary of nucleotide bases that determines the
sequence of amino acids.
6. Components essential in Translation
Amino acids : 20 amino acids ( 10 essential
)
Ribosomes
•large and complex molecular machine
•Consist of 2 subunits
• small ribosomal subunit reads the mRNA.
• large subunit joins amino acids to form
a polypeptide chain.
•70 S – Prokaryotes,80 S - Eukaryotes
8. Components essential in Translation
m RNA : contain information required for
synthesis of protein present on m RNA.
t RNA : They carry a.a and hand them over
to growing peptide chain.
ATP,GTP , Protein Factors
10. Activation of amino acids
Each amino acid has a specific tRNA
There is specific aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase for each AA
Aminoacyladenilate + tRNA aminoacyl-tRNA + AMP
12. Initiation of Translation
• The translation complex is assembled
at the beginning of the mRNA coding
sequence
• Complex consists of:
-Ribosomal subunits
-mRNA template to be translated
-Initiator tRNA molecule
-Protein initiation factors
13. Initiator tRNA
• First codon translated is usually AUG
(met)
• The initiator tRNA recognizes initiation
codons
-Bacteria: N-formylmethionyl-tRNA
-Eukaryotes: Methionyl-tRNA
14.
15. Ongoing Research
Study supports flawed protein synthesis theory of
autism
A new study bolsters the idea that overactive
protein synthesis, or translation, contributes to
autism. The findings ,also show that dampening
a single overabundant protein, neuroligin-
1 (NLGN1), reverses both abnormal brain activity
and social deficits in mice with excess
translation.
A number of mouse models of autism-related
disorders, including fragile X syndrome and
tuberous sclerosis complex, show excessive
16. Study supports flawed protein synthesis theory of
autism
Ongoing Research
17. References
Prescot,Harley,Kein.Microbiology,McGraw.Hill
International edition.pg:276-285.
P Russel,B Chase.iGenetics:A Molecular
Approach,4th edition.pg:147-148
U.Satyanarayana,U.Chakrapani.Biochemistry,3rd
edition,pg:555-557.
Gkogkas CG, Khoutorsky A, Ran I, Rampakakis
E, Nevarko T, Weatherill DB, Vasuta C, Yee
S, Truitt M, Dallaire P, Major F, Lasko P, Ruggero
D, Nader K,Lacaille JC, Sonenberg N. Autism-
related deficits via dysregulated eIF4E-dependent
translational control. Department of Biochemistry &
Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Nature. 2013