4. 1
The Victorian Age
From 1837 to 1901, the greatest symbol in British life
was Queen Victoria. Although she exercised little real
political power, she set the tone for what is now called
the Victorian age.
• Victoria embodied the values of duty, thrift,
honesty, hard work, and respectability. She
embraced a strict code of morals and manners.
• Under Victoria, the British middle class — and
growing numbers of the working class — felt
great confidence in the future. That confidence
grew as Britain expanded its already huge
empire.
“We are not amused!”
5.
6. Queen Victoria
• Came to the throne in 1837 at
the age of 18
• Reigned for 64 years, the
longest monarchy in British
history
• First Empress of India at the
British Raj, or period of British
colonial rule in India
For the next seventeen years Albert
• Granddaughter of George III of was formally titled "HRH Prince
the Hanoverian Dynasty Albert" until, on 25 June 1857,
• Preceded by William IV, and Victoria formally granted him the
title Prince Consort.
succeeded by Edward VII
Hemophilia—the blood clotting disease—can be traced to Victoria’s line.
It is a recessive gene that especially affects the male line. Since Vicky is related
to almost all of the crowned heads of Europe…Just ask Rasputin in Russia.
7. By 1836, the idea of
marriage between
Albert and his cousin,
Victoria, had arisen in
the mind of their
ambitious uncle,
Leopold, who had
been King of the
Belgians since 1831.
Marriage of Victoria and Albert
Albert and Victoria felt mutual affection and
the Queen proposed to him on 15 October
1839. For the next seventeen years Albert
was formally titled "HRH Prince Albert" until,
on 25 June 1857, Victoria formally
granted him the title Prince Consort. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert - photograph
taken in 1854.
8. A Royal Love
• Queen Victoria's nearly 64-year reign (1837-1901) was the longest in British history. She
presided over a period of British industrial progress, artistic successes and political
empire-building which became known as the Victorian Era. Victoria was only 18 when
she became queen upon the death of her uncle, King William IV. In 1840 she married
her first cousin Albert, the German son of the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Victoria
was shattered by his untimely death at age 42, and she went into a prolonged period of
mourning. (She never stopped mourning entirely, wearing black the rest of her life.)
Late in the 1860s she re-emerged into public life, and as years passed she became
increasingly venerated among her subjects. Victoria celebrated her diamond jubilee --
60 years on the throne -- in 1897. After her death in 1901 she was succeeded by her
son Prince Albert, who became King Edward VII.
The first of the royal couple's nine children,
named Victoria, was born on 21 November
1840. Prince Albert, Queen Victoria and
their nine children. Left to right : Alice,
Arthur, The Prince Consort, The Prince of
Wales, Leopold ( in front of him), Louise,
Queen Victoria with Beatrice, Alfred,
Victoria and Helena
9. • The Prince Consort died of typhoid fever on
14 December, 1861, due to the primitive
sanitary conditions at Windsor Castle.
• His death devastated Victoria, who was still
affected by the death of her mother in March of
that year. She entered a state of mourning and
wore black for the remainder of her life. She
avoided public appearances, and rarely set foot
in London in the following years.
• Her seclusion earned her the name "Widow of
Windsor."
Dash was Victoria’s pet a tricolor
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.
She was the most painted dog of
the era. Remy is mine.
10. 1
A New Era in British Politics
In the 1860s, the old political parties regrouped under
new leadership:
• The Tories became the Conservative party,
led by Benjamin Disraeli.
• The Whigs evolved into the Liberal party,
led by William Gladstone.
In the late 1800s, these two parties pushed little by
little for suffrage to be extended. By century’s end,
almost-universal male suffrage had been achieved.
In 1911, a Liberal government passed measures to limit
the power of the House of Lords. In time, the House of
Lords would become a largely ceremonial body, while
the elected House of Commons would reign supreme.
11. Disraeli cultivated a public
image of himself as an
Imperialist with grand
gestures such as conferring
on Queen Victoria the title
‘Empress of India’. “
India was:
“The Jewel in the Crown”
Prime Ministers
William Gladstone and
Benjamin Disraeli served under
Queen Victoria.
12. The British government
moved toward greater democracy Introduction
through evolution rather than
revolution.
•In the 1800s, Britain had a limited
constitutional monarchy
•The Cabinet led by the Prime
Minister held most of the executive
power
•Parliament held legislative power
•The House of Commons House of Commons
represented the people, but middle
and working class citizens had no
voting rights until the 1800s
13. Reform • Industrial and farm workers remained
disenfranchised (deprived of the right to
Movements vote)
• the Chartists (reform group of the
working class) wrote A People’s Charter,
which demanded voting rights for all
adult men, a secret ballot, salaries for
members of Parliament, and equal
electoral districts
• Aristocracy supported the Conservative
party
• Industrial and commercial classes
supported the Liberal party
14. Women Demand
Greater Rights
• 1850s- women’s rights activists
fought to win property rights for
married women, which led to the
passage of the Married Women’s
Property Acts of 1870 and 1882
• 1903- Emmeline Pankhurst
founded the Women’s Social and
Political Union (WSPU), which led
suffragists in voting rights
Emmeline Pankhurst campaigns and succeed in winning
being arrested, voting rights for women over 21
again!
