Paleoclimate Data Provides Crucial Insights for Improving Climate Change Modeling

Paleoclimate Data
Is the atmosphere of our planet warming consistently, and at a more rapid pace than ever before, and
is it being caused by human consumption? This question is the basis for the dispute on Global
warming. It is this century's largest debate. There are scientists, politicians, and civilians on both
sides of the debate. Scientists have determined that the Earth has cooled off and warmed up several
times over its long history. I do not believe that a reasonable person would deny that there is the
potential for the Earth to repeat this pattern at some point in the future. The real point of contention
is then in reference to the cause. Some scientists believe they have found a correlation between an
increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Any good pediatrician will tell you that a mild fever is the body's way of healing itself. You
shouldn't rush in with Tylenol to lower a fever of one hundred degrees Fahrenheit or less. If our
bodies work this way who is say that the Earth isn't operating on a similar system? Scientists began
to search for additional information, older information, which would lend credence to their theory.
This information is known as proxy data. Proxy data exists in tree rings, ice cores, sediment cores,
historical data, fossilized pollen, and coral (i). This data is not a direct indication of carbon dioxide
or temperature, but a study of elements that have existed on our planet long before the wide usage of
instruments to record information. Utilizing a variety of statistical means to arrive at their
conclusions scientists compiled this information in support of the theory of climate change. Ice that
has been drilled out of the depths of Antarctica and Green land can date back 800,000 years. The air
bubbles found here show an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. The graph below compares the
levels of carbon dioxide and the estimated temperatures gathered from the proxy data of the ice
core. The statistical manipulation indicates that in 8000,000 years the Earth has never seen the levels
of carbon dioxide
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Temperature In The Middle Ages Essay
The topic is about whether temperatures were actually warmer in the Middle Ages than they are
today. If so, why? If no, why not? I believe it is important because to know our past is to predict our
future. The knowledge of what the temperatures were like fifteen–hundred years ago, with little
human interference, is the perfect way to create a scenario of today's climate and the how's and
why's. However, going down this rabbit hole one may uncover uncomfortable facts about our
current predicament. Answers found in both the past and the present could be disturbing. The
Medieval Warm Period took place between the 10th and 15th centuries. During this era, ice free seas
far to the north allowed the Vikings to settle Greenland and sail from Norway, Sweden, Briton and
France on a regular basis with no trouble from the cold or sea ice. North America was in the grip of
a grave drought. But just how warm was the Medieval Warm Period? To answer ... Show more
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Some evidence implies warm temperatures in several parts of the globe, including the North
Atlantic, northern Europe, China, and parts of North America. Other studies retain evidence that the
temperature conditions of certain regions, such as, South America, and other locations in the
Southern Hemisphere, were no different from those of today. It is often pointed out that the MWP
was a flourishing time in European history. This particular period saw the Vikings from the far
North travel and raid northern communities at will. To me, the exploration and colonization of the
New World, Iceland, and Greenland in relatively tiny vessels, manned only by oarsmen and sails is
the foremost factor in the telling of climate conditions. Those seas would not be traversal in this day
and age. Also, proof of warmer temperatures in northern Europe, can be found in records of wheat
production and vineyards at latitudes and much higher than today (Crowley,

Forensic Crime Scene Investigator
A Look into Death Investigations The following information is an overview of some of the essential
elements in conducting a thorough death investigation, as outlined in the U.S Department of Justice,
National Institute of Justice's Research Report titled "Death Investigation: A Guide for the Scene
Investigator". These observations and any possible recommendations, are intended to provide as
comprehensive an overview of the materials covered as possible, and any further helpful material
deemed necessary to improve the knowledge and abilities of the Forensic Crime Scene Investigator.
(National Institute of Justice, 2011). Death investigation, Section A, Investigative Tools and
Equipment. In this section we find all of the available equipment ... Show more content on
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Every attempt should be made by the investigator to gather as much discovery documentation as is
available. This includes any potential witnesses, statements, or circumstances that may have
contributed or lead to the death. Who was it that actually discovered the body and at what time?
Every "who, what, why, when, where, and how" needs to be answered. The investigator also needs
to get pertinent information such as the individuals past medical histories if possible. Any
medications or social alcohol and drug use might also be a factor in the investigation. A complete
physical, mental and social history are extremely important to aspects of the investigation. (National
Institute of Justice,

Climate Change : Past, Present, And Future
Cihad Ayberk Doner
Instructor: Dr. Kam–biu Liu (Professor & Chair, DOCS)
OCS 4600 Global Environmental Change: Past, Present, and Future
Improving Future Climate Modeling Using Paleoclimate Data and Investigating To Effects On
Water Resources
Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to contemplate the use of information and all the knowledge gained
from this class in regards to my work on climate change effects on water resources. Specifically, my
purpose is to search for knowledge and data from paleoclimatic evidence that will allow us to make
better future climate projections for the model that uses the effects of climate to water resources. To
put this into perspective, when we look at the data set from 1900 to present and attempt ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Second, the trends of climate fluctuation are observable and it is the best way to create a future
model for climate change thus far. However, small, seemingly minute changes can make enormous
differences on earth's global climate, which can especially be seen when we look at paleoclimatic
evidences such as younger dryer event, ocean currents and milankovitch cycles. This changes
significantly affect the hydrological cycle and sea levels on the earth.
Considering the records of climate history, it may help us to create more accurate climate models
with less uncertainty. Currently, in order to constitute a trustable model several individual models
are combined, but there still remains significant uncertainties. Those uncertain predictions may
become vitally important when managing climate adaptation and attempting to reduce negative
effects. Lack of observations or having collected data from a short time period are usually the
reasons for these uncertainties. Therefore, paleoclimate records are able to extend the time frame
and consider new information for the behavior of climate of a region. This paper discusses the
importance of modeling hydrological cycles which are precipitation, floods, drought and change on
sea levels. Moreover, the uncertainty of current models due to lack of data and the way of lesser
those uncertainties using paleoclimate proxies.

Climate Change and Environmental Issues
Environmental Issues Climate Change Introduction Is global warming due to human activity or not?
Is there something societies around the world can do to halt the warming of the planet? What is the
key to societies developing a sustainable world and how do environmental dynamics impact
sustainability? These questions and others will be addressed from several perspectives in this paper.
Is global warming due to human activities? The view of Scientists The most authoritative and
objective source of information on climate change (or global warming, as some prefer to use) is the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a group that began researching climate change
in 1992. The IPCC was launched by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the
World Meteorological Organizations (WMO) in order to "...provide an objective source of scientific
information" (UN.org). It was clear by the middle of the 20th century, the UN explains, that as a
"...side effect of the industrial age...human action had significantly increased the production
of...carbon dioxide" one of the main greenhouse gases that contributes to global climate change. The
IPCC has its next major report due out in 2014, and while the IPCC does publish occasional white
paper findings between their major reports, the most recent report is called the Climate Change
2007: Working Group I: The Physical Science Basis. In that report there is a section called "Human
and Natural Drivers of Climate Change"

