New Government Form a New Government Name Class Date Professor Form a Government When an ocean liner with one thousand passengers becomes stranded on a desert island it soon become apparent they will not be rescued and must create some form of government. Since the ocean liner contained citizens from different countries other than America there are several ideas thrown about by the people appointed to establish a government on the island. Even though there are no Americans on the ship several passenger suggested creating a democracy while other members of the group suggested creating a socialist government. Other suggested in this situation communism would be more effective. The most effective government would be the democracy. The democracy involves the chosen government being voted by the people. The people in this case are the 1000 new members of the island. Member of the population on the island can engage in an election process in order to select by majority rule the most popular candidates to acts as members of the government. A democracy allows anyone in its population to become a member of the government in order to ensure the government is fair and non oppressive and the citizens receive human rights protection. A democratic government is split into three separate branches. The three spate branches of government are designed to ensure no one part of the government become more powerful than another part of the government. The executive branch includes the President while the legislative branch consists of lawmakers, and the judicial branch is made up of the courts. Each branch of government plays a specific role in the role making process and has the power to veto the actions of the other. The executive branch (the President) can veto any laws created by the legislation while Congress (the House and the Senate) can veto the decision of the President. The judicial branch reviews laws and determines their constitutionality. If the judicial branch finds a law in unconstitutional it can strike it from the law books. Through this process no branch can obtain more power than another branch. This balance of power helps to ensure that the will of a country's citizens is enforced rather than the will of a small group of political leaders (Clark, 2001). A democracy involves leader being held accountable if they engage in bad acts and ensure citizens are afforded individual rights. One of the most important principles of the democracy is the right to pursue happiness in an environment free from oppression. In a democracy people have a voice and the right to personal freedoms. America was the first country to create a democracy resulting in one of the most powerful countries in the nation where the people are able to have a voice and live free of oppression. While a democracy has proven to be a successful form of government there are two other forms of governments that have been sugge.

1. New Government
Form a New Government
Name
Class
Date
Professor
Form a Government
When an ocean liner with one thousand passengers becomes
stranded on a desert island it soon become apparent they will
not be rescued and must create some form of government. Since
the ocean liner contained citizens from different countries other
than America there are several ideas thrown about by the people
appointed to establish a government on the island. Even though

2. there are no Americans on the ship several passenger suggested
creating a democracy while other members of the group
suggested creating a socialist government. Other suggested in
this situation communism would be more effective.
The most effective government would be the democracy. The
democracy involves the chosen government being voted by the
people. The people in this case are the 1000 new members of
the island. Member of the population on the island can engage
in an election process in order to select by majority rule the
most popular candidates to acts as members of the government.
A democracy allows anyone in its population to become a
member of the government in order to ensure the government is
fair and non oppressive and the citizens receive human rights
protection.
A democratic government is split into three separate
branches. The three spate branches of government are designed
to ensure no one part of the government become more powerful
than another part of the government. The executive branch
includes the President while the legislative branch consists of
lawmakers, and the judicial branch is made up of the courts.
Each branch of government plays a specific role in the role
making process and has the power to veto the actions of the
other.
The executive branch (the President) can veto any laws
created by the legislation while Congress (the House and the
Senate) can veto the decision of the President. The judicial
branch reviews laws and determines their constitutionality. If
the judicial branch finds a law in unconstitutional it can strike it
from the law books. Through this process no branch can obtain
more power than another branch. This balance of power helps to
ensure that the will of a country's citizens is enforced rather
than the will of a small group of political leaders (Clark, 2001).
A democracy involves leader being held accountable if they
engage in bad acts and ensure citizens are afforded individual
rights. One of the most important principles of the democracy is
the right to pursue happiness in an environment free from

3. oppression. In a democracy people have a voice and the right to
personal freedoms. America was the first country to create a
democracy resulting in one of the most powerful countries in
the nation where the people are able to have a voice and live
free of oppression.
While a democracy has proven to be a successful form of
government there are two other forms of governments that have
been suggested by the group’s leaders. The socialist government
involves a socioeconomic system where the government own
education, government, and industry to ensure a prosperous
economy for the people. Socialist governments empower the
people to rule and collectively own aspects of the economy
(SLPA, 2006). This could be more effective for a smaller
population, such as a 1000 people. Some members of the group
have also suggested communism.
While communism sounds like a scary concept the goal is to
eliminate class conflict be ensuring every member of society
collectively own property (Blunden, 2005). The problem with
communism is there are no checks and balances to prevent the
government from becoming oppressive. The goal of socialism is
to end poverty while in a democracy the people have choices
and an opportunity to reach the American dream through their
votes and ability to voice their opinions freely.
The potential cons of choosing democratic government are it
is a slow process that will first have to begin with elections.
Democracy are built on the instead of free elections and
personal freedoms but the majority race, ethnicity, or culture
will quickly take power. For example if the passengers on the
boat are majority North Korean the end result could be that
North Koreans become the ruling class in the new society.
Democratic governments can result in elections where majority
voters get to decide how the new government is run so the
minority group voters have little or no say.