15. John Bull is the
English
equivalent of our
Uncle Sam. He is a national
personification of Great
Britain in general and
England in particular,
especially in political
cartoons and similar
graphic works.
16. 2
Votes for Women
In Britain, as elsewhere, women struggled for the right to vote against
strong opposition.
• Suffragists led by Emmeline Pankhurst
used aggressive tactics and sometimes
resorted to violent protest. But passive
resistance and hunger strikes were more
effective.
• Many middle-class women disapproved of
such radical actions. Yet they, too, spoke
up in increasing numbers.
• Some women, including Queen Victoria,
opposed suffrage altogether.
• Despite these protests, Parliament refused
to grant women’s suffrage. Not until 1918
did Parliament finally grant suffrage to
women over age 30. Younger women did
not win the right to vote for another
decade.
20. • Mid 1800’s Canada was • In 1867 the British Parliament passed
one part French, another the British North American Act and
established Canada as a dominion. The
immigrant British and a voters elected their first parliament and
third part descendants of prime minister, John A. Macdonald.
the Loyalists. • At first the Dominion of Canada
consisted of four provinces in the
southeast, extending from the Great
Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. Then, in
1869 the dominion acquired the
Northwest Territory.
• Most of the Northwest Territory was
populated by Native Americans and
European and American fur traders.
21. • Divided Quebec into two colonies: Lower Canada
and Upper Canada.
• Lower Canada-- French speaking
•
• Upper Canada--English speaking
• Each colony had an assembly whose laws were
subject to veto by the British government.
• By the late 1830’s, the French began to feel
threatened by the English-speaking people.
22.
23. Lord Durham was sent
to Canada in 1838 to
investigate the uprisings
between upper and lower
Canada. He wrote the
“Report on Affairs of
British North America” in
1839 in which he
recommended a self-
government and legislative
union in Canada.
The First Prime
Minister and
John was born in Glasgow, second longest
Scotland and his family serving of
emigrated to Canada in Canada.
1820. He became a lawyer
in Kingston, Ontario in
1836.
25. 3
How Did Canada Achieve Self-Rule?
1. Canada’s first European rulers were French.
2. When France lost Canada to Britain in 1763, thousands of French-
speaking settlers remained.
3. In 1791 Britain passed the Canada Act, which created two provinces:
English-speaking Upper Canada and French-speaking Lower Canada.
4. During the 1800s, unrest grew in both colonies.
5. In 1839, the Durham Report called for the two Canadas to be reunited
and given control over their own affairs.
6. In 1840, Parliament passed the Act of Union, a major step toward self-
government.
7. As Canada expanded westward, John Macdonald and George Étienne
Cartier urged confederation, or unification, of all Canada’s provinces.
8. Britain passed the British North America Act of 1867, creating the
Dominion of Canada. It united four provinces into a dominion, or self-
governing nation. Six additional provinces later joined the union.
26. Industrialization and Nationalism,
1800–1870
• The Industrial Revolution and a
wave of liberal nationalist
revolutions transformed Europe
during the nineteenth century. A
weakened old order gave way, and
a number of unified European
states emerged.
• Canada gained its independence,
and the northern and southern
United States reunited after a
bloody civil war.
30. • Australia was initially established as a penal
colony (Botany Bay), but after a gold rush
increased the population, transporting
prisoners there was stopped.
• Many Europeans treated the Aborigines
badly and killed many of them.
• By the late 1800’s Australia was made up of six British colonies.
» New South Wales
» Victoria
» Queensland #1 Prime Minister
» Tasmania Edmund Barton
1 January 1901
» Western Australia
» South Australia
• By 1901, Parliament made Australia a dominion
that included the colonies and a region known as the Northern Territory.
31. 3
Europeans in Australia
• In 1770, Captain James Cook claimed Australia for Britain.
• At that time, it was too distant to attract European settlers.
• Australia had long been inhabited by indigenous people, later called
Aborigines.
• When white settlers arrived, the Aborigines suffered disastrously.
• In 1788, Britain made Australia into a penal colony. The overflow of Britain’s
full prisons were transported to Australia—Botany Bay Penal Colony.
• In the early 1800s, Britain encouraged free citizens to emigrate to Australia.
As the newcomers took over more and more land, they thrust aside or killed
the Aborigines.
• In 1851, a gold rush in eastern Australia brought a population boom.
• By the late 1800s, Australia had won a place in a growing world
economy. Sheep and cattle, mainly.
Odd side effect—rabbits!!!
32.
33.
34. New
Zealand
The first Europeans to
settle in the New
Zealand were from
Captain James Cook’s
expedition in 1770.
Firearms brought to
New Zealand by
foreigners brought
many problems to the
Maori.
Kiwi
35. 3
New In 1769, Captain Cook claimed New Zealand
for Britain.