The Relationship Between Taphonomy On Shell Stable Isotope...
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Taphonomy's relationship to δ¹³C and δ18O Using the taphonomic number described above and
displayed in Table 2; I examined the relationship between diagenesis of the recently dead to the
variation seen in both of the stable isotope records acquired here (Figure 3). The average value of
each taphonomic number is not as important as the fact that one standard deviation (represented by
error bars) increases from about 0.2 ‰ to 0.8‰ in δ13C values, and 0.3‰ to 0.9‰ in δ18O values
as the taphonomic number increases. If this relationship is universal, it represents a significant
impact on the records acquired by damaged, fossil or recent shells. As stated in the introduction
some studies have examined the impact of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the taphonomic measure of aragonite matrix delamination is more prevalent on the
umbo and commissure of the shell and rarely appears in the central shell region. Results show that
the commissure displays the highest levels of variation, with one standard deviation reaching 1.5 ‰
for δ13C and 3.5 ‰ in δ18O values (Figure 4). These high levels at the commissure are similarly
found at the umbo with standard deviations of 1.5‰ δ13C and 1.1 ‰ in δ18O. Both records show a
"sweet spot" of low variation between 20–60% shell length (Figure 4). This increased variation in
an isotopic record could be attributed to 3 factors; 1) regional climate variability, 2) Taphonomic
damage of commissure and umbo preferentially, 3) varying growth rate on shell leading to varying
degrees of time averaging, as can sloppy drilling technique.
(1) Regional climate variability have caused these organisms to experience large seasonal
fluctuations in temperature and salinity both of witch affect the δ18O values of the Aragonite. To
determine a measure of time the percent shell length measure described above was multiplied by the
average life span of the organism to get a measure of years before collection.
This calculation is a brute force way to determine a time component of the data I have and may not
represent a real time because of varying growth rate, when the

Argumentative Essay On Global Warming
GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is an increase of Earth's temperature throughout a period of time. Global warming
is a disease that is one of the root causes of Earth's illness. This invisible change has a lot of drastic
effects on mankind, wildlife as well as nature. The reasons to these destructions are humans
themselves. There are some very obvious ways to tackle the situation. Many of the extraordinary
weather changes since the 1950's are recorded in the instrumental temperature record which
stretches out to the mid–19th Century while having thousands of years according to the
Paleoclimate Proxy Records [IPCC Climate]. Temperature across the whole world is predicted to
change throughout this century and continuing. The Earth's ability to tackle the emission of heat–
trapping gases, as well as the amount of gases released will predict the magnitude of global climate
change [NASA].
Scientists are sure that global temperatures will continue to rise for decades to come, largely due to
greenhouse gases produced by human activities. 2.5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit of temperature rise is
predicted over the next century by a group of 1300 scientists of The Intergovernmental Panel of
Climate Change (IPCC) from the United States[IPCC]. Climate change will have different effects
on different regions depending on the adapting ability with time, of that region, said IPCC. A 1 to 3
degree Celsius increase in global temperature will have deadly consequences in some region and
propitious one in other regions. "Net annual costs will increase over time as global temperatures
increase" [NASA]. Now let us move into more detailed information. Climate change has a lot of
effects on the rise of sea levels. Average sea level around the world rose about 8 inches (20 cm) in
the past 100 years; climate scientists expect sea levels to rise more and more rapidly in the next 100
years as a part of climate change impact. The number of floods per year has already increased in
many coastal cities such as New York and they may need to build a wall between the sea and the
town to protect them from the sea by the mid 21st Century. More coastal cities (such as Bangkok,
Boston), famous

Climate Change : The Greenhouse Gases
"The Greenhouse Effect" or "Greenhouse gases" have become somewhat of scary concepts in
relation to climate change. In fact, without the Greenhouse effect, the average temperature of the
Earth would be 5F rather than the current average at 59F. Greenhouse gases are composed mostly of
water vapor, but also carbon dioxide, methane, and certain types of clouds. These gases lie in the
troposphere of the atmosphere and allows the shortwave radiation of the sun to pass through the
atmosphere and warm the Earth's surface as energy is absorbed, while the longwave radiation is
delayed from being transmitted back into space through greenhouse gases. The waves are absorbed
by greenhouse gases and bounced back to the Earth's surface, conserving ... Show more content on
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Another technique that is used is obtaining information of past climate from ice cores. Scientists
drill deep into glaciers and compare the oxygen isotopes o16 and o18 which are often found in
water and calcium carbonate molecules. O16 is the lighter isotope and precipitation tends to be
abundant in o16. When temperatures are high, more water vapor containing o18 is in the
atmosphere, so analyzing the o16/18 ratio in ice cores can act as a thermometer for the past. This
oxygen isotope analysis can be used in oceanic sediments as well as coral reefs. Many of the most
important ice cores have been taken from Dome C in Antarctica where the arctic cap is at it's
thickest. Scientists have been able to obtain cores that are more than 2 miles deep and provide
climate and atmospheric data dating back 800,000 years that includes eight glacial/interglacial
cycles. These cores have shown that global temperature is correlated with greenhouse gas
concentration. Pollen analysis can also provide data on temperatures and atmospheric conditions of
the past. Pollen from trees and other plants that are preserved in the sediment of bogs or lakes are
radiocarbon dated providing age of the organic material that is younger than 50,000 years old. The
isotope of carbon c14 decays over time at a known rate into the stable isotope of nitrogen, n14. C12
is a stable isotope

Climate And Paleoclimatology
4.0 Measuring and Noticing the Change
4.1 Paleoclimatology
The Earth has maintained records of its climatic conditions in glaciers and ice caps, sediments from
lakes and oceans, within the skeletons of coral reefs, as well as tree rings. The study of these
samples is known as paleoclimatology. These environmental recorders can be used by scientists to
estimate past conditions. Common findings from paleoclimatologists (those who study
environmental evidence to gain insight on what the past climate was like and why) indicate that the
Earth's climate is always changing. Further examination shows that the Earth's climate is able to
drastically shift in a matter of years or decades. A main focus in paleoclimatology is to distinguish
whether the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the layers are marked based on seasonal variations in snow, the isotopic composition of the
precipitation is examined further to determine the temperature when and where the snow fell.
Similarly, examining the isotopic properties of wind–blown dust allows for the material to be traced
back to its origin. Anything that is within the atmosphere has the potential to end up in an ice core,
and more often than not remains unchanged over time. Trapped gases in air bubbles are highly
reliable records of atmospheric composition. Slight differences between bubbles and air
composition caused by gravitational and thermal effects, are well understood and recognizable.
Certain chemical reactions in impure ice can possibly produce abnormal compositions for some
gases. However, due to the close association of the gas and ice–chemistry, it is a clear indicator of
climate change (Óskarsson, 2004). Ice core records are generally cross–referenced with other ice
core records along with other methods of instrumental climate records to confirm findings.
Statistical and physical analyses are needed to put small, one–time changes into perspective.
Meanwhile, large changes in the concentrations of most materials in ice, reflect changes in their
atmospheric loading.
Similar to layers of snow accumulating on top of glaciers or ice caps, billions of tons of sediment
accumulate on the ocean floor and in lake basins each year and

