The Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution led to widespread changes in government, society, and technology. The Enlightenment promoted rational and scientific thought, questioning traditions. This influenced independence movements and new forms of government like democracy and nationalism. The Industrial Revolution saw technological innovations that mechanized production, like the steam engine. This increased productivity but also led to urbanization and social problems as people left farms for poor city conditions. New communication technologies further connected the world during this period of global change.

1. ENLIGHTENMENT
AND INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTIONCREATED BY BRIAN SALAS
MIDWESTERNCAREERCOLLEGE
JULY 2019

2. MainThemes
■ Globalization
■ Democracy
■ Industry

3. What is the most important for creating
change?
■ Religion?
■ Technology?
■ Politics?

4. Changing how weThink
■ What was the type of government for most of history?

5. NewWays ofThought
■ Democracy
■ Nationalism
■ Socialism
■ Imperialism

6. Scientific Revolution
■ Attempt to look at things from a rational perspective and to question common
knowledge
■ No longer attribute events to spiritual or religious causes
■ No longer assume that ancientGreek and Roman scientists were correct
■ Formed the foundation for modern science and technological breakthroughs

7. The Enlightenment (1700-1800)
■ Philosophical outgrowth of the scientific revolution
■ Belief that reason could solve virtually any problem
■ The course of history was a tale of continuous progress
■ With time and study, all things are knowable

8. EnlightenmentThinkers
■ Greatly influenced the founders of the United States who grew up with Enlightenment
values
■ John Locke – people have the natural right to life, liberty, and property
■ Citizens have a contract with their government to help them achieve these goals
■ Montesquieu – said governments should be divided into legislative, executive, and
judicial branches

9. American Revolution
■ America controlled by the British
■ “Taxation without representation”

10. RevolutionaryWar
■ 1776 – Declaration of
Independence – the 13 colonies
break away to form the United
States
■ The colonists, with few weapons
and little training face the
greatest military power in the
world

11. Establishing a Union
■ 1781 – British defeated
■ The United States becomes its
own nation
■ 1787 –The Constitution
establishes a strong and stable
democratic government
■ 1789 – GeorgeWashington,
leader of the army, is elected
president

12. American Ideals
■ What values did the founders of the
United States emphasize?
■ How did they want the new country
to be different?

13. French Monarchy
■ Louis XIV “The Sun King” (1638-1715)
– 72 year reign was the longest in
history
■ Wanted to assert his authority by
opulent buildings and royal attire
– Palace ofVersailles – royal
palace outside of Paris
■ Excesses of the monarchy leads to
the French Revolution

14. Palace ofVersailles

15. French Revolution
■ The French poor resented the
tax burden placed upon them
while the nobility lived in luxury
■ The middle class (bourgeoisie)
had read Enlightenment works
and believed in equality and
social justice
■ Tensions rise when France falls
into debt and a famine grips the
country

16. French Revolution
■ King Louis XVI calls a meeting but
refuses to give the common citizen
much representation
■ 1789 – French revolutionaries storm
the Bastille prison to express their
frustration with the king
■ Declaration of the Rights of Man and
of the Citizen – document
proclaiming equality and freedom of
speech, the press, and religion

17. Nationalism
■ Previously, people were loyal to a city or a particular leader
■ Kings ruled all over the world
■ Nationalism – loyalty to a community that has been socially constructed
– Usually based around language, race, or culture

18. Nationalism
■ Belief that an ethnic group has a right
to statehood
– Greeks, French, Chinese should
have their own country
■ Other national identities formed
around a common belief
– The United States and democracy
■ Leads to the overthrow of kings and
the formation of new nations around
the world

19. European Imperialism
■ Late 1400’s – European powers begin
to exploit the wealth of the
Americas, India, China, and
SoutheastAsia
■ Mid-1700’s – Europeans begin to
dominate these countries
economically without colonizing or
occupying them
■ Colonies seen as cheap sources of
raw materials, and markets for
manufactured goods

20. European Imperialism
■ The Industrial Revolution allowed for the creation of goods that could not be found
elsewhere in the world
– British cloth sent to India
– Opium introduced to China, millions become addicted
■ Colonies were kept economically dependent on Europe
– Prevented political and economic self rule like in the United States
■ Armies were sent in whenever uprisings occurred

21. The OpiumWar
■ Britain sold opium to China, making
a fortune
■ Money flowed out of China causing
an economic downturn
■ The Chinese emperor confiscated
and burned 20,000 chests of opium

22. The OpiumWar
■ The British declared war and were
quickly victorious
– The Chinese did not have the
industrial technology of Europe
■ China had to open its ports and give
territory to the British
■ The sudden defeat of China shocked
the rest of Asia

23. The British Empire
■ While Great Britain lost its American colonies, it gained large territories
elsewhere
– India, Australia, portions of Africa and the Middle East
■ “The sun never sets on the British Empire”
■ Covered 13 million square miles and held ¼ of the world’s population

24. The British Empire

25. The British Empire
■ India – the jewel in the crown of the
British Empire
■ European powers kept most of their
colonies until the end ofWorldWar II
– 1947 – Gandhi leads India in an
independence movement

26. Industrial Revolution
■ The most dramatic economic and technological transformation in history
■ The creation of machines that saved time and money
■ The scientific revolution had paved the way for new inventions
■ Competition led to innovation and a rapid advancement in technology

27. ■ What are some of the most important time saving inventions?

28. Industrial Revolution
■ Began with the modernization of
traditional industries
■ Expanded to the creation of new
technologies
– Radio, telegraph
■ Led to an explosion in economic
growth
■ The living standards of the common
person began to undergo sustained
growth

29. Industrial Revolution
■ Begun in England, making it the
most prosperous and powerful
country in the world
■ Shift from people farming in the
countryside to manufacturing goods
in the city
■ The development of large cities and
urban centers

30. ■ Cottage Industries – work carried out
at home by family members using
their own equipment
– The only method to weave and
make cloth

31. Textiles
■ Spinning Jenny – one person
could spin a dozen threads at
once
– Vastly reduced the number
of people necessary for
production
■ Work began to move out of the
home and into large factories
– Workers now had to travel to
their work

32. Watt Steam Engine
■ Steam used to drive a large
piston
■ First used to drain water from
mines
■ Allowed for the deeper mining of
coal
■ Replaced the water wheel as a
source of power
– Factories no longer had to be
built along a river, but could
be placed wherever

33. Iron Founding
■ Bessemer Process – vastly reduced
the cost and time necessary to
create steel and wrought iron
■ Allowed for the creation of stronger
and cheaper building materials
■ Paved the way for mass
industrialization
■ Used in the creation of bridges,
railroads, large ships, and
skyscrapers

34. Trains
■ Steam engine used to power carts from the mine to the factory
– Replaced horses which were expensive and less efficient
■ Later adapted to transportation
– 1830’s – rail networks built across Great Britain to connect the major cities
■ Allowed for the rapid movement of people and cargo
– News and information could reach people in a matter of days instead of weeks or
months

35. Trains

36. Farming Machine
■ Allowed for the rapid separation of
grain from their stalks and husks
■ With less work, larger areas of land
could be farmed
■ With more food available, larger
populations of people could be
supported

37. BacklashAgainst the Industrial
Revolution
■ With machines that could save labor, many workers were no longer necessary and
were laid off
■ Resented the new machines and wanted to return to a simpler time

38. Backlash
■ Luddites – movement that smashed
looms and burned down factories
■ Destroyed machines “hurtful to the
commonality”

39. Urban Migration
■ People left the countryside in search of opportunities in the city
■ Large industrial districts appear along railroads and rivers
– 90% of manufacturing done in or around cities
■ London becomes the world’s largest city
■ Growing disparity between the rich and the poor
■ Overrun with crime and poverty

40. The Factory
■ The new workplace went entirely
unregulated
■ No limit on the number of hours one
had to work
– 18 hour work days not
uncommon
■ No safety measures resulted in
frequent accidents
– Not uncommon to lose an arm or
leg

41. The Factory
■ Workers given extremely low wages
– Entire families forced to work to
make a living
■ No restrictions on worker age
■ Children worked 12 hour days, often
developing lung problems from the
coal or growing up misshapen from
pushing coal carts

42. Early British Reform
■ 1833 – minimum working age of 9, limited working hours for children
■ 1844 – inspectors sent to enforce laws on the factories
■ 1853 – the 12 hour work day is established

43. Second Industrial Revolution
■ CommunicationTechnology
■ 1831 – Michael Faraday discovers how to produce an electric current
■ Paved the way for the communication revolution
– Telegraph – used Morse Code to send messages by wire
■ 1866 – first message sent Across the Atlantic Ocean
– Telephone (1876) – allowed for conversations over vast distances
– Radio – first used by shipping companies to monitor the progress of their
ships
■ Messages could be sent in a fraction of the time
■ Trains and communication technology began to close the world

44. CommunicationTechnology

45. Other Inventions
■ Creation of the gaslight allowed
for work and study during the
night
■ Thomas Edison – created the
light bulb and the phonograph
■ Switch from coal and steam to
oil as an energy source
■ Internal combustion engine
– Used in cars, trains, and
airplanes

46. The Rise of American Industry
■ Prior to 1865, agriculture was the
main occupation ofAmericans
■ During and after the CivilWar the US
began to rapidly industrialize
■ The CivilWar required the North to
create factories and increase output
in order to defeat the South
■ Concentration of industry would
remain in the Northeast
– NewYork, Chicago, Detroit

47. Results ofThese Changes
■ During this period the United
States experienced one of its
greatest economic gains
■ The nation began to emerge as a
world power
■ Produced more than 1/3 of the
world’s manufactured goods
■ Per capita income and industrial
production only second to
Britain
■ 1869 –Transcontinental Railroad
allowed for travel across the U.S.
in 5 days

48. The Rise of the Corporation
■ Enterprising individuals took advantage of the changing nature of the economy
■ Not previously possible to amass so much wealth in an agricultural society
■ As a result, there were no regulations to check the powers of the corporation
■ Power became more concentrated with fewer competitors
■ Skilled artisans and small shops found themselves replaced by large factories and
semiskilled workers

49. Captains of Industry
■ Big businessmen, not politicians,
controlled the new industrialized
America
■ Robber Baron – individual who
amasses a huge fortune using
questionable business tactics
■ Monopolies – companies that
control an entire market for a
product, setting whatever price
they choose

50. Captains of Industry
■ John D. Rockefeller – owned 90% of
the oil in the United States
■ Andrew Carnegie – controlled the
steel industry
■ CorneliusVanderbilt – acquired large
portions of the railroad and
steamship network