4. References
Blunden, A. (2005). The Principle of Communism. Retrieved
January 9, 2014 from
http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/11/prin-
com.htm
Clark, A. (2001). What Are the Benefits of Democracy in
Government? Retrieved January 9,
2014 from http://classroom.synonym.com/benefits-
democracy-government-6037.html
Socialist Labor Party of America. (2006). Socialism—its
meaning and promise. Retrieved
January 10, 2013 from
http://www.slp.org/res_state_htm/socialism_m_p.html
Lab 4
Lab Objectives
The objective for this lab is to become familiar with the stack
data structure. This will be achieved through the simulation of a
simple postfix notation (a.k.a., Reverse-Polish Notation or
RPN) calculator.
Description
A stack is a Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) data structure. A stack is
characterized by two fundamental operations: push and pull
(a.k.a., pop). The push operation adds a new item to the top of
the stack and the pull operation removes an item from the top of
the stack. The HCS12 contains several other instructions that
can be used to manipulate and access data stored in the stack. In
this lab, you will use the pull, push, and the other stack

5. instructions to carry out the following tasks.
The stack is probably the one concept in assembly programming
that is most critical to embedded programming, and is rarely
used when programming in higher level languages. The stack is
a section of memory that is allocated for temporary data
storage. A very rough metaphor, not to be taken too far, would
be to compare the stack to the RAM of your PC. The stack does
not hold data that can be manipulated; it’s simply a scratch pad
for holding things briefly. Most high level languages such as
Java and C++ utilize the stack to hold all of their temporary
data values instead of registers. This makes them more general
between architectures.
Postfix Notation
Postfix notation is a mathematical notation wherein every
operator follows all of its operands, in contrast to prefix
position. In postfix notation the operators follow their operands.
For instance, to add 3 and 4, one would write “3 4 +” rather
than “3 + 4”. If there are multiple operations, the operator is
given immediately after its second operand. So, the expression
written “3 − 4 + 5” in conventional infix notation would be
written “3 4 − 5 +” in postfix notation: first subtract 4 from 3,
then add 5 to that. An advantage of postfix notation is that it
obviates the need for parentheses that are required by infix.
While “3 − 4 x 5” can also be written “3 − (4 x 5)”, that means
something quite different from “(3 − 4) x 5”. In postfix, the
former would be written “3 4 5 x −”, which unambiguously
means “3 (4 5 x) −” which reduces to “3 20 −”; the latter would
be written “3 4 - 5 x”, which unambiguously means “(3 4 -) 5
x”.
Interpreters of postfix notation are often stack-based. That is,
operands are pushed onto a stack, and when an operation is
performed, its operands are popped from a stack and its result

6. pushed back on. So, the value of postfix expression is on the top
of the stack. Stacks, and therefore postfix notation, have the
advantage of being easy to implement and very fast.
Despite the name, postfix notation is not exactly the reverse of
Polish notation. For the operands of non-commutative
operations are still written in the conventional order. For
example, “/ 6 3” in prefix notation and “6 3 /” in postfix both
evaluating to 2, whereas “3 6 /” in postfix notation would
evaluate to ½.
Examples
Load the stack with 16-bit values from the index registers X and
Y and then store the top two 8-bit values in the stack into
accumulators A and B.
LDS #PROG ; Initialize the stack pointer to $2000
LDX #$0000
LDY #$FFFF
PSHX ; X (16-bit) stack
PSHY ; Y (16-bit) stack
After executing this code, if you were to look at the memory
addresses $1FFF to $1FFC and the registers it would look like:
$1FFB
--
X
$0000
Stack Pointer →
$1FFC
$FF
Y
$FFFF

7. $1FFD
$FF
A
--
$1FFE
$00
B
--
$1FFF
$00
$2000
--
Figure 1: Stack pointer and register contents after pushing index
registers onto stack.
The stack pointer is now pointing to address $1FFC. Continuing
the program:
PULA ; 8-bit of stack A
PULB ; 8-bit of stack B
The stack pointer now points to $1FFE:

8. $1FFB
--
X
$0000
$1FFC
--
Y
$FFFF
$1FFD
--
A
$FF
Stack Pointer →
$1FFE
$00
B
$FF
$1FFF
$00
$2000
--
Figure 2: Stack pointer and register contents after pulling two