Cause And Effects Of Global Warming
Global warming is an increase of Earth's temperature throughout a period of time. Global warming
is a disease that is one of the root causes of Earth's illness. This invisible change has a lot of drastic
effects on mankind, wildlife as well as nature. The reasons to these destructions are humans
themselves. There are some very obvious ways to tackle the situation. Many of the extraordinary
weather changes since the 1950's are recorded in the instrumental temperature record which
stretches out to the mid–19th Century while having thousands of years according to the
Paleoclimate Proxy Records [IPCC Climate]. Temperature across the whole world is predicted to
change throughout this century and continuing. The Earth's ability to tackle the emission of heat–
trapping gases, as well as the amount of gases released will predict the magnitude of global climate
change [NASA].
Scientists are sure that global temperatures will continue to rise for decades to come, largely due to
greenhouse gases produced by human activities. 2.5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit of temperature rise is
predicted over the next century by a group of 1300 scientists of The Intergovernmental Panel of
Climate Change (IPCC) from the United States[IPCC]. Climate change will have different effects
on different regions depending on the adapting ability with time, of that region, said IPCC. A 1 to 3
degree Celsius increase in global temperature will have deadly consequences in some region and
propitious

Pure Water Graph Essay
Colligative Properties & Osmotic Pressure
Peter Jeschofnig, Ph.D. Version 42–0149–00–01
Lab RepoRt assistant
This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report
Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment's questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables
that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate student's writing of lab
reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor
obseRvations & QUestions – paRt i
A. Record your observations and your time and temperature data in tables. ... Show more content on
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In your experiment is the Karo® hypertonic or hypotonic to the egg? The KARO syrup is
hypertonic to the egg therefore there is a lower concentration outside of the (in the solution) than
inside of the egg. So diffusion will occur here, meaning water will move from inside the egg to the
outside in the KARO solution. This is shown with the obvious size differences in the egg as time
increases. The egg becomes smaller and decreases in mass.
C. Historically certain colligative properties – freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, and
osmotic pressure – have been used to determine molecular mass. (Now there are instrumental
methods to determine this.) Of these three, osmotic pressure is the most sensitive and gives the best
results. Molecular mass can be found according the following equation:
Π = MRT
Where: Π = osmotic pressure,
M = molarity of solution,
R = the ideal gas constant (0.0821 L×atm/mol×K), and
T = Kelvin temperature.

Sample Problem
0.125 grams of a starch is dissolved in 100 mL of water at 25oC and has an osmotic pressure of
5.15 mmHg. What is its molecular mass?
Since the gas constant, R, requires atmospheres as pressure units, we have to convert 5.15 mmHg to
atmospheres:
5.15 mm Hg * 1 atm/760 mm Hg = 0.00678 atm.
0.00678 atm = M (0.0821) (273 + 25 =

Global Warming And Global Climate Change
Global warming and global climate change has been a consistent news headline and global topic for
the past two decades. From a political standpoint, there has been great debate as to whether or not
humans are completely to blame, partially to blame, or to blame at all for the changes we are seeing
in the Earth's climate. However, from a scientific perspective, this is not the case. From the Kyoto
Protocol, to dummy–downed explanation like in Al Gore's "An Inconvenient Truth", to NASA's
comprehensive monitoring of the Earth's "vital signs", the idea that the human race has had a
gigantic and irreversible effect on the global climate is the consensus among the scientific
community. According to one major study, ninety–seven percent of climate scientists–those who
solely focus on studying the earth's climate–agree that the changes we are seeing are very likely
caused by human activity ("very likely" being with at least 95% certainty). (W.R.L. Anderegg)
Unfortunately, scientific evidence does not always correlate with proactive measures in society.
Taking the United State's government and society as a case study, large–scale projects or changes
tend to be reactionary with contemporary issues. While frustrating, this fact can be somewhat
understandable for a few major issues like military force or foreign economic aid (due prudence for
the best course of action). Unfortunately, this doesn't seem to be the case for the global climate; that
is, Mother Nature does not wait for

Essay On Clinical Activities
Goals for the week
My goals for this week was to incorporate effective communication within the clinical group. In
lecture we learned, as nurses we must be as proficient in communication skills as with clinical skills.
My goal was achieved by using effective communication within the clinical group and the staff on
the unit throughout the day, such as practicing open and honest communication. Also by leaving
communication lines open to those who may need my help to address problems.
Summary of Clinical Activities We started our day in the hospital lobby promptly at 0630, the
professor started by explaining where on the unit each of us would be. I was placed on the Labor
and Delivery floor along with three ladies. I was nervous, for this ... Show more content on
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The nurses and students went in to check on their patients. We were also shown how to collect vitals
using the monitors in the patient's rooms. I watched one student check blood pressure, pulse
oximeter, and temperature. The monitors records the vitals for the nurse to observe. The nurse also
showed us where to place the monitors for the baby's heart rate and contractions. After checking on
the patient we sat while the nurse showed us how to monitor the contractions on their charting
screen, which is much different than epic. They chart on the baby's heart rate and contractions. Since
the women weren't very far long in the labor process the nurse informed us that we probably won't
be able to see a delivery today, which sadden the students. After all the charting was done their
seemed to be some down time, which was perfect timing for me to go over study guides I prepared
for the students followed by a quiz. For, I remember when I did OB clinical there was a lot of down
time. Before I started management clinical I was given a lecture schedule for OB, I was able to
make up a study guide that went along with lecture. We went over the labor processes, physical
changes, and hormonal changes. Throughout the day we asked the nurses many questions about a
typical and not typical day on the unit. They all seemed happy to answer any questions we had. I
thought to myself this great unit for the students to learn, the nurses seemed to all get along and
happy to

The Causes And Effects Of Global Warming
What is global warming? Global warming refers to extreme changes in the Earth's climate. The term
illustrates dramatic increases in atmospheric and water temperatures experienced as a result of
growing amounts of greenhouse gas emissions. Humans are responsible for producing these gases
via cars, electricity, and factories. The main products of these activities that are to blame for global
warming are methane and carbon dioxide; as carbon dioxide, methane, and chlorofluorocarbon
compounds go farther and farther into the Earth's atmosphere, they deplete the ozone layer. Holes in
the ozone are allowing harmful ultraviolet rays (that are usually deflected by the ozone layer) to
make their way to lower levels of the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases absorb and give off radiation
from the UV rays, contributing to extreme temperature conditions. Some of the effects. Global
warming has had extreme effects on the planet. Earth's average surface temperature has been
increasing; since the 1880s, temperature has increased by between 1 and 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit.
While this may sound like a small number, it has heavily impacted other aspects of our global
ecosystem, and it is continuing to rise at a faster rate. Arctic ice is vanishing and glaciers are
melting; as a result, polar bears, penguins, and other animals have begun to suffer.
The recent frequency of heat waves, intense tropical storms, and natural disasters has also been
partially attributed to trends in global climate change.

