ncert text book economics

3.  Social development is defined as prioritizing
human needs and the growth and progression of
the society.
 The focus is on improving the lives of regular
citizens, especially the poor, to make society a
better place for everyone.
 It also involves learning the values, knowledge and
skills that enable children to contribute in
positive ways to family, school and the
community.

4.  It is only through a democratic
political process hopes and
possibilities can be achieved in real
life.

5.  Income is the most common method
for measuring development.

6.  (a) Different persons can have
different developmental goals.
 (b) What may be development for one
may not be for others. It may even be
destructive for others.

7.  The development goals that
people have are not only about
better income but also about
other important things in life.
 So people look at mix of goals
for development.
 Another job, scene of security,
working atmosphere and
opportunity to learn are few
goals for which a person can
aspire.

12.  Very low income.
 Low standard of living.
 Almost no access to
proper elementary
education.
 Very poor health
facilities.
 Very less access to
food.
 Higher income.
 High standard of living.
 Better education
facilities.
 Better health and care.
 Access to nutritious
food.

16.  80% of wealthy celebrate happy birthday
vs. 11% of poor.
 6% of wealthy say what’s on their mind vs.
69% for poor.
 74% of wealthy teach good daily success
habits to their children vs. 1% for poor.
 86% of wealthy believe in life-long
educational self-improvement vs. 5% for
poor.

17.  National development means thinking
about acceptance of ideas by people,
benefit reach to a large number of
people, fair and just path for all.
 Different people could have
different as well as conflicting
notions of a country.

18.  For comparing countries, their
average income is considered to be
one of the most important
attributes.
 Countries with higher average income
are more developed than others with
less income.
 average income = total income
 total population

19. 
 It indicates the number of children who
die before the age group of one year as a
proportion of 1000 live children.

 It measure the proportion of literate
population above the age of 7 years.

20. It is the total number of children of
age group 6-10 attending school as a
percentage if total number of children
in the same age group.

22.  Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of
material goods and services that citizens are able to use.
 Actually for many of the important things is life the best
way, is to provide these goods and services collectively.

23.  Public distribution system, health and nutritional
status of people should be improved by providing
basic facilities.
 HDR made it very clear that what is important in
development is what is happening to citizens of a
country.
 It is people, their health, there well being, that is
most important.

25.  Human development report
published by UNDP compares
countries based on the
educational levels of the peoples.
Their health status and per
capita income.

26.  Above or equal to US $ 12276 per
annum of each person.
 Example – U.S.A(1342) ,
Japan(1324).
 MEDIUM COUNTRIES:
 From US $ 3582 to 12275 per annum
of each person.
 Example – India(3468) ,
Sri.Lanka(4943)

31. country Per capita
income in
US $
Life
expectanc
y rate
Literacy
rate for
15+
years
population
HDI rank
in the
world
Sri Lank 9250 74.3 91.2 73
India 5150 66.4 62.8 135
Myanmar 3998 65.2 92.7 150
Pakistan 4652 66.6 54.9 146
Nepal 2194 68.4 57.4 145
Bangladesh 2713 70.7 57.7 142

32. 

33.  MOST CORRUPTED COUNTRY – NORTH KOREA
 (88 % OF ITS MONEY AS BLACK MONEY)
 LEAST CORRUPTED COUNTRY – NORWAY
 (0% OF ITS MONEY AS BLACK MONEY)
 INDIA – WORLD RANKING IN WORLD – 76/168
 (28 % OF ITS MONEY AS BLACK MONEY)

34. 1947 – 12%
2001 – 64%
2011 – 74%
2015 – 76%
 AT PRESENT
 MALE LITERACY RATE – 82.14%
 FEMALE LITERACY RATE – 65.46%

35. GROSS DEVELOPMENT INDEX
(INDIA) 2015
 MALE – 66%
 FEMALE – 52.5%
GENDER EQUALITY INDEX(INDIA)
2015
 INDIA RANKING IN THE WORLD – 127/142
 IN 2008 – 122/168

36. Almost all of the available
petroleum resource will get
exhausted in the next 40-50
years.

37. Region/
country
Reserves
(Thousand million
barrels)
Number of years
Reserves will last
Middle
east
752.5 81.9
U.S.A 30.9 11.3
World 1383 46.2

39.  It is development that meets the
needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generation to meet their own needs.