Emotion Attribution Theory According to Schachter and Singer

Emotion Attribution Theory According To Schachter And Singer
Emotion Attribution Theory
According to Schachter and Singer (1962), emotion attribution theory is based on two factors of emotions: physiological arousal and cognitive label.
The two–factor theory of emotion focuses on the interaction between physical arousal and how we cognitively label that arousal. In their view, 'being
away from home' and physical arousal may be interpreted as 'homesickness'. The physical arousal is the physical feeling for homesickness such as
difficulty sleeping, loss of concentration, no appetite and others. This theory then is extended by Pennebaker (1982) and be summarized. Firstly is
about the individuals are limited in their information processing skills and select information. Next perspective by Pennebaker about ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
(1997), acculturation is referred to the process of cultural and psychological change that results following meeting between cultures. There are four
types of acculturation which is assimilation, integration, separation and marginalization. Firstly, assimilation is the process of adapting the dominant
culture over their original cultural. Next, integration is adopting the host or dominant culture while maintaining the origin culture. Then, separation is
the process of rejecting a dominant culture in order to preserving their original culture. Lastly, marginalization is rejecting both the culture of origin and
the dominant host culture. Homesickness university students is in the "separation" group because they are holding their original culture with is home
is more comfortable than the dominant culture (new environment).
1.Rainer Reisenzein (1983). The Schachter Theory of Emotion: Two Decades Later. Psychological Bulletin 1983, Vol. 94, No. 2, 239
–264. Retrieved
from http://www.phil.uni–greifswald.de/fileadmin/mediapool/psychologie/lehrstuhl_allg2/Reisenzein1983_Schachter_Theory.pdf
2.Festinger, L & Carlsmith, J.M. (1959). "Cognitive consequences of forces compliance," Journal of Abnormal andSocial Psychology 58 (2):203–210.
3.Laura A. King (2008). The Science of Psychology. (International ed.) Published by McGraw–Hill, New York. Page 450.
4.Berry, John W. (1997). "Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation". Applied Psychology 46 (1). Retrieved from
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Causes Of Cognitive Dissonance In The Television...
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
How do you make it go away? You don't like the way you are feeling, something in your gut is nagging at you with an overwhelming cloud of
uneasiness. Suddenly, it dawns on you that this uncomfortable sensation is the direct result of a decision you've recently made. Unaligned with your
beliefs and morals, that decision has left you internally conflicted. Yourmind races for avenues to ease your suffering. What will you do next? This is
the same scenario that Margaret Langston is battling in season two from the television series Resurrection. As a well–respected woman in the
community, Margaret has agreed to assist the neighborhood mob in the prevention of a child being born in their town. As events unfold and the plot
thickens Margaret attempts various methods to evade the distress of cognitive dissonance. "Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving
conflicting attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors. This produces a feeling of discomfort leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to
reduce the discomfort and restore balance" (McLeod, 2014, Introduction). As a reaction to emotional discomfort, our human nature seeks to restore
equilibrium producing a consonant relationship that dissolves the negative emotional state of cognitive dissonance.
Margaret Experiences Cognitive Dissonance A mysterious event causing people to gather in a trans like state outside of a pregnant woman's window
has convinced the

Examples Of Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Defining who you are is always such an arduous task. I never know what to say and I always draw a blank when I'm put on the spot. I never know what
to say because I never really put too much thought into defining myself. It's usually just something that you don't think about too much because
honestly it's pretty difficult. Luckily there are theories that propose many ideas that help me define myself. Theories such as the Symbolic Interaction
theory, cognitive dissonance theory, expectancy violations theory, and temperament. These four theories are each very different but they can all be used
to help define who a person is. They propose reasoning and thought behind the ways we behave, communicate, and feel. What we might think to be ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cognitive dissonance can formally be defined as "feeling of discomfort resulting from inconsistent attitudes, thoughts and behaviors,"
("Communication" 90). We will have a feeling of discomfort if new informations doesn't fit with what we already know and we will take many steps to
reduce it ("Communication" 90). We do this mainly because we seek psychological consistencies and that feeling of discomfort can lead us to changing
our attitudes and behaviors ("Communication" 93). For example, when we try and keep dissonance from happening we will either ignore the different
views that are presented, change either our views or the other person's views depending on the situation, or trying to reassure ourselves after making a
big decision ("Communication" 92). Dissonance also comes in different forms of impact. We will take into account how severe the situation is before
making a final decision, or the magnitude of the situation ("Communication" 94). The magnitude is how much dissonance is felt ("Communication"
94). We take the account of magnitude in by looking at importance, ratio, and rationale of the situation ("Communication" 94–95). Importance is how
significant we see the situation to be (95). The last two parts are ratio, the dissonant cognitions compared to the consonant cognitions, and rationale
which is what we decide the reason behind the dissonance is ("Communication" 95). With the cognitive dissonance theory there are different ways in
which we can perceive information and that help us reduce dissonance ("Communication" 96). The four perception types are selective exposure,
selective attention, selective interpretation, and selective retention ("Communication" 96). The first perception is selective exposure which can be
defined as looking at the information the we want to ("Communication" 96). The

An Examination of Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory...
An Examination of Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory and Notable Modifications
Sometimes the greatest test of a theory is its longevity. Over time, some theories will be disproved, some will be modified, and some will become the
basis for a whole new group of theories. Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has stood up to challenge for over forty years, and is
considered by many to be the single most important theory of social psychology. Though there have been modifications to the theory after many
recreations and simulations of the original 1957 experiment, few have been able to really disqualify Festinger's findings. It would be safe to say that
many people don't even have a full grasp of the incredible ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In conclusion, Festinger found that the subjects who were paid one dollar actually came to believe that the experiment was enjoyable, as opposed to
those who were paid twenty dollars. Incredible? Simple. The subjects who were paid twenty dollars have all the justification in the world for their
actions, but the subjects who were only paid one dollar have reacted to the dissonance created by telling the lie for such a small price, and have
actually led themselves to believe that the task was enjoyable to improve their self–esteem in regards to the lie.
Festinger concluded that over time dissonance would change attitudes. For example, cigarette smokers know that it is unhealthy to smoke, but they
created an attitude to justify why they continue to smoke. If I quit smoking now, I will gain weight. I only smoke when I am drinking. I only smoke
after a meal. But the dissonance theory is applicable to much bigger social opinions than smoking, for example: Aronson and Mills (1959) conducted
an experiment in which some subjects were put through a harsh period of hazing during initiation into a group while other subjects had to endure only
mild hazing. The end result was that the people who went through the sever initiation ended up liking that group a lot better than those who went
through mild hazing. Going against the reinforcement theory (Aronson,

Analyzing Peter's Cognitive Dissonance Theory
No one enjoys being told what they are doing is wrong, and in this specific case that they are stealing. Peter explains to Joanna that his business has
been rounding certain amounts to take "fractions of a penny" from compounded interests and then they placed the "dropped remainder" in an account
they own. By using the Cognitive Dissonance Theory, I will analyze this artifact and incorporate how this theory is intertwined within the conversation
between the characters Joanna and Peter. I will show how Peter uses selective exposure, post–decision dissonance, and two of the three parts of the
state–of–the–art revisions to reduce his dissonance. Cognitive Dissonance is a distressing mental state caused by inconsistency between a person's two
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through Peter's arguments and reactions, we see how he incorporated many elements within this theory: selective exposure, post–decision dissonance,
and two of the three parts state–of–the–art revisions. Dissonance is uncomfortable, but it is a part of communication. Through this analysis, we can see
how this theory is embedded within the hilarious conversation between Peter and