Climate Warming : Global Warming Essay
The climate on the Earth is changing. Currently, the temperature of the earth's climate system
continues to rapidly increase which leads to global warming. Global warming, by definition is the
"gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the
greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other
pollutants"(Webster's). There are many reasons why global warming occurs, such as human
activities and the increasing of gases; for instance carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. To reduce the
issue, about 200 countries have signed Kyoto Protocol that states that they must lower four
greenhouse gases. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations
Convention on climate change and it commits the Parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
When one hears the term "global warming," the first thing that comes to mind is the greenhouse
effect. The greenhouses allow sunlight to enter through the windows and then the sunlight heats the
interior by trapping the heat. The same thing occurs within the plants, solar radiation is basically
absorbed by the Earth's surface therefore resulting in the warming of the Earth. There is nothing
wrong with the greenhouse effect as long as some radiation can escape back into space. We need the
greenhouse effect because without it nothing would even survive on the Earth. Global warming is a
controversial topic because there are several

The Northern Hemisphere
Eighteen Hundred and Froze to Death
In 1816, sections of the northern hemisphere experienced a "year without a summer." The average
summer temperatures across the northeastern United States, Canadian Maritime Provinces and much
of Europe were colder than any other year in the previous 600 years, with the exception of the
summer of 1601. The estimated mean surface temperature anomaly for the northern hemisphere in
1816 is –0.51 K. In Europe, temperatures averaged 1–2 C cooler than was typical of the surrounding
years, and there was also an increase in precipitation. The most common explanation for this climate
anomaly is that it was caused by the 1815 eruption in Indonesia of Tambora, "the largest known
eruption in history." The summer of 1816 also occurred during a period of reduced solar activity,
known as the Dalton Minimum, which may have contributed as well.
Fig. 1. "Reconstructed surface temperature anomalies computed from latewood density in tree rings
for summer 1816. Source: based on data in Briffa et al. (1998)"
The map above shows the areas affected most, determined through the use of dendrochronological
data (derived from tree rings).
Geneva
In addition to dendrochronological data, there is also an instrumental record for 1816 and the
surrounding years. In Geneva, Switzerland, there is a record of twice–daily weather observations
made from 1799 to 1821 without change in instruments or location. The report includes
"measurements of air temperature

Global Warming And Climate Change
Global warming and climate change have been frequent topics of discussion over the past several
years. Although people tend to focus on the politics, it is important to look past the media aspects of
it into the cold hard facts of what our Earth is currently experiencing, and what has caused it in the
first place. The cause of climate change includes natural causes, but human causes are what is
generating such a rapid global temperature change. It's time that the ways in which humanity affects
the Earth's climate, how scientists record and measure the climate change, and what can be done in
everyday life to slow it down and/or stop global warming, are recognized. There are two main
human causes of Earth's global warming and climate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But humans have caused the majority of greenhouse gas emissions in recent years, mostly by the
constant use of electricity, transportation, industry and agriculture. In 2013, the US Environmental
Protection Agency, aka EPA, recorded in an article that 6,673 million metric tons of the equivalent
to carbon dioxide has been released due to the emission of those specific greenhouse gases (Sources
of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Overview). It is widely agreed that the most relevant greenhouse
gases emitted into the atmosphere are: Water Vapor (H2O), Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O),
Ozone (O3), and most commonly, Carbon Dioxide (CO2). What needs to be made known is, air
spreads worldwide, and globally–speaking there is no place/country with significantly more
greenhouse gases than another does (EPA). All humans are subjected to the same amount of global
warming, even if one lives in an area that does not release much greenhouse gas in comparison to a
country like the United States. In the textbook The Essential Cosmic Perspective, it makes it clear
that visible light is either reflected or absorbed by the Earth, any energy absorbed must be sent back
into space, and if not, it causes thermal radiation (Bennett et al. 181). So, when humans burn fossil
fuels, it essentially is knowingly creating gases that cannot be returned to space and trapping them
into Earth's atmosphere, thus increasing global temperatures. Along with human activity involving
fossil

Essay on Medical Assistant is a Rewarding Career
Medical Assistant Being a medical assistant can be a satisfying career choice for those who take
pleasure in helping others, have superior communication skills, and are able to multitask. Medical
assistants are constantly on the look out to help patients and health professionals. Affection and
compassion are personality traits for a career as a medical assistant. Being a medical assistant is a
phenomenal career and a rewarding one too. Medical assistants lend a helping hand to a ton of
people, whether it be patients or the people of the health department. They work alongside doctors
in the hospital or clinic. Medical assistants tend to the patients by assisting doctors. Medical
assistants are fond of helping others. Medical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They devote a lot of time filling out medical records. In addition, medical assistants schedule
appointments for thousands of clients each day. Medical assistants are masters at multitasking.
Medical assistants are magnificent at multitasking. Medical assistants have records for patients.
They also scan and file reports. They take notes of why the patient is visiting the doctor's office. In
addition, to the notes they take your blood pressure, height, weight, and temperature. Medical
assistants are cross–trained to perform clinical duties such as coding and filling out insurances forms
for the physicians (AAMA, 1996). They handle correspondence, billing, and bookkeeping (AAMA,
1996). They assist the physicians during exams and prepare and administer medication as directed
by a physician (AAMA, 1996). Medical assistants also remove sutures and change dressings
(AAMA, 1996). Medical assistants are essential members of the health department. Medical
assistant are all about keeping the patients feeling at home and comfortable in the hospital (Boston
Reed College, 2011). Medical assistant have both administrative and clinical duties. Medical
assisting is one of the nation's fastest growing career in the United States of America (BLS, 2014).
Medical assistants are excellent at helping people, communicating, and multitasking.
The median annual wage for medical assistants was $29,370 in May 2012. The median wage is the
wage at

The El Nino Southern Oscillation
Introduction
The El Nino Southern Oscillation is a large scale circulation of atmospheric and oceanic
interactions. It is a natural climate phenomenon where the tropical Pacific Ocean experiences higher
than normal ocean temperature. The opposite, La Nina, refers to the unusual cooler than normal sea
surface temperatures. It gained its name "the Christ child" in Spanish ("the girl" for La Nina)
because the characteristic is most obvious around Christmas alone the western coast of South
America where it was first discovered.
Originally, there is a thermocline where warmer water is transported to the central Pacific Ocean
and deeper cold water upwells to the surface at eastern Pacific Ocean. During El Nino years, the
strength of the ocean and wind transport that causes the thermocline becomes weaker, causing the
warmer water to move backwards closer to the eastern Pacific Ocean. The warmer water can hold
more nutrients which are better conditions for fishes that led the fishermen to recognize this climate
pattern. The tropical Pacific Ocean is divided into different regions for detail observation and
forecasts. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) defines ENSO for five
consecutive 3–month temperature average at El Nino region–3.4 to warm at least 0.5 degrees
Celsius (Cool at least 0.5 degree Celsius for La Nina) (Figure 1). ENSO not only changes the
location of fishes, but also affects local weather at various locations in the northern hemisphere;

