2. Contain:-
1.Energy Flow
Pyramid of Energy
Pyramid of Biomass
pyramid of Number
2.Productivity
Primary Productivity
Secondary Productivity
copyright cmassengale 2
3. 3
Energy FlowEnergy Flow
• EnergyEnergy in an ecosystem originallyin an ecosystem originally
comes from the suncomes from the sun
• Energy flows through EcosystemsEnergy flows through Ecosystems
fromfrom producers to consumersproducers to consumers
– ProducersProducers (make food)(make food)
– ConsumersConsumers (use food by eating(use food by eating
producers or other consumers)producers or other consumers)
copyright cmassengale
4. 4
ProducersProducers
• SunlightSunlight is the mainis the main
source of energysource of energy
forfor mostmost life onlife on
earth.earth.
• ProducersProducers containcontain
chlorophyllchlorophyll & can& can
use energy directlyuse energy directly
from the sunfrom the sun
copyright cmassengale
5. 5
AutotrophsAutotrophs
• An Autotroph is any organismAn Autotroph is any organism
thatthat can produce its own foodcan produce its own food
supply!supply!
• Autotrophs are also calledAutotrophs are also called
ProducersProducers
• Plants, algae, some protists, &Plants, algae, some protists, &
some bacteria are examplessome bacteria are examples
copyright cmassengale
6. 6
Niche of a ProducerNiche of a Producer
• Captures energyCaptures energy and transformsand transforms
it intoit into organic, stored energyorganic, stored energy forfor
the use of living organisms.the use of living organisms.
• May beMay be photoautotrophsphotoautotrophs usingusing
light energy (e.g.light energy (e.g. plantsplants))
• May beMay be chemoautotrophschemoautotrophs usingusing
chemical energy (e.g.chemical energy (e.g.
cyanobactericyanobacteria)a)
copyright cmassengale
7. 7
PhotoautotrophPhotoautotroph
Producer That Captures EnergyProducer That Captures Energy
from the sun by:from the sun by:
– PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
• AddsAdds OxygenOxygen to theto the
atmosphereatmosphere
• RemovesRemoves Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide fromfrom
the Atmospherethe Atmosphere
AlgaeAlgaecopyright cmassengale
8. 8
• On LandOn Land
– PlantsPlants
• In The SeaIn The Sea
– AlgaeAlgae
• Tidal Flats & Salt MarshesTidal Flats & Salt Marshes
– CyanobacteriaCyanobacteria
Habitat of PhotoautotrophsHabitat of Photoautotrophs
copyright cmassengale
9. 9
ChemoautotrophsChemoautotrophs
• Capture energy fromCapture energy from
the bonds of inorganicthe bonds of inorganic
molecules such asmolecules such as
Hydrogen SulfideHydrogen Sulfide
• Process is calledProcess is called
ChemosynthesisChemosynthesis
• Often occurs in deepOften occurs in deep
sea vents or gut ofsea vents or gut of
animalsanimals Called a BlackCalled a Black
smoker (thermalsmoker (thermal
vent)vent)copyright cmassengale
10. 10
ConsumersConsumers
Heterotrophs eat other organismsHeterotrophs eat other organisms
to obtain energy.to obtain energy.
• OmnivoresOmnivores (Humans)(Humans)
– Eat Plants & AnimalsEat Plants & Animals
• Detritivores (Scavengers)Detritivores (Scavengers)
– Feed On Dead Plant & AnimalFeed On Dead Plant & Animal
Remains (buzzards)Remains (buzzards)
• DecomposersDecomposers
– Fungi & BacteriaFungi & Bacteria
copyright cmassengale
11. 11
Feeding RelationshipsFeeding Relationships
Energy flowsEnergy flows
through anthrough an
ecosystem inecosystem in
oneone directiondirection
fromfrom producersproducers
toto variousvarious
levels oflevels of
consumersconsumers
copyright cmassengale
12. 12
Feeding RelationshipsFeeding Relationships
• Food ChainFood Chain
– Simple Energy path through anSimple Energy path through an
ecosystemecosystem
• Food WebFood Web
– More realistic path through anMore realistic path through an
ecosystem made of many foodecosystem made of many food
chainschains
copyright cmassengale
14. 14
Name the Producer, ConsumersName the Producer, Consumers
& Decomposers in this food& Decomposers in this food
chain:chain:
copyright cmassengale
16. 16
Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels
Each Level In A Food Chain or FoodEach Level In A Food Chain or Food
Web is aWeb is a Trophic LevelTrophic Level..
• ProducersProducers
– Always The First Trophic LevelAlways The First Trophic Level
– How Energy Enters The SystemHow Energy Enters The System
• HerbivoresHerbivores
– Second Trophic LevelSecond Trophic Level
copyright cmassengale
17. 17
Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels
• Carnivores/OmnivoresCarnivores/Omnivores
– Make Up The RemainingMake Up The Remaining
Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels
Each level depends on theEach level depends on the
one below it for energy.one below it for energy.
copyright cmassengale
18. 18
Ecological PyramidsEcological Pyramids
Graphic Representations Of TheGraphic Representations Of The
Relative Amounts of Energy orRelative Amounts of Energy or
Matter At Each Trophic LevelMatter At Each Trophic Level
May be:May be:
Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid
Biomass PyramidBiomass Pyramid
Pyramid of NumbersPyramid of Numbers
copyright cmassengale
19. Pyramid of energy
• A pyramid of energy depicts the energy flow,
or productivity, of each trophic level.
• Due to the Laws of Thermodynamics, each
higher level must be smaller than lower levels,
due to loss of some energy as heat (via
respiration) within each level.
producers
herbivores
carnivores
Energy flow in :
20. Pyramid of yearly biomass production
• If the biomass produced by a trophic level is
summed over a year (or the appropriate complete
cycle period), then the pyramid of total biomass
produced must resemble the pyramid of energy
flow, since biomass can be equated to energy.
producers
herbivores
carnivores
Yearly biomass production
(or energy flow) of:
21. Pyramid of numbers
• A pyramid of numbers indicates the
number of individuals in each trophic level.
•
• Since the size of individuals may vary widely and
may not indicate the productivity of that individual,
pyramids of numbers say little or nothing about the
amount of energy moving through the ecosystem.
# of producers
# of herbivores
# of carnivores
22. Primary productivity
• Primary productivity is the rate of energy capture
by producers.
• = the amount of new biomass of producers, per
unit time and space
23. • Gross primary production (GPP)
• = total amount of energy captured
• Net primary production (NPP)
• = GPP - respiration
• Net primary production is thus the amount of
energy stored by the producers and potentially
available to consumers and decomposers.
24. • Secondary productivity is the rate of production of
new biomass by consumers, i.e., the rate at which
consumers convert organic material into new
biomass of consumers.
• Note that secondary production simply involves the
repackaging of energy previously captured by
producers--no additional energy is introduced into
the food chain.
• And, since there are multiple levels of consumers
and no new energy is being captured and introduced
into the system, the modifiers gross and net are not
very appropriate and are not usually used.