Interpersonal Communication Essay
Interpersonal communication theories are interesting and compelling to read. They are astonishingly relatable to one's everyday life. As one reads an
interpersonal communication theory, he or she may find himself or herself thinking of instances in daily life and relationships that directly correspond
with the theory. I found the theories to be eerily similar to how many people behave, communicate, and think with regards to interacting with one
another. Interpersonal communication theories describe the communication between two or more individuals through verbal, non verbal, and written
communication. I believe the theories are some of the easiest to comprehend perhaps due to the direct correlation with people's lives. Through my own
The first, selective exposure, consists of avoiding information that is inconsistent with an individual's beliefs or attitudes. An example of this
hypothesis is spending time with people who share the same beliefs and are "like" oneself in order to prevent dissonance from inconsistent things. "A
fear of dissonance would lead to a reluctance to take action–a reluctance to commit oneself" (Festinger 31). The second, post decision dissonance,
occurs after a difficult decision and creates a need for reassurance. The importance, difficulty, and irreversibility of the decision increase the dissonance.
Therefore, individuals seek reassuring information or people to reduce their inner dissonance. Lastly, minimal justification is a counter–attitudinal
action leading to an attitudinal change. In other words, a minimal reward should be used to make an attitudinal change. This theory has proven very
applicable to my life. In life, I tend to have a problem with making difficult decisions without continuously asking myself whether or not I have made
the right one. These decisions range from using my time wisely to deciding where to attend college. The hypotheses selective exposure and post
decision dissonance have provided greater insight into my behavior. With regards to selective exposure, I have the tendency to spend time with
individuals who most likely

Leon Festinger 's Theory Of Cognitive Dissonance
Leon Festinger 's theory of cognitive dissonance (1957) sets its meaning on the theory that behavior does not support the attitude or vice versa. At
many times individuals see themselves experiencing this phenomenon, so in order to reduce this dissonance, either the attitude or the behavior needs
to be altered or changed. A perfect example would have to be when a white person says that black and whites are all the same yet he/she would not
want to live in a neighborhood with the majority of the population being blacks. This expresses the person's strong attitude towards the topic, yet their
behavior shows otherwise. This paper will focus in deeply understanding what cognitive dissonance is and analyzing well known studies that have
conducted extensive research on it. Our attitude and behaviors are what defines us in society and what supports our views. However when these two
contradict with each other, many different outcomes may to happen. That is why consistency plays an eccentric role in our lives, which brings the
question of what happens when we are inconsistent with what we say and do? Researchers Lisa L. Shu and Fransesca Gino conducted a study called
"Sweeping Dishonesty under the Rug: How Unethical Actions Lead to Forgetting of Moral Rules," (2012) in which they wanted to know "whether one
consequence could be the forgetting of moral rules." These two searched to understand how our action or better yet our immoral actions, leads us to
forget what our parents

Leon Festinger's Theory Of Cognitive Dissonance
This essay will evaluate the presentation of Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance in the world of social psychology. Throughout I will
discuss the establishment of his theory, it's supporting evidence and any limitations of this. I will also deliberate what it can explain and the alternative
explanations presented by other psychologists; how they differ from Festinger's, how they add to Festinger's original theory and finally how they
extend the knowledge in understanding the interaction between thoughts and actions to question the position of rivalry over cohesion between them all.
The theory of cognitive dissonance was introduced by Leon Festinger in 1957, a time where many claimed social psychology had lost the social aspect
It is regarded as a counterintuitive social theory as it implied that actions influenced attitudes as opposed to the alternative notion, once seen as the
more reasonable, (Miller J. L., 2012). His theory of cognitive dissonance is still referenced today in numerous credible and published work either in
support of the theory or to suggest revisions, (Dember & Jenkins, 1970) cited from "Cognitive Dissonance Theory" (n.d.), revealing a lasting impact.
Social psychologist Herbert C. Kelman (1953) first investigated cognitive dissonance through the consequences of forced compliance and hypothesised
the opposite of his data findings, which revealed that counter–attitudinal advocacy occurred more often in low reward circumstances in comparison to
higher reward.
Festinger and James M. Carlsmith (1959), similarly followed to find supporting evidence of the cognitive dissonance theory. They conducted an
experiment in the U.S. concerning the cognitive consequence of forced compliance and found similar results. The study involved 71 male participants
where they were given two monotonous tasks of filling a tray and turning 48 pegs clockwise, both with one hand and for half an hour each. The
participants where split into groups, where one received one dollar for their time and the other received twenty dollars. Both low reward and high
reward groups where then asked to recommend the experiment to future participants, who were secretly confederates.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Is It Right To Do?
Is it right to say or do the opposite of what you really want to do? In this article, Leon Festinger and James M. Carlsmith put this question to test.
However, this article deals with cognitive dissonance theory. However, a report from Janis and King shows this situation a little bit different. A
number of series for an experiment was given to improvise a speech to see if it convinces someone. It shows that if something needs to be change
because of someone opinion, it is more than likely to change. Methodology An experiment from students measured their performance from what they
were doing. However, there were two different people that were separated, E and S. Each individual, which was E and S; they both worked according
to the plan for this experiment. There were twelve spools in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, in the one–dollar category, they felt that the Ss worked harder towards telling the girl, that was waiting, the truth about whether it was
actually fun and enjoyable. Some of them felt like maybe if they were paid more money, they would have done better with their job. However, the tape
recording of S and the girl conversation was a great idea. They were able to get a better understanding between the two different raters. Not to mention,
cognitive dissonance was experience between the tasks. This means that instead of them telling the truth about their answers, they lied about it because
money was involved. Conclusion In conclusion, individuals will lie about anything rather than telling the truth. I believe people deal with this
experiment everyday in their lives. I think being paid one–dollar is not enough to lie about something that is not true. Those students that were given a
dollar were tricked. Whereas, being paid twenty dollars is better in this situation. However, trying to convince someone to lie about a situation is
something I will never

Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance or mental stress which is primarily caused by contradictory beliefs, can be a common part of some peoples life's however we
are psychologically motivated to avoid situations which cause mental stress. This paper will discuss a situation and the behavior using attribution theory
, the reciprocal relationship between behavior and attitudes as well as how cognitive dissonance theory could be used to rationalize the behavior.
Situation and Subsequent Behavior
Richard is driving along a lonely road late at night after working late that day. He has a 4–year–old daughter who he has not spent much time with the
entire week because of the long project that makes him work late. Similarly, he has not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is however worth noting that other factors also come into play concerning this relationship between behavior and attitudes (Albarracin et al. 2014).
For instance, an individual's behavior or attitudes can further be shaped by their social or cultural setting. For instance in a case whereby an individual
is raised to believe that people in a given ethnic community or race are hostile or violent, the individual will automatically behave in a protective
manner when around people from the particular ethnic group or race.
In Richard's scenario, he may have approached the situation with the attitude that people who walk alone in the dark are either criminals or drunkards
ad thus they are mostly up to no good. This attitude may have further influenced his behavior to speed up his car without bothering to know who the
man was or what had happened to him. On the other hand, Richard's behavior may have shaped his attitude as well. The fact that he simply drove away
without finding out what had happened to the man may have shaped his attitudes to the extent that he would most likely do the same when faced with
a similar situation again.
How Cognitive Dissonance Theory could be used to Rationalize the Behavior
Sanderson (2009) reveals that the cognitive dissonance theory is a social psychology theory whose main proponent was