Climate Change : Natural, And Climate Change
Ana Perez
Mrs. Teutsch
English 1A
December 1, 2017
Climate Change
Introduction
As climate change and global warming remain some of the most debated topics in the contemporary
social and political spheres, there is need to establish the leading causes of these global phenomena.
To date, climate change scientists have differed on the causes of climate change, with one faction
holding that climate change is natural and another one arguing that human activities are the primary
drivers of climate change (Crowley, 286). More recent studies have embraced a softer stance on the
climate change debate by concurring that both natural and human events contribute significantly to
increase of the earth's average temperature. Nevertheless, the ongoing discussion of the causes of
climate change raises severe concerns since life on planet earth depends heavily on the energy that
comes from the sun. Usually, some of the heat that comes from the sun reaches the earth, where it is
absorbed by greenhouse gases to help in maintaining a life–supporting temperature. About 10% of
heat is reflected back to the atmosphere before reaching the earth's surface (Ball, 279). The change
in climate, which is also popularly known as global warming, is as a result of excessive heat being
trapped in the earth's atmosphere.
Discussion
The main heat–trapping gases include methane, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrous oxide. As a
result of global warming, the current earth's average temperature is about 1

The Effects Of Climate Change On Bangladesh
1. Abstract
This report will consider the effects and likely impact of climate change on Bangladesh, the disaster
risk management measures that are already in place and those being considered.
It will show how these have been influenced by frameworks such as Hyogo and Sendai and where
necessary improvements have been identified.
Bangladesh has shown a commitment to the development of Disaster Risk Reduction but this needs
to be supported by continued development and investment.
2. Figures
Figure Title Page
1. The cycle between cold (ice–age) and warm periods over the last 800000 years. 6
2. Global temperature history for the last 2000 years 7
3. Constituent gases of 'Greenhouse Gas' 8
4. The location of Bangladesh. 11
5. Climate Change Vulnerability Index 13
3. Climate Change
The study of climate change encompasses all the main scientific disciplines of physics, chemistry
and biology but also include many other areas such as geology, oceanography, hydrology,
atmospheric monitoring and glaciology.
With one subject covering so many aspects of science, it is difficult to reach agreement on many of
the elements of the issues arising from climate change.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was set up by the United Nations (UN) and
World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) in 1988. It defines climate change as "any change in
climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity".
During the 4.5 billion years that the

Argumentative Essay On Global Warming
The climate change debate discusses to the global controversy over whether global warming is
occurring and what has caused it. It is believed by scientists worldwide, that anthropogenic
emissions of greenhouse gases have caused an increase in global surface temperatures in recent
decades (Sciences, 2013). Apart from a few bodies that hold non–committal positions, no scientific
body of national or international status disagrees with this view (DiMento & Doughman, 2007).
When investigating climates antecedent to human history, indirect methods are exclusively
depended upon. Those used to calculate past temperatures, observe responses to past temperature
change that are preserved in ice, rock and fossils (temperature proxies). Marine sediment cores also
provide indication of temperature records spanning millions of years, as they contain fossilised
shells of tiny marine creatures which conserve a chemical record of the sea temperature when they
were alive. The width of growth rings in tree trunks depend on the climate conditions at the time of
growth, so can reveal the length of growing seasons. However, the further back scientists look, the
sparser the proxy temperature records become so the most reliable way to work out temperatures is
to combine different proxies from many locations to screen out local temperature fluctuations.
For example, ice sheets form as snow builds up, meaning each years snowfall is preserved as a
single visible layer. There are measurable chemical

The Effects Of Global Warming On Science
Our society relies on science more often than not. If there is a viral outbreak we turn to science to
find a cure, for technological advancements we turn to science, ways to make life healthier and
easier we turn to science. But for some reason we haven't accepted the existence of global warming,
even when science says it is a current and immediate threat. There are plenty of ways to help
alleviate the threat of climate change from political to consumer standpoints. Now is the time to
start accepting the facts on the existence of global warming and start changing our ways. Global
warming or also known as climate change has always been a part of the earth's history. Paleo–
climatic and instrumental data had been collected over the last ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Volcanoes were one of the biggest contributors of gases to the environment pre–humans, which was
one big reason for the climate changes that occurred in that time period. After humans advanced
enough we started the industrial revolution in 1790. With the start of the industrial revolution
massive factories, industries, and machinery were becoming more frequent. We then went on to
create the biggest contributor to the rise of gases which are fossil burning equipment. Add that to
gases being released by landfills, pasture animals, refrigeration and fertilizer, the amount of gases
being released into the atmosphere were exponentially more than what would have naturally
happened. The results of global warming are rising oceans, altered weather patterns, extreme
weather, wildlife endangerment and extinction just to name a few. There are over 111 countries at
the moment who support global warming with the Copenhagen Accord. The Accord states the
involved countries will work on reducing their footprints in order to help alleviate global warming.
Even though IPCC meet every few years to discuss the data collected and give an updated opinion
on the status of global warming, there are many opposing groups that claim it is merely a hoax. The
groups claim that even though the pollution we create exists, it is

Gravimetric Analysis of a Soluble Sulfate
Abstract Gravimetric analysis describes the methods for finding the chemical constituent of analyte
in a solution through analytical chemistry. This method uses the mass of solid SO42–, with an
unknown quantity and quality, to qualitatively determine the makeup of the solid SO3–. Two
separate experiments with the initial compounds of BaCl2 and SO42– were put into solution to
allow for the BaSO4 precipitate to form. Through filtration and ignition of precipitate containing
ashless papers, the solid masses of BaSO4 were attained. With a gravimetric factor of 1:1, sample 1
resulted in the formation of 0.5874g BaSO4 from 0.4004g of SO42–, while sample 2 resulted in the
formation of 0.4073g BaSO4 from 0.3985g of SO42–. The two ... Show more content on
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Two samples of unknown #8 were taken and weighed at 0.4004g (Sample 1) and 0.3985g (Sample
2). The two samples were placed into separate 400 mL beakers along with 200 mL of DI water
containing 4 mL of 6M HCl. Two samples of the BaCl2.2H2O weighing 1.51g each were placed
into separate 250 mL beakers and dissolved using 100 mL of DI water. 95 mL of each of the
BaCl2.2H2O solutions were added to the earlier mentioned 400 mL beakers containing the
unknown #8 solutions, leaving roughly 5 mL to later test completeness of precipitation of the sulfate
ion. The newly added mixtures were heated for 3 minutes and then were allowed to cool and settle
for 10 minutes. The remaining 5 mL of BaCl2.2H2O solution was added to their respective
unknown solutions to ensure precipitation completeness of sulfate ions. Upon completeness, the two
solutions were heated for 90 minutes at near boiling temperatures. After the 90 minutes, the
solutions were removed from the heat, cooled, covered with parafilm and stored until the following
week.
Procedure (III): Precipitations of Funnel and Filter Paper for Filtration This procedure is performed
for the purpose of separating and filtering the desired barium sulfate so to later determine the
quantity of sulfate within unknown #8. The two solutions prepared and digested previously were
reheated to near boiling temperatures. During the reheating process, 2