9. 8-bit values from stack into accumulators A and B.
The stack will grow without bound. If you keep pushing values
onto it, the stack pointer will continue to decrease, and you will
write over more and more memory. If you were using a specific
value of RAM to store a temporary data value not in the stack,
and the stack pointer then points to that address, you will lose
the old value. So be careful!
Work TaskStep 1
Allocate your stack such that the stack is located in what we
defined as the data section of RAM. Remember, we defined our
data section with the label “PROG” using the ORG assembler
directive. Use the LDS instruction to initialize your stack. Now,
load the stack using a loop with the values shown below. After
the stack is loaded, use the TSX command to transfer the SP to
index register X and then to load accumulator A with $44 and
accumulator B with $77 (HINT: take a look at the lecture on
stacks).
Memory
Stack Pointer →
$11
$22
$33
$44
$55

10. $66
$77
$88
Figure 3: Stack and its contents.Step 2
Code the simple postfix notation calculator that performs the
operation shown in Figure 4. This calculator will only perform
one operation (512+4*+3-). The infix expression of the
operation to be performed is “5 + ((1 + 2) x 4) – 3”. Don’t
worry about saving the operators on the stack. Always push
values on the stack. However, when you reach an operator, pull
the values off the stack into registers, perform the arithmetic
operation, and push the result back on the stack according to
Figure 4. Your final result should be 14 ($0E) and should be on
the top of the stack.
NOTE: the multiply instruction (MUL) multiplies two 8-bit
numbers and returns a 16-bit number. In this case, only return
the lower 8-bit as the result.
Input
Operation
Stack
Comment
5
Push Value
5
1
Push Value
1
5

11. 2
Push Value
2
1
5
+
Add
3
5
Pull two value (1, 2) and push result (3)
4
Push Value
4
3
5
x
Multiply
12
5
Pull two value (3, 4) and push result (12)
+
Add
17
Pull two value (5, 12) and push result (17)
3
Push Value
3
17
-
Subtract
14
Pull two value (17, 3) and push result (14)

12. Result
(14)
Figure 4: Postfix notation operations.Step 3
Now take the postfix notation calculator a step further. Using a
loop, branches, and the stack, create a postfix notation
calculator that performs the operations specified in RPN_IN.
Add the variables below to the DATA section of your code. Use
these variables to implement your calculator. The variable
OPER contains the ASCII representation of the operators
(addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) in HEX.
Use this variable in the loop to determine what operation to
perform. RPN_IN contains the variable with the operation to
perform. The values in RPN_IN below are initially 63/4*2+ and
the result should be 10. Try another operation of your choosing
by changing RPN_IN and discuss it in the methodology section
of your report.
RPN_IN FCB $06,$03,$2F,$04,$2A,$02,$2B ;
63/4*2+=10
RPN_OUT RMB 1
RPN_START FDB RPN_IN ; Pointer to start
of RPN array
RPN_END FDB RPN_OUT-1 ; Pointer to
end of RPN array
OPER FCB $2A,$2B,$2D,$2F ;*,+,-,/
HINTS: You will traverse the RPN_IN array in a similar fashion
to lab 3. You will jump out of the array when an operator is
found, pull two values off the stack, perform that particular
operation, push the result onto the stack, and then return to the
loop. Otherwise, you will just push the value on the stack.

13. NOTE: the divide instruction (IDIV) requires two 16-bit
registers and returns a 16-bit value. Only return the lower 8-bit
as your result.
What to Turn In (Please read this carefully)
You are to put your code as text and screenshots into the
“lab_4_template.docx” in the designated areas. This will be the
file that you upload to TITANium as your submission. Provide
your code as text, not an image. Points will be deducted if it is
an image. You are then to take screenshots of your program in
both CodeWarrior and terminal (i.e. on the Dragon board). The
screenshot should show the relevant CPU registers and memory
locations (NOTE: a convenient way of getting screenshots is to
use the “snipping tool”).
1/5
Program Code
Provide your program code here for each part of the work task.
It must be provided as text, not an image. You only need to
provide the code with the default post fix equation.
Screenshots
Code the infix notation equations below as postfix notation in
your program. Provide your screenshots that show the answers
for these equations. I want screenshots of the registers and the
memory location of the variables for both CodeWarrior and
terminal after execution.
1. ( ( 6 / 3 ) * 4 ) + 2

14. 2. ( ( (2 * 3) * 5) / 2) + 1
3. ( (11 / 10) ) * 15
Questions
1. What are the advantages/disadvantages for allocating the
stack starting at PROG?
2. For step 1, does accessing the stack using index mode change
the SP? What are some advantages/disadvantages for accessing
the stack data this way?