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![Specialization Syntax
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Subactor only includes relevant elements
New Elements: regular lines
Inherited modified Elements: regular lines
Inherited non-modified Elements: dotted
lines
• Specialized Elements: [] for the inherited
element name
• Deleted Elements (redefinition): cross out
May 2013
The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework
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The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework
Lidia López Cuesta's PhD defense discusses the concept of specialization within the i* framework, aiming to outline a set of specialization operations applicable in model construction. The presentation reviews the motivation, research objectives, state of the art, methodological approach, and offers a proposal for extending, refining, and redefining intentional elements in i* models. Key contributions include formal definitions of i* specialization and methodology, along with validation through academic exemplars and tool support.
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The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework
- 1. The notion of Specializationin the i* Framework Lidia López Cuesta PhD Defense May, 16th 2013 Advisors:Dr. Xavier Franch Dr. Jordi Marco
- 2. What will Italk … in the next 45 minutes? Introduction • Motivation • Research Objective • Research Questions • Methodological Approach May 2013 State of the Art • In Related Areas • In the i* Literature • According to the i* Community Specialization Proposal Conclusions & Future Work • is-a link • i* Model Correctness • Specialization Proposal • Extension • Refinement • Redefinition • Methodology • Contributions • Future Lines of Work • Publications The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 2
- 3. Outline Introduction • • • • Motivation Research Objective Research Questions MethodologicalApproach State of the Art Specialization Proposal Conclusions & Future Work May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 3
- 4. Motivation Two types ofi* diagrams Customer Travel Agency Easily Bought SD Diagrams Travel Agency Customer Buy Travel SR Diagrams Easily Bought Name a Price Travels Bought Easily They need to be synchronized May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 4
- 5. Motivation My focus: specializationin i* through is-a • How are the IEs belonging to Customer inherited in Family? • What manipulations are valid over them? – E.g., may Buy Travel have additional subtasks? • Do Customer dependencies apply to Family? May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 5
- 6. Motivation The ultimate effectof is-a is not clear • The i* guide does not define it • i* modellers use it intuitively May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 6
- 7. Research Objective Presenting aset of specialization operations applicable in the process of building models with the i* language. May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 7
- 8. Research Questions i* Specialization proposed Define i* Specialization Operations Presentinga set of specialization operations applicable in the process of RQ1: buildingactor specialization be applied when How can models with the i* language. RQ1:Specializati on Applied Correctly RQ2: Define i* Language Core RQ3: Validate i* model Correcteness building models with the i* language? RQ2: What constructs configure the i* language core? RQ3: How can the model correctness be validated when specialization is used in i* models? May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 8
- 9. Research Questions i* Specialization proposed Define i* Specialization Operations AND RQ1:Specializati onApplied Correctly AND AND RQ2: Define i* Language Core RQ3: Validate i* model Correcteness AND RQ1-1: Identify the i* current use RQ1-2.1: specialization in other areas May 2013 RQ1-3: define methodology RQ1-2: define admisible modifications RQ1-2.2: define operations semantics RQ1-2.3: define operations syntax V1: Run Academic Exemplar Define i* Model Correctness V4: provide Tool Support The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework V3: Formal validation for operations V2: Formalize operations 9
- 10. Methodological Approach Formal Analysis Proof of Concept Methodology Validation New Techniques Specialization Proposal Analytic Models Formalize Descriptive Models May2013 Correctness Validation Understand the phenomenom The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 10
- 11. Methodological Approach Formal Analysis Correctness Validation V3 Formal • Formal Validation Analysis Proofof Concept Methodology Validation Proof of • Academic Exemplar Concept New Techniques Specialization Proposal New Techniques Analytic Models Formalize Analytic • i* Language Models Descriptive Models Understand the phenomenom Descriptive • i* models • i* survey Models May 2013 Correctness Validation Stage1: Initial Proposal 2: Stage Proposal3: Stage Consolidtion Proposal Validation V1 V4 V4 RQ1-2.2 RQ1-2.3 RQ1-3 • Operation Semantics Specialization • Operation Syntax Proposal • Methodology RQ2 RQ3 V2 • i* Models Formalize Correctness • Operations RQ1-2.1 RQ2 RQ3 • i* models • i* dialects • i* Models Correctness RQ1-1 Methodology • • ToolSupport: Tool Support: Validation HiME REDEPEND Understand • Related Areas the phenomenom The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 11
- 12. Outline Introduction State of theArt • In Related Areas • In the i* Literature • According to the i* Community Specialization Proposal Conclusions & Future Work May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 12
- 13. State of theArt KR SD Related Areas CM i* i* Literature Survey May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 13
- 14. KR SD CM Knowledge Representation • SemanticNetworks (Quillian 1966) Attribute Cancelation EXCEPTIONS May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 14