Human Behavior and Activities Responsible for Global...
RUNNING HEAD: Global Climatic Changes
Global Climatic Changes
Student Name
University Name
Abstract
This paper analyses the human activities that lead towards global climatic changes. It establishes the
thought that human behavior and activities that are the major cause of global climatic changes,
therefore, human beings shall alter their lifestyles in order to put a stop at the global climatic
changes.
Global Climatic Changes
Introduction
Global climatic change can be defined as a long term shift in the overall and average climatic
conditions. It is quite evident from various statistics that there has been a significant change in the
global climate. The end of the 20th and the 21st century have witnessed some of the warmest
periods of the globe. The temperature recorded during this period was reported to be highest when
compared with the instrumental temperature records. The evident shifts in the Global climate started
in the mid of the 19th century and after that the global climate kept on getting worse with the
passage of time. (Unknown, 2007)
Human behavior and activities trigger climatic changes in a significant manner. These activities
cause the climate of the globe to change by altering the energy balance of the earth. The major threat
to the global climate is the burning of fossil fuels. These fuels, when burnt, produce Carbon dioxide
and other green house gases and aerosols which are great threats to the atmosphere. These gases
alter the solar radiations,

Summary and Response to an Article: Besieged by Climate...
The following paper is a summary and response to the article "Besieged by Climate Deniers, a
Scientist Decides to Fight Back" written by Michael E. Mann, April 12th, 2012. This paper will
identify the subject of the article, the occasion that prompted its composition, the intended audience,
and the purpose the writer hoped to accomplish in writing it. The purpose of this paper is solely to
report the information read in the article. Michael E. Mann is a climate scientist and has been
confronted by many climate change skeptics over the years. In the article "Besieged by Climate
Denies, a Scientist Decision to Fight Back", he discusses his position on why he thinks that attacks
on science have no place in a functioning democratic society. He also discusses why he believes the
"truth" about global warming will, without a doubt, gain wide acceptance in our society. Mann
begins his article by addressing the common occurrence of scientists having their work questioned
by other scientists. These questions are always asked in an effort to better their work and for the
sake of advancing scientific knowledge. However, politicians and ideologues also question scientists
simply because they dislike the scientists' findings. He states that him and his colleagues have fallen
victim to various political interests and those who do not want to believe or accept that there is a
climate change, which is owed to the harmful effects of man–caused greenhouse emission, also
known as carbon

The Accident That Caused The Crash
AAR11–04
This is a briefing of the original NTSB report of the accident that occurred on June 9, of 2009. The
reason of this report is to determine the causes which made the aircraft crash, kill two people, and
left another person very badly injured. This report is divided into three sections: Accident History,
Causes of the crash, and recommendations.
Accident History
On June 9, 2009, a Japanese woman made a 911 call from her cellphone. The 911 operators
transferred the call to the New Mexico State Police dispatcher. She told the dispatcher that she was
camping with her boyfriend when she was lost and could not get back; she was scared and feeling
cold. Although she has issues with the English language, she was able to communicate with ... Show
The weather condition was not perfect at that moment in the Mountains. He did notice strong winds
that could possibly make a dangerous flight. So he offered that to initiate the mission at night with
Night vision goggles, if the wind gets calmer.
At approximately the 6 pm, the accident pilot called dispatch and told her that he just checked the
winds and he probably could initiate the mission. The post–accident interviews show the accident
pilot tried to contact another full time pilot, but the other pilot was unavailable. Therefore for this
the accident pilot accepted the mission himself, even after working a full 8 hours and three previous
flights.
The dispatcher mentioned that she contacted the accident pilot with the patrol officer mission
initiator. The patrol officer received authorization for the accident pilot to be a spotter and ok
looking for the hiker. After several minutes and flying in circles trying to locate of the hiker, the
pilot received a call from the dispatcher. She mentioned that the hiker called back and mentioned
that she had seen the helicopter pass just above her. With that information, the pilot went back to the
area and finally locates the hiker.
The location of the hiker was not perfect for a good landing, It is for this reason that they choice to
land away from the hiker. As soon the pilot reaches the ground, he quickly looked for the hiker.
When the accident pilot located the hiker he promptly returned to the helicopter, and made

Lab Report on Density Measurement
INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Experiment Mass density describes how heavy an object
is. Defined by the Greek letter ρ, read as rho, density is a basic yet important physical property of
matter. For a bulk body without accounting its existing pores and voids, density is represented by
the ratio of its mass and volume. It is given by the equation ρ= massvolume 1. The SI unit of density
is kg/m3. However, its CGS units, g/cm3 or g/ mL, are the most commonly used ones in the
laboratory. The conversion is given by 1 gcm3=1gmL=1000 kgm3 [1]. The density of a
homogeneous liquid is also defined by the amount of mass per unit volume. Liquid is usually
confined in a container, so its volume is relative to the volume of its container [2]. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mean values of the density calculated from the four liquid samples Liquid | Mean Value (g/mL)
| Water | 1.00976 + 1.01392 +1.014363 | =1.01268 | Acetone | 0.80524 + 0.80588 + 0.806523 |
=0.80588 | Ethyl Alcohol | 0.89252 + 0.89320 + 0.893483 | =0.89307 | Isopropyl Alcohol | 0.88100
+ 0.88140 + 0.881963 | =0.88145 | Table 6. The mean value of the density calculated for the alumina
balls Alumina Ball (based on Size) | Mean Value (g/mL) | Small Cylindrical | 2.9065 + 2.87102 |
=2.8888 | Large Cylindrical | 2.8285 + 2.52022 | =2.6744 | Large Spherical | 2.2975 + 2.19412 |
=2.2458 | Average | 2.8888 + 2.6744 + 2.24583 | =2.6027 | RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The
table below shows the obtained densities of the samples in four decimal places. Table 7. Summary
of experimental densities of the samples Liquid/Material | Density (g/mL) at 25°C | Acetone | 0.8059
| Alumina | 2.6027 | Ethyl Alcohol | 0.8931 | Isopropyl Alcohol | 0.8815 | Water | 1.0127 | Table 8.
Accepted values of the density of certain materials at 25°C [6] Liquid/Material | Standard Density
(g/mL) at 25°C | Acetone | 0.7846 | Alumina | 2.7300 | Ethyl Alcohol | 0.8651 | Isopropyl Alcohol |
0.8493 | Water |

Colligative Properties & Osmotic Pressure
Title: Colligative Properties & Osmotic Pressure Background: Important terms to study from this
lab assignment are colligative properties, membrane permeability and osmotic pressure. First,
colligative properties are "those of a solution that depend solely on the number of solute particles
present, not the identity of those solute particles. These properties include: vapor pressure lowering,
boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure" (p. 17 lab manual). In this
experiment freezing point depression is illustrated by comparing the freezing point of distilled water
to the freezing point of distilled water mixed with a non volatile solute, salt. Another important term
taken from this lab experiment is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the egg was in the jar of Karo syrup, the egg was obviously not protected by a shell, so the
membrane was soft. Over the 24 hour time span, the syrup started to turn a very yellow tint, and the
egg membrane, at first, seemed to be unchanged. Over the hours, the membrane shape was oval but
looked to be getting flatted almost as if someone pressed it together from the top and bottom. At the
end of the 24 hours, the bottom of the egg was concaved. Questions (Part 1) B. Record the freezing
point of the pure water and the freezing point of the salt solution. The freezing point of the pure
water is 0 degrees Celsius. (not in this data, the freezing point is –2) The freezing point of the salt
solution is –1. C. How do these two freezing points compare? If there was no experimental error in
this lab, the freezing point of the salt solution would be lower than that of the pure water. In this
case it is the opposite due to error. D. What are some practical applications of freezing point
depression, boiling point elevation, and vapor pressure lowering? An example of freezing point
depression is when one adds anti–freeze to car fuel to prevent the fuel from freezing in cold
temperatures, like we are experiencing in the north east region now. An example of boiling point
elevation would be the same. The antifreeze in the car also elevated the temperature of the fuel
preventing your car from overheating. An example of vapor pressure lowering

Andrew Bolt's Analysis
How can Andrew Bolt point to a graph as showing a "pause" in global warming, when it
unequivocally shows the opposite? He's a propagandist of the highest order.
It's official: Andrew Bolt has lost the plot. On his blog on Wednesday, he presented the following
graph (using UAH satellite data) as evidence of how "the pause in global warming continues".
No intelligent person could look at these figures and see anything but a trend towards global
warming. Before 1997, world temperatures were predominantly below the 1981–2010 average.
After 1997, temperatures are predominantly above the 30–year average. On the instrumental record
going back to 1850, there is no precedent for temperatures of this kind, with the decade 2000–09 the
warmest on

What Factors Influence Earth 's Climate?
Lewis, Emily
What factors influence Earth's climate?
Earth's climate, or the particular weather patterns over an extended period of time, has many
contributing factors and has varied over the course of the planet. The planets' global climate can also
be broken down into regional climates based on the weather patterns of a specific area of land.
These differing regional climates are averaged together and all contribute to the overall global
climate of the planet. The Earth's global climate effects factors such as temperature, amount of
rainfall, glacial melting, and rising and downfall of sea level, along with many more aspects of
planet Earth. Affected by both natural and man–made elements, Earth's climate is constantly
changing. These climatic changes have been taking place for 4.6 billion years and are now studied
by using satellite–derived and thermometer–based temperature records and trends. However, these
methods only allow scientists to study the global climate as far back as the 17th and 18th century,
just a small fraction of Earth's lifespan. In order to extend our understanding of Earth's climate
beyond this instrumental record of just a few centuries, scientists use proxy data, or natural clues
that are buried in sediments, coral reefs, tree rings, fossil pollen, and glaciers. Methods such as
paleomagnetism, tephrochronolgy, and radiocarbon dating assist in the extended understanding of
Earth's changing climate over the course of time.
Planet Earth's

Global Warming And Climate Change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible
for recent changes observed in the Earth 's climate, commonly known as 'global warming '. The
effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when
records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest
and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms are
anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of
greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric
concentrations of aerosols.
There are also natural mechanisms for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Between the start of the Industrial Revolution in 1750, and the year 2005, the increase in the
atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide led to a positive radiative forcing, averaged over the
Earth 's surface area, of about 1.66 watts per square metre .
Climate feedbacks can either amplify or dampen the response of the climate to a given forcing.
In the absence of forcings imposed on it, the climate system will still show internal variability . This
internal variability is a result of complex interactions between components of the climate system,
such as the coupling between the atmosphere and ocean . An example of internal variability is the El
Niño–Southern Oscillation.
Detection vs. attribution
Detection and attribution of climate signals, as well as its common–sense meaning, has a more
precise definition within the climate change literature, as expressed by the IPCC. Detection of a
climate signal does not always imply significant attribution. The IPCC 's Fourth Assessment Report
says "it is extremely likely that human activities have exerted a substantial net warming influence on
climate since 1750," where "extremely likely" indicates a probability greater than 95%. is absorbed
and emitted naturally as part of the carbon cycle, through animal and plant respiration, volcanic
eruptions, and ocean–atmosphere exchange.
The high–accuracy measurements of atmospheric CO2 concentration,

Assessing Secular Temperature Trends Of Hawai Ęť I
Assessing Secular Temperature Trends in Hawaiʻi
May 14, 2015
(Draft) MA Thesis Proposal
By
Marie Maile McKenzie
Department of Geography
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
Abstract Large–scale, global temperature analyses and climate change models may sometimes
oversimplify or generalize smaller, regional trends. Only until a few years ago, efforts on climate
change projections for island–scale has intensified for more reliable assessments of various impacts
of long–term climate trends (Hamilton, 2014). Temperature changes over Hawaiʻi are expected to
exceed the current daily maximum values by the end of the 21st century (Lauer et al., 2013).
Mountainous tropical islands in the Hawaiian archipelago are showing greater warming than the
lower elevations (Giambelluca et al. 2008; Diaz et al. 2011, 2014). Observed surface air temperature
trends can also be used to test regionally downscaled climate models. The goal of this thesis is to
analyze climate data to assess possible trends that are likely to impact future management of summit
ecosystems. This research is essential to the effective protection and restoration of these fragile
alpine and subalpine ecosystems. The primary focus of this research is to expand on and update the
previous analysis by Giambelluca et al. (2008) by extending the data set from 2006 through to
2014–15 in order to: (a) develop a revised Hawaiʻi Temperature Index to include the more recent
data; (b) assess changes that occurred in the

Sea Ice Has Evolved Over Time
HISTORY – CONTROVERSY FROM THE PAST In order to provide context for the recent decline
of ice in the sea, it is imperative to understand how the sea ice has varied over the past two
centuries. Of particular interest, the period around 1920–1940 showed an "increase in almost twice
the global average rate in past 100 years. [ ]" The warming during this time can be used to compare
the decline of sea ice observed since 1979, but what will also be discussed is how this time period
was also quite controversial due to its substantial variance between the official views and views held
by other people. The reliability of the sea ice observations during the first half of the 20th century
according to some people cannot provide certainty to estimating