The Validity of Cognitive Dissonance Theory Essay
Description of Theory
The term dissonance refers to when one cognitive element is inconsistent with another cognitive element according to the lecture notes of Professor
Soreno. Cognitive elements can be categorized in four groups called beliefs, attitudes, values, and perceptions of behavior. Beliefs can be defined as
a perception that something exists or not. This perception can range from a central or peripheral type of belief. The more central a belief is, the
harder it is to change that belief. An attitude describes the positive or negative feelings we have toward people, things, or ideas. Values are beliefs that
are so important to a person, that they practically guide a person's life. There are two types of values, instrumental and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Thus attitude change is often consistent with the behavioral commitment and may justify it" (Harmon–Jones, 2008). In other words, they are
illustrating how in order to reduce cognitive dissonance, one needs to change their behaviors, and the cognitive element that relates most to behavioral
change is attitude. Throughout the rest of the book, the authors discuss experiments and tests used to revise the theory and look at the theory through
other methods.
For the theory to be accepted though, the assumption that dissonance is psychologically uncomfortable must be agreed upon. Another assumption is
that people prefer consonance to dissonance. People are pleased when there are no conflicts between their cognitive elements, because it creates
harmony within the person. From here, Festinger proposed the major theoretic proposition of the theory that the higher the dissonance, the higher the
drive to reduce it. The problem with any assumption is that the criterion has to be filled in order for the theory to work. If there is a person who does
not feel psychologically uncomfortable with cognitive dissonance, the theory will not apply. These people do not fit into society and lead to many
problems such as serial killers or random shooters.
Yet the Cognitive Dissonance theory is not solely affected by assumptions but also by the number of dissonant cognitions and the significance of the
dissonance. For

Isaac Petersen
5/23/13
Honors Psych
Cognitive dissonance theory has been around since the late fifties. It has inspired many psychologists to figure out the murky depths of people's minds.
The theory relates strongly to decision making, social phenomenons and mental angst. Many paradigms exist within cognitive dissonance. Two
important paradigms are the Belief Disconfirmation paradigm and the Free Choice paradigm. There are several experiments that have been studied that
relate to cognitive dissonance, including the boring tasks experiment. The person who coined the phrase cognitive dissonance is the famous Leon
Festinger, and he studied it inside and out. Cognitive dissonance is one of the most important topics ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This questions whether or not dissonance arises when people are highly rewarded for tasks that they did not want to do, and what the magnitude of
dissonance is when given different levels of reward. This experiment had three groups. One was the control group that did not get payed (rewarded)
for their task. The second group was paid one dollar to do the task, and the third group got twenty dollars to do the task. The subjects were then asked
to conclude how the procedure went (not boring/boring). The group that was paid twenty dollars said the task was not boring, but the group that got
paid one dollar said it was. This shows that people who receive great amounts of external justification say that the task was not boring because of the
small amount of dissonance that arose from being paid a lot. The one dollar group was on the fence about how boring the task was because they
received external justification, yet not enough to counteract the dissonance that arose (Metin).
The man who coined the phrase cognitive dissonance was the famous Leon Festinger. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, May 8th, 1919
(Schachter). He went to an all boys' high school, then went to the University of Iowa where he worked with Kurt Lewin, a Gestalt theorist and
psychologist (Schachter). He worked with Lewin for many years throughout working with Lewin, Festinger shifted to social psychology. After
Festinger graduated, he worked as

Leon Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory
What gives people the values and ideologies they hold so dear as adults? It all begins with their first role models. The first role models for children
are their parents. It is from their first role models children begin to cognitively form, develop, and learn their first ideologies and values, which shapes
who they are and what they believe as children. They start to develop their first political ideologies from their parents. Naturally, they follow the
religiosity of their parents. They learn many of their behaviors and attitudes from their parents. However, as these children grow older there will
eventually be a time when these ideologies and values fall into question, especially when two conflicting beliefs upset the inner harmonious... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cognitive dissonance can help people change unhealthy beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. For example, if a woman has an eating disorder, cognitive
dissonance can alter her attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors for the better. Cognitive dissonance can help people end their reliance to "online gaming, road
rage, and other harmful behaviors" (Grohol, 2008). Cognitive dissonance attempts to help people to better understand their attitudes and behaviors
cause harm harmful along with the high costs included if they continue with their bad attitudes and behaviors. They use role–play, exercises, and
homework designed to help people become more aware and challenge their attitudes and behaviors (Grohol,

The Vaccine War Essay
Through the rise of technological advances in medicine, the vaccine has changed the world for the greater good of the human race. Making a great
triumph and virtually eliminating an array of life–threatening diseases, from smallpox to diphtheria, thus adding approximately thirty years to many
humans' life spans. Although, a new complication has arisen, possibly linking neurological digression with this rise of new vaccines. Such a digression
has forced parents to exempt their children from receiving vaccinations and brought forth mental anguish affecting the minds of many. In the Frontline
episode The VaccineWar, a progressively distressful debate ensues among many scientists and doctors within the public health system and an... Show
In addition, several celebrities make an appearance to illustrate their views on this matter. Celebrities such as former Playboy Playmate Jenny
McCarthy and companion Jim Carrey as well as an appearance from a Redskins cheerleader Desiree Jennings, all who claim there is a connection
between vaccines and neurological disorders. Though there is a vast amount of compelling data from both sides of the spectrum this issue has yet to be
resolved because the situation is very complicated. Furthermore, the debate has escalated far beyond just the medical risks and benefits but now has an
ideological principle regarding a parent's decision and governmental confines. Scientist Hank Jennings says, "They still want it to be a choice. They
don't want it to be compulsory" (Palfreman, 2010). Additionally, despite the scientific fact that vaccines are safe, government rule regarding parental
choice is another component increasing the fight against vaccines. Throughout The Vaccine War, the particular theory exemplified on the human
behavior is Cognitive Dissonance Theory. Cognitive Dissonance Theory is a notion created by Leon Festinger that disputes that dissonance is an
awkward feeling that encourages people to take action to diminish it. This theory is composed of two components: cognitions and cognitive
dissonance. Cognitions are defined as, "ways of knowing,

Cognitive Dissonance Theory Of Smoking
Growing up I was never one for exercising let only eating healthy. Bad habits don't die easily and soon enough as I got older they took their toll on
my body. As grew not only vertically but horizontally instead of changing my habits I only continued them. I merely changed the way I looked at the
problem by embracing the love for my naturally curves instead. Despite not only the public looking down on hefty women but with the further
disapproval of my family that the dissonance began to weigh more. Things only progressively got worst when I was medically diagnosed with mild
obesity. It was only then that the cognitive dissonance made me begin to change my behavior. Cognitive dissonance theory explains the contradictions
we have with our behaviors and beliefs but it can also be used to get us to have positive behaviors.
Cognitive dissonance theory was created by Leon Festinger and to better explain his theory he used the topic of smoking. He showed how "the
contradiction is so clear and uncomfortable that something has to give – either the use of cigarettes of the belief that smoking will [harm]" (Griffin et
al., 2015, p.201). Cognitive dissonance in a nutshell is a contradiction that causes us stress. It is when we act in ways that go against what we believe
and the strong presence we have on the matter the greater the stress we have. Festinger (2015) describe it the distressing mental state one feels when
one finds themselves doing things that don't fit with what we believe or what the public approves of (p.200). An extreme example of this is the high
one gets from taking drugs but the disapproval the community might have for it. With dissonance creating a stressful mental state we naturally want to
avoid it by either change our behaviors or our beliefs.
Cognitive dissonance can have either positive effects or negative ones on a person's being. In the Glatz, Stattin, & Kerr study they considered the
health and behavior of parents who find their youths drinking. Generally underage drinking is looked down upon in the community and even in the
eyes of the law but "studies have shown that parents reduce control and support in response to youths' drinking" (Glatz, Stattin, & Kerr, 2012, p. 629).
Glatz et al

Leon Festinger created the cognitive dissonance theory as an attempt to explain why people desire to have consistency between their behaviors and
actions. Cognitive dissonance is the distressing mental state people feel when they find themselves doing things that don't fit with what they know, or
having opinions that do not fit with other opinions they hold (Festinger, 1957; as cited in Griffin, 2009). Thus, people are motivated to change either
their behavior or their belief when feelings of dissonance arise. Dissonance is reduced using three mental strategies. Selective exposure is the strategy
used before a decision is made. The premise of this strategy is to avoid information that is likely to increase dissonance. The second... Show more
The difference between condition one and three is that condition three allowed the participants to self–affirm after finding out their verdict was in
disagreement with the other group members. Festinger argues that the lack of choice adds consonant cognitions which reduce the overall amount of
dissonance that otherwise would be experienced (Festinger, 1957, 1958; as cited in Matz & Woods, 2005). Additionally, the opportunity to self
–affirm
strengthens self–worth and thereby reduces the dissonance created when people's actions threaten their personal integrity (Simon, Greenberg, &
Brehm, 1995; as cited in Matz & Woods, 2005). Thus, Matz and Woods hypothesize that dissonance will be reduced by the lack of choice and the
opportunity to self–affirm. The results show low levels of discomfort in the lack of choice and self–affirmation conditions, providing an explanation of
the kinds of strategies people use to reduce dissonance. Study three introduces an interpersonal strategy introduced by Festinger: changing one's own
attitude to align with others' opinions (Festinger, 1957; as cited in Matz & Woods, 2005). Building off of Festinger's idea of changing one's attitude
three conditions are used in this study. The three strategies used are: (a) changing one's own attitudes to agree with others in the group, (b) influencing
others to change their opinion, and (c) joining a different, attitudinally congenial group. The end results show

Cognitive Dissonance Theory Paper
Cognitive Dissonance Theory Paper1 Cognitive Dissonance Theory Paper Psy 400 Axia Online Cognitive Dissonance Theory Paper2Introduction
The cognitive dissonance theory has many possible scenarios and examples chosen throughout life. The theory will be either enhanced or decreased
depending on a number of factors such as the person's moral values, social upbringing, and social status at work, religious views, culture, and more.
When a person makes a decision, such as calling into work sick when he or she are not sick may have a number of consequences. The first may be the
person's conscience and the possibility of getting caught in the act of a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When returning to work makes sure that it continues to play out and it would be best to not walk in as if there were not an illness; just say that you
are still recovering the flu symptom. Everyone takes that unexpected day off for mental reasons; it just cannot become a habit, because that will be
cheating the company. The boss may catch on also the coworkers, and the person could be fired. Discuss possible explanations for the behavior using
attribution theory There can be many explanations for why an employee would call in sick to work when he or she is not really sick. One reason
could be explained through the attribution theory. The attribution theory explains the behavior like this can be explained by attributing it to either the
employee's internal disposition or to an external situation. The employee's internal disposition could be that the employee always seems to have a bad
attitude to his or her job duties and that his or her personality is pessimistic or lazy. The employee's external situation could be that he or she has a
manager who is constantly micro–managing them, which makes them unhappy at work, or the employee has a coworker who is their counterpart
who is slacking at work. The employee may have to work harder at the job than the other employee to get their collective tasks completed. This may
lead to the employee calling out sick because of his or her internal disposition – they are just lazy and do

Analysis Of The Cognitive Dissonance Theory
The cognitive dissonance theory specifies that inconsistencies in an individual's thoughts and actions lead to mental tension, dissonance, and cause us
to take actions to reduce this dissonance. Actions include either changing the way you think about something or the way you action. The amount of
dissonance can vary depending on justification; an unjustifiable causes more dissonance in comparison to acting with a good enough reason, depends
how the individual's morals. In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, individuals were either given $1 or $20 to state opinions that weren't consistent with
there own. Individuals who were paid $1 had less justification for the inconsistency which lead to higher levels of dissonance. As a result, they were
more... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I'm not sure if it was presented and if so, how. Informed consent is usually required at the being of an experiment, but the text says that before the first
task the experiment only mentions the duration of the experiment and mentions the possibility of being interviewed afterwards because of the amount
of time. Also, the excessive actions, moving spools and turning pegs for an hour, seems unethical because it could result in future soreness and fatigue.
Furthermore, the fact that the actions weren't necessarily what they experimenter was interested in. I'm sure there are other experiences that would be
perceived as boring without the possibility of future consequences, e.g., watching barn yard animals walk around for an hour. Something worth
mentioning is the amount of deception needed for this experiment. I understand that the experimenter and the confederate debriefed after the
experiment, but it almost seemed excessive. They lied about the experiment, the interview, and the payment. Such high amounts of deception can result
in mental fatigue or the participant having overall negative feelings towards the experiment because they were constantly being tricked and

Cognitive Dissonance theory was founded by psychologist Leon Festinger in 1957, is the distressing mental state that is caused by inconsistency
between a person's two belief or a belief and an action, in another word it a distressing mental state when we find ourselves doing things that do not fit
with what we know or have opinions that do not fit with other people opinions. Cognitive dissonance can also considered as a form of belief or
behavior. Festinger used the smoking concept to illustrate dissonance. I have been involved in many Cognitive dissonance theory situation that
involving attitudes and reducing dissonance, especially when it come to me making relevant decision making and problem solving. cognitive
dissonance is important issues we all deal with it in our daily lives without being aware that it exist. Sometime I struggle with inconsistency between
my actions and my thought when it come to important task in my life such as food, money, shopping work .In my opinion I will use the topic of
health behavior, to illustrate the concept of dissonance in my own life experience for example when I over the wrong choices of food (behavior) and
they I know that unhealthy food can causes weight gain, and other health issues such as obesity, high cholesterol (cognition).
Growing up, I came from Nigeria where we never consider weight ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I love to physical exercise but sometime I find myself no inconsistencies with my workout and diet. However I belief that when exercise and eat
healthy meal, i will live a healthy lifestyle. Cognitive Dissonance theory relate to my life . For example I strongly belief that when I eat health for a
week and then I cheated on my diet with unhealthy food for the weekend, I will feel ashamed and uncomfortable because I ate a big size Pizza and
cake on sunday. Changes in health behavior, change people's attitude toward my

Narrative Essay On Agoraphobia
Have you ever imagined something in the highest esteem and when it came down to the experience, it did not live up to the hype? This was true for
me in my experience on a highly anticipated visit to the so–called "happiest place on earth", with a name like that will the hype ever be met or
exceeded? Sleepless nights led up to the much–anticipated trip to Disneyworld where dreams of mice, princesses and magic danced in my head. It
seems as if in an instant I woke up to a nightmare when the agoraphobia set in. As a small child, it seemed as if my world revolved around the catchy
tunes and Technicolor that flooded the family television. Disney's fantasied storytelling captured and enraptured me into its dream world with nothing
less than my full attention and excitement. As I danced and sang with wild abandon, these are the moments my cognitions were being formed. The
creation of these cognitive... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While I could have ran away from dissonant situations within the park I decided to take a different approach to shifting the source of the dissonant
elements in my mind. Here I had to move forward from holding onto memories from the past by creating new ones with the same characters I know
and love. This was only possible due to the conscious decision to change my perception of events as well as attitudes towards these when they proved
to lean towards unsavory such as standing in line for hours on end or the wanting desire to escape the midsummer heat. The added effort allowed me
to rationalize the values of what I was experiencing and to embrace it all. A redefinition of my experiential goals lead to the modification of the
importance that once lied with living up to a childhood dream that has been identified as unrealistic to replacing existing cognitive elements with new,
conflicting

Actions Caused by Cognitive Dissonance Essay
"If I chose to do it or say it, I must believe in it." asserts the psychologist Leon Festinger (as cited in Psychology: Eighth Edition in Modules, 2007,
p.731). When we become aware that our actions contradict our attitudes, we tend to revise our attitudes. This statement fits Festinger's cognitive
dissonance theory that asserts that we act to reduce discomfort or dissonance, an unpleasant tension, we experience when two of our thoughts or
cognitions are inconsistent. Mkimmie, et al. (2003) investigated the impact of social support on cognitive dissonance arousal in their experiment, "I'm a
Hypocrite, but So Is Everyone Else: Group Support and the Reduction of Cognitive Dissonance." The psychologists aimed to test the impact of social ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fact that the level of dissonance assessed in terms of attitude change was greatest for participants given no support, but only when a shared group
membership was made salient, proved their first hypothesis. The participants subjected to the highest levels of dissonance, through a high salience and
nonsupport condition, distanced themselves from the group as the second hypothesis predicted. Overall, the main point of this research was to examine
the role of social support in the arousal and reduction of cognitive dissonance. The researchers conducted this experiment in an effort to augment rather
than change current understanding of the dissonance phenomena; however, this theory does not expand the current understanding of dissonance
because it does not provide concrete, reliable evidence of how group support can reduce cognitive dissonance. Also the researchers did not test a
random or a representative sample and inferred dissonance solely from surveys that measured attitude change. The fact that surveys were used as the
main method to ascertain the self–reported attitudes or behaviors of people weakens the theory's reliability and validity. The wording and order of the
questions could have had a major affect on how the subjects responded and possibly skewed the researcher's central data. Additionally, the researchers
did not use a direct method to detect dissonance; instead, they merely inferred the presence of dissonance exclusively from surveys

Cognitive Dissonance Essay
How do human beings make decisions? What triggers a person to take action at any given point? These are all questions that I will attempt to answer
with my theoretical research into Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance, as well as many of the other related theories. We often do not realize
the psychological events that take place in our everyday lives. It is important to take notice of theories, such as the balance theory, the congruency
theory and the cognitive dissonance theory so that one's self–persuasion occurs knowingly. As psychologist andtheorist gain a better understanding of
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory manipulation could occur more easily than it already does in today's society. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The action taken would create psychological consistency in one's mind. These theories are very interesting and have been quite researched, but none
more so than Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance.
Leon Festinger's theory, unlike the others I have described, deal with quantitative aspects, as well as qualitative. That's what is so different and
revolutionary about Festinger's theory. Robert Wicklund and Jack Brehm (1976), in their book Perspectives on Cognitive Dissonance, write," Most
notably, the original statement of dissonance theory included propositions about the resistance–to–change of cognitions and about the proportion of
cognitions that are dissonant, both of which allowed powerful and innovative analyses of psychological situations (p.1). The term "dissonance" refers
to the relation between two elements. When two elements do not fit together they are considered dissonant. Cognitive dissonance can be broken down
into a number of elements. As
Brehm and Cohen (1962) write, "A dissonant relationship exist between two cognitive elements when a person possesses one which follows the
obverse of another that he possesses. A person experiences dissonance, that is, a motivational tension, when he (or she) has cognitions among which
there are one or more dissonant relationships"

Example Of Cognitive Dissonance Theory
"Don't be a person who does not represent the real you" this quote, I do not desire to be a police woman because I desire to be a musician or an
entertainer, but I kept joining with a home trainer to train me to be a policewoman, control my weight and discover tricks to pass the test, than went to
a musical school.
Saturday at 12.30 pm I went to Kamal, Bangkalan. It is time for me to train until Sunday at 12.30 pm. I joined a home school who trained us to
prepare our physic, attitude, and psychology for police academy, IPDN, and Army. They were a married couple who taught me. The man has
background for navy. My aunty suggested him for her son learned from them 3 years ago. So, my mother asked me to join with a tutor, but I
rejected, I said "I can learn by myself using the internet, also the distance was so far away from home 2 hours long way by a minibus and the cost
to register was so expensive but she said "just try, okay it will help you". Then I answered, "I will opine about it". In the end, I stated "yes". I do not
understand, I had many doubts actually at that time there was a conflict between what I believed and I did. 3 hypotheses Cognitive Dissonance Theory
I searched, browsed using the internet more or less how important have tutored and join with a home trainer before the academy test. I found the most
positive and negative opinions. Then I said to my mother about the negative, she explained later on, your brother and your cousin had experienced
with the home trainer. They knew more how to answer the test and how to draw correctly. Their experience helped your preparation. If you did not
believe me just asked your brother. I asked him later on, he explained the tutor could help me learn about physical and mental better than the internet.
Then, I understood why this teacher or tutor could help me out to prepare before the test, and so I decide to join with this home

Planned Behavior And Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Using the Theory of Planned Behavior, Cognitive Dissonance Theory, and Self–Perception Theory as my references if a person has a damaging attitude
concerning a certain person or group of people the possible consequences of their actions toward that person or group of people can alter the way they
identify the concepts by developing the character of one of them. The theory of planned behavior put together numerous issues to offer improved
calculation. "According to this theory, if we want to predict both intent to behave and actual behavior, we need to know three things: (1) attitude
toward that specific behavior, (2) subjective norms related to that behavior, and (3) perceived behavioral control (Ajzen, 1991)" (Feenstra, 2013). The
cognitive dissonance theory describes how our attitudes alter and has dissimilar indicators through beliefs. The self–perception ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Explicit attitudes are attitudes that are at the sensible level, are consciously made and are informal to nature description. On the other hand, implicit
attitudes are attitudes that are at the insensible level, are unwillingly made and are naturally unfamiliar to us. An explicit label is one that you
intentionally consider and account. An implicit label is one that happens external of sensible consciousness and control. I completed the Gay – Straight
IAT attitude test. My results data suggest a strong automatic preference for Straight People compared to Gay People. It was determined that most
respondents find it easier to associate Gay people with Bad and Straight people with Good compared to the reverse. I really don't feel this way
about Gay people; my true feelings are that we are created equal. I cannot judge another person based on my upbringings and beliefs. I feel that I
should not judge a person based on their sexual preference, race, age, or beliefs but who that person really is. "Everyone have the freedom to do as they

's Fundamental Attribution Theory And Cognitive Dissonance
Suddenly, an insect is caught in a spider's web, unaware of the spider the insect has a special defiance weapon. The spider making a fatal mistake,
miss judged the insect's character, and in return had nothing to show for its hard work. This is similar to what one does when they miss
interoperating another's feelings and personality causing pain and no gain for the observer. New stereotypes, 'boxes', assumptions, etc. all have
encroached on a person's worldview. One comes to see others in a whole new way by theories like the Attribution theory and its Fundamental
Attribution error, along with Cognitive Dissonance theory all of which involve one's actions and attitudes.
One of the theories is the Attribution theory. Attribution theory is when individuals discover the causes of behavior as part of the one in observation.
This theory suggests that people are motivated to discover the deep meaning of their behavior as that person makes sense of other's behavior. The
Attribution theory has three dimensions that help describe what a person discovering the meaning of those behaviors and attributing them to different
causes. Those three causes are internal or external, stable or unstable, and or controllable or uncontrollable causes. Consequently, these 'causes' have
many situations that go along with them. Briefly, internal and external causes ask whether or not that behavior was specific to a character trait or was
that action outside of his or her character and just a

What Is An Example Of Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Cognitive Dissonance Theory, or CDT for short, is an objective communication theory that was developed by Leon Festinger. Cognitive Dissonance is
defined as "The distressing mental state caused by inconsistency between a person's two beliefs or a belief and an action." (Griffin, Ledbetter, et al).
An example of cognitive dissonance would be a health conscious smoker, this person knows that smoking is bad for them, but they still smoke because
they enjoy it. Their desire to be healthy conflicts with their smoking, this conflict places them in a distressing mental state, a state of cognitive
dissonance. Festinger provides three hypotheses for CDT: 1.) Selective exposure prevents dissonance. 2.) Post decision dissonance creates need for
reassurance. and 3.) Minimal justification for action induces attitude change.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory in American History X ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After Derek's victimization in the prison shower he is approached by Dr. Sweeney, who voices his concern for Derek's younger brother, Danny.
Sweeney is worried that Danny is following in his older brother's footsteps. Derek answers his concerns with denial, until Sweeney poses the question
"has anything you've done made your live better?" (American History X.1989). Derek takes a minute to think about the question, and then begins to
cry and ask for Sweeney's help. This is a clear example of cognitive dissonance, Derek is an active member of neo–nazi gang, but he know in his mind
that being in this gang is not only not productive, but also harmful to himself and those around him. Derek's thoughts/ideals are conflicting with his
actions/lifestyle choices, this conflict is placing him in a distressing state of mind brought on by cognitive

Leon Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory fixates itself on how humans strive for internal consistency. Cognitive dissonance means to describe the
feelings of discomfort which is a result of two conflicting beliefs or behaviour. The theory claims that people seek internal balance by changing
something in belief or behaviour in order to reduce the imbalance.
There are different forms of cognitive dissonance. For example, when someone makes one of the dissonant factors less important: "Oh, one small bite
doesn't matter". This is called trivialisation/denial. You can also see that some people try to add new elements to their beliefs that make the picture fit.
This is called creating consonance and an example of it could be: "my friend always ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, people tend to watch to news shows that fit their political stance. In the US, Republicans commonly watch news stations like Fox News,
while Democrats typically watch NBC.
'Post–decision dissonance creates a need for reassurance' means that if people feel like they could've made a mistake after making an important,
close–call decision that is difficult to reverse. An example of this could be seeing a commercial on tv for a great car after you've just bought another
car. You'll immediately try to reassure yourself by telling that your car is just as good/better than the other.
Minimal justification hypothesis means that the best way to stimulate an attitude change in others is to offer just enough motivation to evoke counter
attitudinal behaviour. This can be explained based on the "Would I lie for a dollar?" experiment. Researchers conducted a social experiment where
people were divided into two groups. The first group was asked to lie for $20, while the other group got just $1. The first group generally thought that
the task was boring, while the second group found the tasks more

Cognitive Dissonance Theory Essay
The theory of Cognitive Dissonance states that when individuals are presented with information that implies we act in a way that contradicts our moral
standards, we experience discomfort (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert, 1998, P. 191). This is considered Cognitive Dissonance,
A psychological term used to describe mental conflict that occurs when beliefs or assumptions are contradicted by new information; arouses unease or
tension; relieved by one of several defensive maneuvers: rejecting, explaining away, or avoiding new information; persuading self that no conflict
really exists; reconciling differences; or resorting to any other defensive means of preserving stability or order in conception of world and of ... Show
Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith also tested his theory in 1959. They put all the participants through a dull task. The task consisted in placing a
large number of spools on pegs on a board, turn each spool a quarter turn, take the spool off the pegs and then put them back on. The subject's attitudes
toward this task were negative.
The participants were then asked to lie about the task to another person. This person was actually an assistant in the study. The lie was to try to
convince the assistant that the task was actually interesting and fun. The participants were either given one dollar or twenty dollars for lying about the
task. The experimenters found that those who lied and received the one–dollar experienced the greatest dissonance, and they were more motivated to
seek cognitive constancy than the participants who received twenty dollars. Those who received the one–dollar reported to have enjoyed the task more
than those who received the twenty dollars.
There was an inconsistency between the attitudes of the participants and the behavior. The participants who received twenty dollars just wanted the
money. The larger amount of money provided external justification for the behavior. There was no dissonance, and the participants did not need to
change their attitudes.
For the subjects who received only one dollar there was less external justification, and more dissonance. They reduced their dissonance by changing
their attitudes toward the task. The

The Cognitive Dissonance Theory
The roaring years of the 1950s did not only bring about racial segregation and international liberation. For the world of the communication researchers,
it also brought about the birth of one of the most notable behavioral theories known to date – the Cognitive Dissonance Theory.
As mentioned by Bryant & Smith in their Historical Overview of Research in Communication Science (2010, p. 13), majority of the theories and
research that supported the communication discipline was heavily borrowed and translated from other fields of study. Such is the case of Leon
Festinger, a Russian–Jewish immigrant from Stanford who specialized in social psychology. Through a published work, he introduced communication
scholars to the relationship of behavior, attitude, and beliefs through his Theory of Cognitive Dissonance.
First proposed in the year 1957, Festinger argued that a human being's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This, I believe, is its most important contribution. The theory, although initially a product of social psychology, has become a flexible platform for all
forms of communication research. It can be applied to a myriad of communication sciences, ranging from political, to interpersonal, and even to the
effectiveness of journalism and advertising. This theory provides scholars with plausible hypotheses and rationales regarding various communication
phenomena, aiding in the prediction and explanation of behaviors. This being said, the steady pace, movement and the continuous use of the theory
is proof that belief in the theory of cognitive dissonance is alive and well today. In fact, with the rise of the Millennials and the rapid and exponential
use of social media, cognitive dissonance, as well as the behaviors that stem from it, will become more and more rampant as freedom of speech, and
the bias that accompanies it, has become a

Cognitive Dissonance Theory Essay
Leon Festinger shared his brilliance with the world when he, opposing all previous psychological behaviorist work, created the Cognitive Dissonance
Theory. In his own words, he quickly sums up this quite complex theory: "If you change a person's behavior, his thoughts and feelings will change to
minimize the dissonance" (Groenveld, 1999, p.1). In order to decode this dense statement, we must first be aware that Festinger held to be true that
humans have a deep abiding need in their psyche to be consistent in our attitudes and behaviors; we want to feel in agreement and unified in thought
and action. Inner harmony sounds good to everyone, and so it was Festinger's view that when we feel a disharmony, or ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"Hmmm, I am getting a good education, having fun, and it's cheaper than most."
3. I can leave my college. "My value for interesting classes is more important than staying here."
The first two choices above involve the concept called selective exposure where I expose myself only to beliefs that make my behavior seem
congruent; I avoid opposing thoughts in order to decrease dissonance. The third choice reaction to this inconsistency is halting the behavior and keeping
my original attitude's integrity. This is a result of post–decision dissonance, dissonance after–the–fact I decided I would attend. I looked at what I'd
chosen and decided I did not like it enough to stay with it.
Festinger's blanket statement of his theory still needs further explanation. When he says, "If you change a person's behavior, his thoughts and feelings
will change to minimize the dissonance" (Groenveld, 1999), he is referring to not only selective exposure and post–decision dissonance but also to
minimal justification. Minimal justification predicts that if a person's actions can be changed, with very little compensation, then the person, needing
to eliminate the dissonance of behaving against her beliefs for something infinitesimal, will change her attitude about the situation. So, Festinger,
through influential psychological experiments, has successfully proven that if a small incentive is offered for a behavior change, a significant
attitudinal change is made whereas

The Cognitive Dissonance Theory ( Cdt ) Essay
Introduction
This paper applies the principles of the cognitive dissonance theory (CDT) to the potential racial motivations of homegrown terrorists. Generally, the
CDT rests on the premise that in a situation where one is faced with conflicting attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors, there is a need to restore harmony, with
his or her pre–existing thoughts and ideas. In addition, this need for harmony can give rise to irrational and sometimes maladaptive behaviors in order
to reinstate that balance (Mcleod, 2014). From the perspective of this analysis, it seems appropriate to apply the CDT to the potential racial motivations
of Americans that self–radicalize as one can easily be influenced to change their perception of terrorism after consistently being the target of attacks
against their race. Determining the motivation may help prevent future Americans from self–radicalizing and prevent future homegrown terrorist
attacks. With the CDT used to research and analyze motivations of homegrown terrorist attacks. The Cognitive Dissonance Theory (CDT)
As people, we often presume that the actions displayed by a person are piloted through their individual thoughts and opinions, however, the cognitive
dissonance theory (CDT) shows that this is not always the case. Labeled by some as an action–opinion theory, the theory of cognitive dissonance
explains how people are compelled to commit actions contrary to their beliefs. The basic principle behind action–opinion theories is that these

Cognitive Dissonance Theory Response Paper
Taylor Wood
COM–201
Response Paper 1: Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Life is full of uncomfortable situations. Whether it's 12:01 on December 21, 2012 or seconds before a drop on a rollercoaster, we rationalize the
situation to create a sense of equilibrium. Cognitive Dissonance Theory explains why we experience the mental discomfort called dissonance that
arises from "inconsistent attitudes, thoughts, and behaviors" and how we take action or change our thinking to alleviate the discomfort (West &
Turner, 2014, pp. 110–111).
When humans have encounter situations that are consistent with what they are comfortable with they experience consonance, or equilibrium (West &
Turner, 2014, p. 111). This is the ultimate state of content. Humans crave... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I was already anxious because of the large crowds and unnecessarily deafening music, however once my roommates and I reached the solid block
of dancing sweaty bodies, I began to rationalize the point of my presence there. It had taken minimal justification, or "the least amount of
incentive necessary to obtain compliance" (West & Turner, 2014, p. 117) to get me there in the first place since Bronco Fusion was my first real
college experience. Not orientation, not welcome week, but this concert was to be the start to the rest of my educational career. I normally utilize
selective exposure to certain types of people when it comes to social events, but I was paying selective attention as to what my classmates were
actually doing in this crowd during the stretch of time between the opening and main act. So, fighting our way to the very middle didn't seem like a
bad decision. I was selectively interpreting the lingering stench of tobacco and other smoking paraphernalia because it must have been from the
surrounding area besides the crowd I was currently in, since there were security guards at the entrance. The people towards the back of the crowd
were polite and allowed us through, so since I was using selective retention to forget any sort of concert mentality ever I wasn't worried about the
people we'd end up standing next to. Unfortunately, my methods of

Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory Analysis
how we feel if we do something we don't like or want to do. Around college campus you see many students smoking and they are around an educational
environment. They know that smoking causes cancer but they still smoke. When people smoke that's their behavior and they know that smoking
cause's cancer is cognition. Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we have an inner drive to hold all our attitudes and beliefs in
harmony and avoid disharmony or dissonance (Mcleod, 2016). College campuses have become a place where students and teachers have to think twice
before they speak. Our speech can be offensive to some students from different cultural backgrounds. Lukianoff and Haidt, authors of The Atlantic,
argue we live in a world full of potential offenses. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This form of psychotherapy is designed to treat depression and change unhelpful way of thinking and behavior. In the Theory of Cognitive Dissonace,
Festinger spreads the theory through the principle of cognitive consistency. This principle is Festiner's main focus of cognitive dissonance. This theory
starts from the idea that we seek consistency in our beliefs and attitudes in any situation where two cognitions are inconsistent (). This theory can be
applied in Carlos Mencia's case, where he did a standup act at Rutgers University's homecoming. A student activist complained that the routine was
littered with racial and sexual epithets (Donnelly and Zerbib 2015). Mencia was very surprised how the student reacted to his standup performance.
Mencia responded back to The Wrap saying, "I personally thought I was a huge success in the fact that, for the first time, somebody pointed out that the
exception and not the rule." In this situation Mencia, pointed out just because one student feels this way not all students feel the

Festinger's Theory Of Cognitive Dissonance
In the 1950s, Leon Festinger had come up with this theory of Cognitive Dissonance when a cult leader had persuaded his followers to believe that life
on earth was going to end, and that those who were believers would be rescued by aliens. When this did not occur, they rationalized their beliefs by
instead coming to the conclusion that aliens, rather, had saved the entire world. Cognitive Dissonance occurs when we hold a strong belief about
something and then do something else that contradicts that belief. Look at a person who smokes cigarettes, but knows that the nicotine and all that
goes inside one cigarette are bad. The tension they feel is "dissonance," and to ease that tension they can do one of three things: change their behavior,
justify their behavior by changing their conflicting thoughts, or justify their behavior by adding on new thoughts. This paper will use research articles
that were previously written, to explain the relationship between dissonance and moral/non–moral ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Festinger wanted to test if the presence of a reward would influence the participant into changing his private opinion closer to the opinion that was
desired which contradicts the participant's original beliefs. His findings saw that a large reward produced less subsequent opinion change than did a
smaller reward. The conclusion of the study was that the findings were unequivocal, however in the three conditions: the baseline (control), one dollar
(small reward) and twenty dollar (large reward), cognitive dissonance was lessened in the small condition but when it went beyond the minimum
reward needed to elicit it, the weaker the tendency was to change their private opinion and perform the covert

Do Attitudes Shape Behaviour? Do Attitudes Shape Behavior?
Are attitudes linked to behaviour? Do attitudes shape behaviour? Or does the behaviour shapes attitudes? These and similar questions have been long
asked since the founder of social psychology Gordon Allport (1935) drew the modern study of attitudes. The relationship between attitudes and
behaviour have been a most enduring enigmas into Social psychology.
Some social psychologists agreed that our attitudes have a relationship with our behaviour (Cognitive dissonance). While other believed that such
relationship do not exist Self–perception theory.
This essay will aim to discuss if attitudes and behaviour have any relationship. The essay will begin by explaining how attitudes as a social
phenomenon are formed, then it will then go on to make ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They overcome the dissonance by coming to believe that the tasks were enjoyable and fun. However, the ones who were paid $20, carried out the
experiment without any type of dissonance.
Alternative to cognitive dissonance. (Behaviour causes attitudes)
The social psychologist Daryl Bem brought the major challenge to Dissonance theorist called Self–perception theory. BemВґs view was that people
come to know their own attitudes by observing their own behaviour and the circumstances under which they occur. For example, if I regularly hear
pop music, I will probably conclude that I like it.
As we can see Self–perception sounds a simple theory but it is also quite deep, with some more behaviorist approaches. In contrast to Cognitive
dissonance, in self–perception theory the behaviour causes attitudes. In Cognitive Dissonance, people adjust self–knowledge only when there is a
conflict between cognition whereas in self–perception theory this state does not exist. It only requires peopleВґs willingness to infer in their own
attitudes and

What Is Festinger's Theory Of Cognitive Dissonance?
"Your best friend is having a beer bash tonight. Everyone you talk to indicated their positive intentions of going to the best beer bash of the
millennium. However, you have a Psyc 135 final next morning that you haven't studied for. Your midterm scores have been low going into the final, but
everyone claims that the final is easy every semester. Should you stay home and study for the final or go to this millennium beer bash and merrily
consume alcohol?"
Above stated scenario raises several questions in my mind and lands me in a state of psychological tension. Having a choice of attending a social event
or studying for the final exam puts me in a dilemma as to what to do next. Deciding to stay home and study for a test may very well anger ... Show more
One decision is to stay abstinent from alcohol or follow in the footsteps of my beer bash friends. Prescribing to any of the alternatives may lead to
dissonance as drinking may deteriorate health and cause lower grades, while not attending the beer bash may give my best friend and peers a sense of
their rejection.
What happens to people when they discover dissonant cognitions? The answer to this question forms the postulation of Festinger's theory. Festinger's
theory of Cognitive Dissonance postulates that individuals, when presented with evidence contrary to their worldview or situations in which they must
behave contrary to their worldview, experience cognitive dissonance (Festinger, 1957). Dissonance can be simply understood as an "unpleasant state of
tension." A person who has dissonant or discrepant cognitions is said to be in a state of psychological dissonance, which is experienced as unpleasant
psychological tension (Berkowitz & Cotton, 1984). This tension state has drive–like properties that are much like those of hunger and thirst.
When an individual has been deprived of food for several hours, he/she experiences unpleasant tension and is driven to reduce the unpleasant tension
state that results (Berkowitz & Cotton, 1984).
The general sequence of a psychological tension is as follows, (a) conflict, (b)

Cognitive Dissonance Theory In The Late 1950's
Furthermore, Mike continues show his overbearing and disrespectfulness towards Becky. Mike underestimates the ability of Becky based on her
education background and working experience. Besides, Mike expresses disrespectfulness by ridiculing Becky's appearance. Mike laughs at her
bangs ironically. Mike's irresponsible attitude and behavior make the ratings of the DayBreak show drop drastically. Consequently, Becky is told that
her morning show will be canceled. Figure 10: Becky feels unpleasant because Mike personally attacks her. His attitude causes Becky to begin to lose
control and starts confront with Mike. Becky shouts out her disappointment loud because she treats Mike as her idol previously. It is because of Becky
feels disappointed... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rokeach (1960) asserts that Belief Congruence Theory can be applied when whether there is a group of people is having similar beliefs that will
result in social harmony or a group of people that is having different beliefs which conversely will bring to disharmony. In fact, this theory is one of
the theories of Prejudice. "Belief is more important than ethnic or racial membership as a determinant of social discrimination" (Rokeach, 1960,
p.135). In another word, this statement illustrates that belief is a crucial element in resulting in cognitive dissonance or cognitive consonance. The
scene above shows Mike eventually accepts the beliefs that uphold by his colleagues and they then uphold the similar beliefs which are the belief in
the value of cooperation. At the beginning, Mike refuses to cooperate with his team members because he has no belief in the value of cooperation.
He then rejects to obey to Becky's instruction, refuses to work with Colleen peacefully and does not willing to follow the organization of the team. It
is because he does not uphold the similar belief that others had in order to increase the ratings of DayBreak. He does not treat the value of cooperation
in a work team seriously. Hence, conflicts happen frequently at the

What Is Cognitive Dissonance?
side from being testable through experiments such as the mentioned above, cognitive dissonance theory can predict future events, which is a criteria of
a good theory according to Griffin (p. 25), by helping to explain human behavior. "Social psychologists have been trying for many years to predict the
conditions under which attitudes and opinions are changed...first major breakthrough in this area came [from] Leon Festinger" (Chapanis, 1964).
Objective theorist aim for reality, and when they measure and report their experiments, they prefer to use numerical terms rather than linguistic terms
(Griffin, 215, p.28). The most eye grabbing criteria of any theory is simplicity. "No matter how complex the social situation, Festinger assumes that it is
possible to represent the meaning which the situation has for an individual by a series of elementary cognitions–statements that an individual might
make describing his knowledge, opinions or beliefs" (Chapanis, 1964). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The degree of dissonance is never specified on how to actually measure it to determine if someone is in fact experiencing dissonance, or if so, how
much. If an individual does not try to eliminate dissonance, then the theory explains that the dissonant was not enough of a threat to the person to spark
a change in thought or behavior. Cognitive dissonance is something that affects everyone and this theory does an exceptional job in explaining why we
behave and change our beliefs about things that don't match our attitudes and values. Overall, cognitive dissonance is a good objective

Cognitive Dissonance And Its Effects On Behavior
Cognitive Dissonance is refers to a situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. This produces a feeling of discomfort leading to an
alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance etc. The research on cognitive dissonance was done
by Festinger and Carlsmith in 1959. It gives a background history of the time when Cognitive Dissonance was investigated by Leon Festinger.
However, In the case being discussed in this paper, participants are given a boring task to start with. After the experiment, participants are paid different
amounts to pursue other participates who are waiting to start with task. The participants who are done with the task feel dissonance when they were
asked to pursue someone that the task was fun. There can many other ways and situations were one can experience dissonance. Also in the discussion
there is inclusion for how to reduce cognitive dissonance which could help one to make better decisions. An obvious implication of cognitive
dissonance theory is that if one wants to change someone's attitude, one could try to create dissonance concerning that person's attitude and hope that
desired attitude change would result. However, there are other implications of Cognitive Dissonance as well. Much of the research on dissonance has
focused on decision–making, counter–attitudinal advocacy, forced compliance, and selective exposure to information.
How and Why

Emotion Attribution Theory According to Schachter and Singer

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Ginny Sagdalen

More from Ginny Sagdalen (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Emotion Attribution Theory According to Schachter and Singer