- 15. KR SD CM Software Development • Inheritance- main characteristics in OOP • Simula 67(1968) – Order class Single Order Taxomania Rule • Nowadays Every heir must introduce a feature, – Java, C# - overrides for methods redeclare an inherited feature, or add an – Visual Basic – shadows invariant clause • More than programing languages… – Eiffel – Contracts (restricting methods) – Taxomania rule (taxo + mania) May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 15
- 16. KR SD CM Conceptual Modelling • 1975:“Conceptual Model” • 1976: ER (Chen) EER (inheritance) • Nowadays: UML – 1997 v1.0: only new features – 2005 v2.0: includes redefinition • IS-A hierarchies: Template vs. Prototype May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 16
- 17. KR SD CM Specialization in RelatedAreas Area Knowledge Representation Approach Strict Defeasible Introduce feature New Attributes Add Invariant Redeclare feature Does not Apply No Does not Apply Attribute Cancellation Simula 67 No Taxomania Rule Every heir must introduce a feature, redeclare an inherited feature, or add an invariant clause Smalltalk-80, Delphi, C++, C#, Java OO Languages Visual Basic New Properties & Methods Borgida & Mylopoulos May 2013 Overrides and Shadows for properties and methods New Attributes & Methods Renaming and Redefinition for routines and procedures using contracts No Semantic data models UML Simulation accessing properties via methods Adding invariants Eiffel Conceptual Modeling Overrides for methods Simulation for properties accessing via methods No Features Restriction (cardinality, visibility,…) Attributes and Roles Renaming Attributes The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework No 17
- 18. i* Literatur e Specialization in i*Literature 1995 Supe ractor Add invariant Suba ctor Introduce a feature May 2013 SR? The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 18
- 19. i* Literatur e Specialization in i*Literature Regurlarly used but no details May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 19
- 20. i* Survey i* Survey Q1 Q2 B is-a A 57% 84% Q1 How oftendo you use is-a links in the i* models that you develop? Q2 If you use is-a links, do you have any doubt about their usage? Q3 If A is-a B, what is the consequence regarding dependencies at the SD model level? Q4 If A is-a B, what is the consequence regarding the SR model level? 21 valid responses, 10-15% of the population (2010; 4th i* workshop) May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 20
- 21. i* Survey i* Survey Q3: Dependencies... 20 B 10 Q3 85% 8 8 is-a 5% 5 19 90% Q4 10 14% 1 A 20 15 18 15 Q4:SR Elements... 5 10% 38% 3 3 2 0 0 0 0 No Changes Add Remove Modify Other No Changes Add Remove Modify Q1 How often do you use is-a links in the i* models that you develop? Q2 If you use is-a links, do you have any doubt about their usage? Q3 If A is-a B, what is the consequence regarding dependencies at the SD model level? Q4 Other If A is-a B, what is the consequence regarding the SR model level? 21 valid responses, 10-15% of the population (2010; 4th i* workshop) May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 21
- 22. KR SD …as a Result CM i* i* modelsSurvey Introduce Feature Add Invariant Redeclare Feature Knowledge Representation All N/A Defeasible OO Languages All All All – Simula Conceptual Modelling All All – ER None i* Literature All Yu None 85-90% 14-38% 5-10% i* Survey i* Specialization Extension Refinement Redefinition Models reuse (Open-Closed principle) & Exceptions modeling Operations + May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 22
- 23. Outline Introduction State of theArt Specialization Proposal • is-a link • i* Model Correctness • Specialization Proposal • Extension • Refinement • Redefinition • Methodology Conclusions & Future Work May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 23
- 24. is-a Link • Transitive •Acyclic • No dependencies from subactor to superactor May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 24
- 25. Subactor / Superactor •Subactor inherits from superactor: – All inside the boundary – All dependencies – All actor links May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 25
- 26. i* Models Correctness •LSP (Software subtype instances are also (SD) The Development) the supertype’ Liskov Substitution Principle • LSPfor each object can substitute its an If (i*) subactor o1 of type S there is object o2 of superactor type T such that for all programs –P defined in terms of T, the behavior ofkept Superactor’s incoming dependencies P is unchanged when o1 is substituted for o2, – Subactor satisfaction must imply superactor’s then S is a subtype of T. • sat(a, M) sat(b, M) b is-a a May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 26
- 27. Actor Satisfaction sat(a, M)= d outgoingDeps(a): sat(d) May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 27
- 28. Actor Satisfaction b main 1 a main1 g main 2 t sg sat(a, M) = ie mainIEs(a): sat(ie, M) May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 28
- 29. Specialization Proposal • 3kinds of specialization: Extension, Refinement and Redefinition. • 9 specific operations (3 for each kind) – Intentional Elements – Intentional Element Links – Dependencies • 1 operation per element May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 29
- 30. from the Stateof the Art KR SD CM i* i* Literature Survey May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 30
- 31. Specialization Syntax • • • • Subactor onlyincludes relevant elements New Elements: regular lines Inherited modified Elements: regular lines Inherited non-modified Elements: dotted lines • Specialized Elements: [] for the inherited element name • Deleted Elements (redefinition): cross out May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 31
- 32. Extension New Properties New Attributes NewMethods New Attributes New Methods New Int. Elements New Int. Elements New Dependencies New IE Links New IE Links New Dependencies Dependencies New May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 32
- 33. New Intentional Element Semantics:Add a new Main IE Correctness condition: actors with internal Intentional Elements May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 33
- 34. New IE Link Semantics:Add new decomposition to an inherited IE Correctness condition: Only decomposition Links, no Contributions Links May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 34
- 35. New Dependency Semantics: Adda new outgoing Dependency Correctness condition: actors without internal Intentional Elements May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 35
- 36. Refinement Add Invariants Restrict Features RenameAttributes Refine Int. Elements Rename Roles Modify Strengths Refine IE LinksModify Int. Elements New DependenciesModify IE Links Modify Dependencies May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 36
- 37. Refining IE Semantics: Restrictthe IE Correctness condition: satisfaction(refined IE) implies satisfaction(inherited IE) May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 37
- 38. Refining IE Semantics: Restrictthe IE Correctness condition: softgoal goal, goal task, goal Resource May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 38
- 39. Refining Contribution Link Semantics:Restrict the Contribution Link Value Correctness condition: UnknownSome+, Some+Help, Help Make UnknownSome-, Some-Break, BreakHurt May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 39
- 40. Refining Dependency Semantics: Restrictthe dependum and/or strengths Correctness condition: same condition as IE for dependum May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 40
- 41. Refining Dependency Semantics: Restrictthe dependum and/or strengths Correctness condition: Open (O) Committed, Committed Critical (X) May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 41
- 42. Redefinition Cancel Attributes Override Methods Redefine IE Remove Dependencies ModifyStrengths Redefine IE Links Remove IE Redefine Dependencies i* flexibility May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 42
- 43. Redefining Intentional Element Semantics:Redefine the way to satisfy the IE (its decomposition) Correctness condition: at least remove one decomposition link, no incoming dependencies arriving to removed elements May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 43
- 44. Redefining Contribution Link Semantics:Change Contribution Link value Correctness condition: not respecting the order for contribution link values May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 44
- 45. Redefining Dependency Semantics: Restrictthe dependum and/or strengths Correctness condition: not respecting the order for strength values May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 45
- 46. Operations Formalization For eachoperation: • Formal Definition: signature, precondition & postcondition (effects) • Theorem: actor specialization kept the model correctness – First-order Logic – Induction May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 46
- 47. Specialization Process Step 1 is-a link Step2 Activity 2.1 Extension Preventive Incoming Reallocation? Redefinition Outgoing/ Incoming Reallocation? Refinement Activity 2.2 Outgoing/ Incoming Reallocation? Actor Link Dependency Qualitative Contribution Decomposition subtree May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 47
- 48. Outline Introduction State of theArt Specialization Proposal Conclusions & Future Work • Contributions • Future Lines of Work • Publications May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 48
- 49. Contributions • RQ1. SpecializationOperations – Extension – Refinement – Redefinition • RQ1. Methodology • RQ2. Formal definition for i* models • RQ3. Formal definition for i* Correctness May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 49
- 50. Validation • Operations &Methodology – V1: Academic Exemplar – V4: Tool Support (HiME & REDEPEND) • Formal – V2: i* Models & Operations Formalization • Set theory – V3: Fomal Validation • sat(subactor) implies sat(superactor) • First Order Logic (induction) May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 50
- 51. Future Lines ofWork • Real case (RISCOSS, OpenOME) Extension May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework Refinement 51
- 52. Future Lines ofWork • Multiple Inheritance • Refinement + Redefinition • How affect to properties & treatments for i* framework • Including strengths to the dependency satisfaction • Apply operations to other links (plays, occupies, …) May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 52
- 53. Publications 1 Clotet, R.;Franch, X.; Lopez, L.; Marco, J.; Seyff, N. and Grünbacher, P.: On the Meaning of Inheritance in i*. In Proceedings of the 17th International Workshop on Agent-Oriented Information Systems (AOIS 2007). 2 Lopez, L.; Franch, X. and Marco, J.: Defining Inheritance in i* at the Level of SR Intentional Elements. In Proceedings of the 3rd International i* Workshop (iStar 2008). 3 Lopez, L.: A complete definition of the inheritance construct in i*. In Proceedings of the ER 2009 PhD Colloquium. 4 Lopez, L.; Franch, X. and Marco, J.: HiME: Hierarchical i* Modeling Editor.Tool Demo session for the ER 2009. 5 Cares, C.; Franch, X.; Lopez, L. and Marco, J.: Definition and uses of the i* metamodel. In Proceedings of the 4th International i* Workshop (iStar 2010). 6 Lopez, L.; Franch, X. and Marco, J.: Making Explicit some Implicit i* Language Decisions. In Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER 2011). 7 Lopez, L.; Franch, X. and Marco, J.: Specialization in i* Strategic Rationale Diagrams. In Proceeding of the 31th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER 2012). Best Student Paper Award. An extended version as a Research Report. May 2013 The notion of Specialization in the i* Framework 53
- 54. Thank you Lidia LópezCuesta llopez@essi.upc.edu http://www.essi.upc.edu/~llopez/