National Response Plan Howard L. Hayes Saint Leo University

National Response Plan Howard L. Hayes Saint Leo University
National Response Plan Howard L. Hayes Saint Leo University Abstract Why is it necessary for our country to have an effective emergency plan
in place? Why does it matter how the country responds to emergencies when every part of our country, including cities and states, face emergency
situations on a daily basis all over? Some are bad to worse, and some horrific to deadly. Well, this paper explains the importance of the National
Response Plan and why it is necessary for our country to have it in place. It explores several articles that have been published to show the results
on the effectiveness and response of the National Response Plan. The National Response Framework, previously called The National Response
Plan, is a plan that the United States put in effect to organize the way the country and the community handles attacks, disasters, as well as all
events looked at as an emergency. The Response Plan relays and describes all the information in order to avoid catastrophic damages and to protect
and save lives. The plan focuses on how the country as a whole can work together to prepare for damaging events. Morover, the plan doesn 't always
seem to be effective as it is expected to be. Issues arose at the time it is most needed, which causes necessary changes to take effect immediately.
Sometimes the damage is already done and that could be due to economic collapse, being unprepared, and failure to respond appropriately. The
National Response Framework replaced the National
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Federal Emergency Management Agency ( Fema )
Federal Emergency Management Agency
There are numerous types of situations that could cause an emergency response, but who is supposed to provide emergency response to largescale
emergencies? The answer is the Department of Homeland Security (DHS); specifically the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The
Department of Homeland Security was created because of one single event that happened on September 11th, 2001. There are several entities under the
DHS program, additionally; the Federal Emergency Management Agency heads the emergency response efforts under DHS.
FEMA was created out of several different initial disaster response agencies such as, just to name a few; the National Weather Service Community
Preparedness Program ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is also designed as a standard, cooperate tool used for managing incidents. "The concepts contained herein provide for a flexible but standardized set
of incident management practices with emphasis on common principles, a consistent approach to operational structures and supporting mechanisms,
and an integrated approach to resource management" (Department of Homeland Security, 2015). The NIMS has several functions that work in
collaboration to provide the necessary tools for response efforts. These functions include: NIMS Doctrine Supporting Guides and Tools; Training;
Resource Management and Mutual Aid; Implementation Guidance and Reporting; NIMS Alerts; FEMA NIMS Regional Contacts; and Incident
Command System Resources. These functions work together to produce the Department of Homeland Security's effective emergency response strategy.
The Department of Homeland Security sponsors a program called "Ready Business." "DHS has adopted the National Fire Protection Association
1600 (NFPA 1600) as the American National Standard for developing a preparedness program" (Department of Homeland Security, 2015). FEMA
spreads this plan in efforts to establish effective emergency response preparedness from the businesses initially affected by disasters. This type of
program is in place in hopes that it will help alleviate a large amount of known hazards that are associated with disasters and emergency

The Destruction from the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and...
The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was one of the deadliest and most destructive in recent history. It was even catastrophic for a country like Maldives
that never experienced disasters of such scale. While some of the islands in Maldives were completely destroyed and a significant number of lives lost;
the damages to economy, infrastructure, environment and human psyche was immeasurable (Pardasani, 2006, p. 80). Having only dealt with storm
surges and localized flooding, "there were no operational plans or capacity to deal with a disaster of this magnitude" in Maldives (Government of
Maldives, et al., 2005, p. 9). Despite some organizational shortcomings, mostly owing to their lack of experience in managing large–scale disasters and
limited ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Maldivian Scouts were the first among NGOs to respond by taking initiative to report to operation centre in Male. Scouts across the country were
called to be on alert. The cadets and scouts remained in assisting aid workers in managing temporary accommodation and other delegated tasks.
Following the destructions in islands, communities that were not affected by the tsunami took the initiative in supplying basic necessities to the
neighbouring islands. A national plea for aid was broadcasted on national and private media (both television and radio station) and updates of tsunami
and its affect were continuously reported on media channels (Haleem, A. & Yusuf, A., 2004) The only local NGOs with enough expertise in
community outreach were Society for Health Education and Care Society which later took a leading role in psychosocial support and counselling in
some focused communities (Pardasani, 2006).
Prior to tsunami, the international organizations in Maldives were very limited. The organizations that existed were primarily focusing on education
and health development (Brown, 2005). International aid agencies arrived in a very short time. The Pakistan Armed Forces assisted in

Importance and Process of Emergency Planning
Emergency planning
Major emergencies, disasters when they occur they don't discriminate nor do they respect national borders and they never occur at the times when
we are ready. The level of suffering caused by these events is enormous and many a times he aspects of people's lives in one way or another are
affected. This can be in terms of health, security, access to basics necessities like food, water and so forth. In this regard therefore it's important to
have emergency plans in place so that the affected people and their properties can be mitigated, and response to disaster can be coordinated effectively
and efficiently in timely manner when disasters and other calamities strike (Cara McMillan, 1998).
However much many emergencies are unpredictable, a lot can be done to mitigate their devastating effects at the same time strengthen the response
capacity of communities faced with the risk the development process involves the risk reduction and emergency preparedeness,in response to acute
humanitarian crises the international humanitarian community play a significant role in capacity building of especially the health sectors in response
to reducing the risk and responding to emergencies through a committed long term technical and managerial programs from member states. