2. The Baroque era is when the first public opera
house came into existence - the Teatro San
Cassiano, which opened in Venice, Italy, in
1637.
Early Baroque Era Composers include:
Opera video, “When I am Laid in Earth”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AC
Y03VwWmnA
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Francesco Cavalli (1602-1676)
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Antonio Cesti (1623-1669)
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Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632-1687)
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Henry Purcell (1659-1695)
Late Baroque Era Composers include:
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Alessandro Scarlatti (1660-1725)
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Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)
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Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683-1764)
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George Frederic Handel (1685-1759)
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John Gay (1685-1732)
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Archangelo Corelli (1653-1713)
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Giovanni Battista Pergeolesi (1710-1736)
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Leonardi Vinci (1690-1730)
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Christoph Willibard Gluck (1714-1787)
Opera composer, George Frederic
Handel (1685-1759), from the birth
of the art form in the baroque era
Opera composer, Henry Purcell
(1659-1695), from the birth of the
art form in the baroque era
By the 1630s, opera began to shed its aristocratic origins and become a popular entertainment. Opera still held
focus on ancient myths and histories about noble men and women. It still held to the trend to brilliant singing
called bel canto, meaning "beautiful song". To attract a larger crowd, operatic composers added elements from
Italy's popular comic theater, such as farcical scenes and stock characters, and magical transformations, signs of
its baroque nature.
Matthews, Roy T, F DeWitt Platt, and Thomas F.X. Noble. The
"The Baroque Era (1600-1750)." Opera Boot Camp. The Metropolitan Opera
Western Humanities. New York: McGrawHill, 2012. Print. Page
Guild, 2012. Web. 5 Dec. 2013.
433. Provides useful information on opera. Talks about where it
<http://operabootcamp.drupalgardens.com/content/ baroque-era-1600-1750>.
originated and how it developed.
This website contains useful information, pictures, and videos.
3. The spread of ideas during the Scientific Revolution was the most
enlightening. People wanted to spread knowledge. They wanted to share it with the
rest of the world instead of being selfish and keeping it to themselves. Scientist and
intellectuals realized that new scientific findings needed to be given the widest
dissemination possible, since the information would be of immeasurable value to
others who were engaged in their own research.
The Flush Toilet
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Interesting Scientific Revolution Inventions:
Pencil- Date: 1564.Inventor: Nicholas Jacques Conte.
Printing Press- Date:1436. Inventor: Johannes Gutenburg.
The Flush Toilet- Date: 1596 Inventor: Sir John Harrington
The Piano- Date:1720 Inventor: Bartolomeo Cristofori of Padua.
Scissors- Date:1761 Inventor: Robert Hinchcliffe.
Sandwich- Date:1762 Inventor: John Montagu
Pendulum Clock- Date: 1581 Inventor: Galileo
Battery- Date:1800 Inventor: Count Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta.
Cotton Gin- Date:1794 Inventor: Eli Whitney.
Mayonnaise- Date:1756 Inventor: French chef of Duc de Richelieu.
The Piano
Printing Press
Pendulum Clock
Pencil
Scissors
Battery
Hebbar, Priya. "Scientific Revolution." Prezi. Prezi Inc, 2012. Web. 3 Dec.
2013. <http://prezi.com/hp_clgrsrtnk/top-10-most-useful-scientificrevolution-inventions/>. This website provides inventions, the inventors,
dates, uses, and even fun facts about each invention.
Matthews, Roy T, F DeWitt Platt, and Thomas F.X. Noble. The
Western Humanities. New York: McGrawHill, 2012. Print. Page
456. Provides useful information on the scientific Revolution. Goes
into detail with inventions and other useful information for that
period.
4. The Age of Reason saw the beginning of the Scientific Revolution and different progressions of new
schools of thought. A religious movement that came about was Deism. This was advocated by Descartes.
It taught that God (mind) and man (nature) were distinct. Another man. Baruch Spinoza, introduced the
idea of pantheism, namely, God and the universe are one and further that, “God was a substance
consisting of infinite attributes.” People who believed in Deism, described it the religion of reason
rejected Christianity as a body of revelation, mysterious and incomprehensible. God’s revelation,
believed Deists, was simple, logical and clear-cut, a natural religion which always existed.
Descartes
Baruch Spinoza
"Age of Reason – Open Society." All about History. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.allabouthistory.org/age-of-reason.htm>. Website has useful
information on the Age of Reason and some people that were involved in
changes during this time.
5. The beginning of the American Industrial Revolution can be attributed to Samuel Slater. He opened the first
industrial mill in the United States in 1790. Slater's pirated technology had greatly increased the speed with which
cotton thread could be spun into yarn. While he did introduce a vital new technology to the United States, the
economic takeoff of the Industrial Revolution did require several other elements before it would transform
American life.
Another important factor to the changing economy were new organizational strategies to increase productivity.
This had started with the “outwork system”. This was when small parts of a larger production process were carried
out in numerous individual homes. This organizational reform was especially important for shoe and boot making.
However, the chief organizational breakthrough of the Industrial Revolution was the "factory system“. This was
where work was performed on a large scale in a single centralized location.
George Harvey: Pittsford on the Erie Canal, 1837 ... courtesy: Memorial Art Gallery of the
University of Rochester
"Economic Growth and the Early Industrial Revolution." US History.
Independence
Hall Association in Philadelphia, n.d. Web. 5 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.ushistory.org/us/22a.asp>. This website provides useful
information on the Industrial Revolution.
The most famous state-led creation of
the Market Revolution was New York's
Erie Canal. This began in 1817, the 364mile man-made waterway flowed
between Albany on the Hudson River
and Buffalo on Lake Erie. The Erie canal
connected the eastern seaboard and
the Old Northwest. The canal was a
great success and set off a canal frenzy
that, along with the development of the
steamboat, created a new and complete
national water transportation network
by 1840.
6. Realism was developed in the 1840s. Realism is a style that focuses on the everyday lives of the
lower and middle class , Realists depicted ordinary people without idealizing or romanticizing
them, but they always made sure imply an moral point of view. Realists wanted to show what
they saw around them in a serious, accurate, and unsentimental way. They considered
neoclassicism as cold and romanticizing as exaggerated. Merchants, housewives, workers,
peasants, and even prostitutes replaced kings, aristocrats, goddesses, saints, and heroes as the
subjects of paintings and novels. The spread of democracy encouraged the realists to take an
interest in ordinary people, and the camera, which was invented in the 1830s, inspired the
realists in their goal of truthful accuracy.
This wooden sliding-box camera was made in Paris in September 1830
Matthews, Roy T, F DeWitt Platt, and Thomas F.X. Noble. The
Western Humanities. New York: McGrawHill, 2012. Print. Page 539.
Provides useful information on realism. Goes into detail with
inventions and other useful information for that period.
7. Second Industrial Revolution differed from the First
industrial Revolution in many ways. Great Britain was
the world’s industrial leader since 1760. They faced
competition from Germany and the United States.
Science and research provided new and improved
industrial products and influenced manufacturing much
more than during the first revolution. And steam and
water power were replaced by newer forms of industrial
energy, such as oil and electricity. The internal
combustion engine replaced the steam engine in ships
and, in the early 1900s, gave rise to the automobile and
the airplane. Europeans and the world were entering an
age of power and speed. Technology was also shaping
the world. The wireless superseded the telegraph, the
telephone made its introduction, and national and
international postal services were instituted. Type
writers and tabulators transformed business practices.
Rotary presses printed thousands of copies of daily
newspapers for an increasingly literate public. In
transportation there were more efficient engines which
resulted in lower transportation costs and less expensive
products. Advertising became a significant source of
revenue for publishers and a persuasive force in the
costumer economy.
The first mass-produced automobile was the 1900 Oldsmobile
1930, part of the National Air Races in Chicago
Matthews, Roy T, F DeWitt Platt, and Thomas F.X. Noble.
The Western Humanities. New York: McGrawHill, 2012.
Print. Pages 560-562. Provides useful information on the
Second Industrial Revolution Goes into detail with
inventions and other useful information for that period.
8. Surrealism began in the 1920s. It was an art movement that was
basically a pictorial art. This was inspired by Freud’s teaching that the human
mind conceals hidden depths, the surrealists wanted to create a vision of reality
that is also included the truths harbored in the unconscious. They portrayed
dream imagery, fantasies, and hallucinations in a direct fashion that made their
paintings more startling than those of Dadaist artists. Salvador Dali was a
surrealism artist. Salvador had interesting paintings. His subjects were from his
very lively imagination. These subjects even contained thinly disguised sexual
symbols.
The Persistence of Memory is the poetically named of his most
famous work. This depicts soft, melting watches in a desert like setting. Dali’s
use of such optical effects reflected his often-stated belief that life is irrational.
The sexual themes are supposed to be read in the limp watches. This could be a
reference to sexual impotence. This painting gave a strange twist to ordinary
things, evoking the sense of a half-remembered dream which was the goal of
surrealist art. Dali cultivated a controversial, even scandalous, personal image. It
even earned him the public’s ridicule, and the surrealists went as far as to
disown him. Even though he was disowned he is still admired. He created some
of the modernism’s most fantastic images and for being a link with the pop
artists of the 1960s.
Another surrealism painter was Paul Klee. He is grouped with the
surrealists but he was too changeable to be restricted to a single style. Klee took
an innocent approach to art and that was what he was best known for. His
approach to art was triggered by his fondness for children’s uninhabited scrawls.
He portrays a childlike wonder in his whimsical works which has made him a
favorite among collectors and viewers. Klee portrayed poetic images that were
rich in color and had gentle wit. A great example would be Revolution of the
Viaduct.
Revolution of the Viaduct
The Persistence of Memory
Matthews, Roy T, F DeWitt Platt, and Thomas F.X. Noble. The
Western Humanities. New York: McGrawHill, 2012. Print. Pages
618-621.g Provides useful information on surrealism and the
different artworks involved.
9. Most discoveries of medicine saved lives
but some had social and moral
implications that spilled over into societal
and gender issues. Breakthroughs in
medicine changed the patterns of
behavior and raised the living standards
for populations on all over the world. To
go along with the topic on how medicine
had social and moral implications we will
discuss the invention of the birth control
pill. This was invented in 1956 and
triggered a sexual revolution. By the late
1960s the sexual revolution was part of
the social unrest and rejection of
accepted moral codes and personal
behavior patterns for many Americans.
This newly found sexual freedom, popular
in the 1960s and 1970s, grew more
restricted in the 1980s with the advent of
AIDS.
Jonas Salk
Albert
Sabin
Matthews, Roy T, F DeWitt Platt, and Thomas F.X. Noble. The Western Humanities.
New York: McGrawHill, 2012. Print. Pages642. Provides information on modernism
and the advances in science, technology, and medicine.
In the 1950s polio was eradicated
through vaccines. This was
developed by American physicians.
Their names were Jonas Salk and
Albert Sabin. Innovative surgical
methods, radiation treatment, and
chemotherapy drastically reduced
cancer mortality. Also, Francis Crick
and James Watson reported their
discovery of the structure of DNA,
the chemical substance ultimately
responsible for determining
individual hereditary characteristics.
10. Postmodernism is "post" because it is denies the
existence of any ultimate principles, and it lacks the
optimism of there being a scientific, philosophical, or
religious truth which will explain everything for
everybody - a characterisitic of the so-called "modern"
mind. The paradox of the postmodern position is that, in
placing all principles under the scrutiny of its skepticism,
it must realize that even its own principles are not
beyond questioning. As the philospher Richard Tarnas
states, postmodernism "cannot on its own principles
ultimately justify itself any more than can the various
metaphysical overviews against which the postmodern
mind has defined itself."
Postmodern ecological art by
contemporary artist Francis Berry
Postmodern art by contemporary artist
Francis Berry, postmodern painter
“A general and wide-ranging term which is applied to literature, art, philosophy,
architecture, fiction, and cultural and literary criticism, among others. Postmodernism
is largely a reaction to the assumed certainty of scientific, or objective, efforts to
explain reality. In essence, it stems from a recognition that reality is not simply
mirrored in human understanding of it, but rather, is constructed as the mind tries to
understand its own particular and personal reality. For this reason, postmodernism is
highly skeptical of explanations which claim to be valid for all groups, cultures,
traditions, or races, and instead focuses on the relative truths of each person. In the
postmodern understanding, interpretation is everything; reality only comes into being
through our interpretations of what the world means to us individually.
Postmodernism relies on concrete experience over abstract principles, knowing
always that the outcome of one's own experience will necessarily be fallible and
relative, rather than certain and universal.”
"Postmodernism." pbs. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.pbs.org/faithandreason/gengloss/postmbody.html>. This website has a clear definition and other
information about postmodernism.
11. The legacy of colonialism is important in explaining about
the diversity and unity of experiments with state formation
in the Muslim world. Different things such as ethnic identity,
social characteristics, and other indigenous religious and
cultural factors in Islam are there to help explain the
commonalities between Muslim states; colonialism is there
to explain the points of convergence and divergence in
experiences with state formation across the Muslim world.
Muslims have basically lived with all the colonial powers. In
much of Africa, Asia, and the Arab world, the British and the
French ruled over vast Muslim territories. The Dutch ruled
over territories that later became Indonesia, and the
Germans, Spanish, Portuguese, and Russians held Muslim
territories in East Africa, the Philippines, Malaya (what is
now known as Malaysia), the Caucasus, and Central Asia.
Israel's control of the West Bank and Gaza Strip may be seen
as the last and only ongoing colonial relationship in Muslim
lands.
Cole, Juan. "Who’s the Threat? Western Powers Have Invaded and Killed Millions
of Muslims." Informed Comment: Thoughts on the Middle East, History and
Religion. N.p., 26 May 2013. Web. 7 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.juancole.com/2013/05/western-invaded-millions.html>. This
site provides a map and information on the Muslim countries invaded and
occupied by Westerners since 1798
Powerpoint Session 11 “Philosophy and Religion” Provides useful information on
Islamic history and colonialism.
Muslim countries invaded and occupied by
Westerners since 1798: what is now Bangladesh
(Britain); Egypt (France), much of Indonesia (Dutch);
Algeria (France); Senegal, Mali, Niger, Chad (France);
Moroccan Sahara, Ceuta (Spain); what is now
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan,
Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan (Russia); Tunisia (France);
Egypt, Sudan (Britain); Morocco (France); Libya (Italy);
Palestine and Iraq (Britain); Syria and what is now
Lebanon (France); Kuwait, UAE, Bahrain (Britain); Iran
(Britain, US, Soviet Union during WW II); Iraq (US
2003-2011)
12. Resurrection – Khalil Gibran
Gibran Khalil
Gibran Khalil was born on January 6, 1883, in Northern
Lebanon. He grew up in Bsharri in the mountain area. He was a man
who appreciated nature, the falls, the cliffs, and cedars. All of these
helped influence his drawings and even his writings. Gibran did not
receive a formal education. But there was a village priest that visited
him often and taught him the fundamentals of religion and the Bible.
On June 25, 1895, the Gibrans embarked on a voyage to
the American shores of New York, and finally settling in Boston. After
moving to the US, he registered to a school but they changed his
name. This stuck with him for the rest of his life. His name became
Kahlil Gibran. Kahlil had very little education and this resulted in him
being placed in an ungraded class that was reserved for just
immigrant children where they had to learn English from scratch.
In 1904, Kahlil finally had his first art exhibition which
was located in Boston. He then decided to settle in New York in 1912.
This is where he dedicated his time to writing and painting. His
earlier works were written in Arabic, and from 1918, he published
the majority of his work in English. In New York on April 10, 1931,
Kahlil passed away.
Gibran Museum in Lebanon
Selection from the
Collection of the
Telfair Museum of
Art (Gibran Khalil
painting)
Powerpoint Session 12 “Literature”
Provides useful information on Islamic
literature.
13. Blue Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey
Mosques architecture has meaning, from the paint color to
the fountain. Since there was a warning against art because of its
potential connection to idolatry, religious architecture soon became the
initial focus of artistic expression.
Mosques were centers for religious assembly. They typically
had a rectangular plan with open courts and a fountain for purification.
They had a mihrab, which was a small niche that indicates the direction
of Mecca, Muhammad’s birthplace, which Muslims face when in prayer.
They had domed walkways that lead to the mihrab. The most iconic
images of the religion are the minarets, which are the two towers beside
the mosque. Inside the towering spires the muezzin ascends a spiral
staircase and at the top, from the platform, someone initiates the call to
prayer. The aesthetic principles in Islam dictate a simple design and
emphasize negative space. Instead of having overly decorative
embellishments the structures traditionally focused on space and
balance.
Mosques are typically white, reflecting the sun. The black
doors, windows, covered porches, etc. often help balance the starkness
of the walls, and creating at times an intricate alternating line of light and
dark. Other traditional Islamic color schemes are blue and gold, they are
seen in the form of ceramic tile work.
Mosque in Brunei
Grand Mosque – Oman
Islamic Masjid Al Aqsa Mosque Palestine Architecture
Masjid Nabawi. Medina, Saudi Arabia
Power Point: Session 10 “Art & Architecture”
Provides useful information of the design and
meaning of mosques.