Zealand
Missionaries arrived to convert the local
New Zealand people, the Maoris, to Christianity.
pioneered in
several areas of In 1840, Britain annexed New
democratic Zealand.
reform.
In 1893, it White New Zealanders won
became the first independence.
nation to give
suffrage to By the 1870s, Maori resistance crumbled.
women. Many Maoris died in the struggle.
Later, it was in the
forefront of other
Colonists took over Maori land and engaged in
social reforms.
fierce wars with the Maoris.
36. Treaty of Waitangi in 1840
• Concluded by
the British Naval
officers and
Maori Chiefs,
the treaty
• protected the
Maori rights,
including
property rights
and gave the
British
sovereignty over
New Zealand.
37. • Americans loyal to Great Britain during the
Loyalists American Revolution who fled to Canada
• Self-governing territory owing allegiance to
Dominion the British king or queen
• First Canadian prime minister
John A.
Macdonald
• A Scottish-born lawyer
38. • The original people of Australia
Aborigines
• The original inhabitants of New
Maori Zealand
• Ordered by British Parliament to
Lord Durham investigate Canada after the uprisings
41. Jackrabbits had
no
naturals
predators
in Australia,
which
led to a
population
explosion.
photograph was taken in Adelaide, Australia on
This
11/27/1961.
It's common to see wild rabbits in the Outback gathering around
a waterhole!
42.
43. 2
The Irish Question
The Irish never accepted English rule:
• They resented English settlers, especially
absentee landlords.
• Many Irish peasants lived in poverty while
paying high rents to landlords living in England.
• The Irish, most of whom were Catholic, were
forced to pay tithes to the Church of England.
Irish nationalists campaigned for freedom and justice.
In 1845, a disease destroyed the potato crop, causing a
terrible famine called the “Great Hunger.” At least one
million Irish died while the British continued to ship healthy
crops outside Ireland. The Great Hunger left a legacy of Irish
bitterness that still exists today.
The Irish struggled for years to achieve home rule, or
local self-government. However, Parliament did not
pass a Home Rule Bill until 1914. It then delayed
putting the new law into effect until after World War I.
44. Potato Famine in Ireland
• 1840s- “Great Hunger” potato
famine struck Ireland, but Britain
sent inadequate aid to the Irish,
and many emigrated to the US,
Canada, and Australia
• Charles Stewart Parnell (Irish-born
to a Protestant family) led
nationalists in hope of home rule
(self-government)
• Gladstone tried to pass legislation
for Irish home rule, but it split the
Liberal party and was defeated
• 1914- Parliament passed home
rule bill, but it never went into
effect
52. Charles Darwin
• While traveling, Charles Darwin became
curious about the great variety of plants and
animals and wondered why some had
become extinct
• Charles Darwin wrote the book On the Origins
of Species and stated that most animal groups
are constantly struggling for survival. These
animals that survive are better adapted for
their habitat
• In his controversial book, The Descent of Man,
Darwin traced human evolution from animal
species
• Darwin’s books angered religious leaders
because they contradicted the creation story
and other Biblical accounts
53. The publication in 1859 of Charles Darwin’s
masterpiece The Origin of Species changed
forever the way we think about life on Earth,
but also the human condition. One hundred and
fifty years later—and 200 years after his birth—
Darwin's big idea has never been more relevant
or more challenging.
The Rough Guide to Evolution provides a readable introduction to
evolution and its influence on almost all aspects of human thought.
54. Development of Genetics
• Gregor Mendel wondered how
plants and animals pass
characteristics between
generations.
• In the 1860s, he experimented
with pea plants and concluded
that characteristics are passed
from one generation to another
by tiny particles (genes)
• his work became the basis of
genetics, the study of heredity
56. Medical Advances –
Fighting Diseases
• Smallpox was one of the most dreaded
diseases at the time
• In 1796 Edward Jenner noticed that
workers who had caught cowpox (a
mild disease) never caught smallpox
• Once proven right, he began injecting
people with cowpox so they would
contract smallpox; this was the first
vaccination.
57. Louis Pasteur
• 50 years later, Louis Pasteur learned why this
vaccination worked
• In the 1850s he discovered bacteria and
proved that they cause infectious diseases
• He also concluded that they don’t appear
spontaneously but reproduce like any living
being and could therefore be killed, preventing
many diseases
58. Marie and Pierre Curie
• These beginning steps led
scientists to frame modern
physics
• In 1898 Marie Sklodowska Curie
and Pierre Curie discovered the
highly radioactive element radium
• They also proved that this new
element emits energy.
59.
60. Social Sciences
• Meanwhile other
scientists used the
scientific method to
study human behavior
• Sociology – study of
human behavior in
groups
• Psychology – study of
human behavior in
individuals
61. Ivan Pavlov
and
Sigmund Freud
• Ivan Pavlov experimented with animals to see what effects
outside stimuli had on their behavior
• His finding suggested that human actions were unconscious
reactions and could be changed by training
• Sigmund Freud’s theories (that an unconscious part of the
mind governs human behavior) led to psychoanalysis, a
method of treatment to discover people’s motives