Discoveries And Inventions Are Not Born From Nothingness
Discoveries and inventions are not born from nothingness. If necessity were the mother of
invention, an apt father would be a combination of curiosity, scientific temperament and research
skills. With the firm belief that I possess these skills, I aspire to fulfill my dream of pursuing
advanced research in an application–oriented field, by obtaining my Masters degree in Electrical
engineering. As a stepping–stone toward this dream, I am pursuing my Bachelor of Technology
degree in Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering from SRM University, ranked first among
many private institutions in India. This has laid a strong foundation for my graduate studies. There
are two reasons why I believe that graduate study in an esteemed university, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
I used a zero–crossing comparator to convert sine, square, triangle and other cycle waveforms to
TTL form followed by microcontroller based frequency computing. I optimized the code and
algorithm to guarantee accuracy. This boosted my confidence to take up more challenging mini
projects that included constructing a 'traffic light control system' using 89S51 microcontroller, and
building an 'A/D and D/A converter' using basic components such as ICs, diodes, transistors and
resistors. Also, I successfully built an obstacle detector and line following robot using Arduino Uno
as the microcontroller. Such projects along with courses like Digital Signal Processing, Robotics
and Automation, Power Electronics and Microprocessor & Microcontroller bolstered my idea of
pursuing graduate studies. My interest in this field has been instrumental in conceptualizing two
very crucial projects that could directly touch people 's lives and impact their well–being. The first
one was designing a cost effective temperature–controlled baby incubator, and incorporate auditory
systems. The biggest complication was to ensure the product's efficacy and safety at low cost.
Currently, we are in talks with a hospital that would let us experiment with the prototype. The other
challenging project I undertook was to devise a stress meter using Fuzzy logic and case based
reasoning (CBR). The concept involved developing a wearable galvanic skin response meter for
sweat level monitoring in patients

The Slowdown Of Global Warming
The Slowdown of Global Warming The recent decrease in the heating percentage of the Northern
Hemisphere could be a consequence of internal variability of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
–– a natural phenomenon associated with ocean surface temperatures, according to Penn State
investigators. "Some researchers have in the past attributed a portion of Northern Hemispheric
warming to a warm phase of the AMO," said Michael E. Mann, Distinguished Professor of
Meteorology. "The true AMO signal, instead, appears likely to have been in a cooling phase in
recent decades, offsetting some of the anthropogenic warming temporarily." (Michael E. Mann,
April 7, 2014) The conflict of the previous measurements stems from having characterized ... Show
Because the scientists know the actual AMO signal for their artificial statistics from the start, they
could show that the differenced–AMO accession allowed the right signal. They also approved the
detrended–AMO accession and saw that it didn't come up with the known internal differentiality.
Michael and his partners also took a separate path in concluding the AMO, which they report online
in a special "Frontier" paper in Geophysical Research Letters. They contrast analyzation
temperature diversity with a number of historic model reproductions to make a copy for internal
variability of the AMO that depletes the impact of outer forcing, involving greenhouse gases and
aerosols. They call this the differenced–AMO due to the internal variability comes from the
difference between analysis and the models ' estimates of the forced component of North Atlantic
temperature variation. They saw that their conclusions for the latest decade fall within expected
multidecadal variability. The detrended approach manufactured an AMO signal with a higher
amplitude, both high and low crests were greater than in the differenced–AMO signal and in the
artificial data. They also found that the crests and troughs of the oscillation were misrepresented
using the detrending accession, making the maximums and minimums to form at separate times than
in the differenced–AMO reactions. While the detrended–AMO accessing makes a spurious
temperature increase

London Fog Annotated Bibliography
Annotated Bibliography Brimblecombe, P. (1981). Long term trends in London fog. The Science of
The Total Environment Online, 22(1), 19–29. doi:10.1016/0048–9697(81)90078–4 This article
analyzes the overall pattern of London fog mainly from 1700s to 1900s by collecting non–
instrumental data, that was based on the observations of a group of observers. Four distinctive
characteristics are discussed. London fogs followed a periodic pattern throughout centuries, fogs are
more frequent on Sundays, the seasonal distribution of fog, and finally possible origins of the color
of the fog are also proposed. Brimblecombe was also able to deduct several possible causes of such
phenomena, climate change and change in urban meteorology specifically the increasing density of
coal consumption. The fact that fog observation cannot be used as an estimate of air pollution. By
tracing the long–term pattern of London fog, a conclusion can be made, the Great Smog of London
is not a spontaneous event, however, fog observation cannot be used as an estimate of air pollution.
This article provides insightful and comprehensive information to the research topic, gives a better
understanding of the meteorological, economic, and political situation at the time of the incident,
helps to facilitate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the most common possible cause of the Great Smog as discussed in previous articles, it is the
release of sulfate oxides in coal burning process by industries, and leads to the formation of deadly
smog. This technology can be a possible solution to the research problem, it suggests "clean coal"
burning to minimize the air pollution by removing the harmful chemicals in coal, however, the
implantation of an industrial biodesulphurization technology still faces a lot of obstacles and

Middle Range Theory Essay
1. Discuss middle range theory. Middle range theory is conceptual framework connecting raw
archaeological data with higher–level generalizations and conclusions about the past which can be
derived from such evidence. A theory concerned with explaining specific issues or aspects of society
instead of trying to explain how all of society operates.() Middle range theory was first established
in sociolofy in the late 1940's by R.K. Merton as a way of dealing with issues present in the new
sociological emphasis on abstraction. There was an high interest among sociologist of the time for a
unified sociological theory that over time became too broad for accurate testing which made it
untestable. Since these high–level abstract theories caused such a stir, Merton argued that middle
ranged theories could be developed to test subjects of this caliber. As a result, middle range theory
was developed to guide the empirical investigation of higher–order theories. The goal of this new
level of theorizing was to generate the theories that were sufficiently abstract to allow behavioral
generalization, and yet were satisfactorily grounded in reality, so that they could be empirically
verified().In archaeology, the concept of middle range theory has been applied haphazardly and
often without reference to formal definition or knowledge of its sociological ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
These type studies increase ususally don't contribute to the advancement in the understanding of
human behavior but increase our interpretive abilities. Archaeologists today spend the majority of
their research efforts on the specific rather than the general, on the empirical rather than the
theoretical, on the interpretation rather than the behavior. According to scholars, middle range
theory will play a very important role in the future of archaeology as the focus returns to the issues
in human

Global Warming Has Left Upon Our Natural Environment
Introduction
With July 2013 recorded as one of the worst snowfalls in the history of Australia winters, well
concerned fears are fulminating regarding the future of the ski industry, namely the ski resorts that
reside in the Snowy Mountain region including Thredbo, Perisher, Charlotte's Pass and the Selwyn
Snowfields, and several major Victorian ski resorts including Mt Buller, Mt Hotham and Falls
Creek. The Alps are the only region on the Australian mainland in which deep snow falls naturally,
however, with the ongoing impact that global warming has left upon our natural environment, it
feels ominously close that the premonition of a snow–deprived winter may be as soon as 2050.
More erratic looking winters have confirmed the beliefs of many that the ski industry may not be
viable beyond the mid–century mark, given that the ski industry's economic viability is highly
sensitive and contingent on the number of days with good snow cover that are received each year.
According to a government commissioned report, the ski industries initial fears are well–founded
with ski seasons to be predicted to be 10 weeks shorter, and the snow depth considerably declined.
While some may reflect upon the 2013 winter and overlook the enormity of the issue, scientists
predict that the impact of global warming means the long–term outlook for the ski–industry is bleak,
and not positive. Not only does a lack of snowfall presents environmental consequences, but also
poses a series of consequences

Paleoclimate Data Provides Crucial Insights for Improving Climate Change Modeling

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Paleoclimate Data Provides Crucial Insights for Improving Climate Change Modeling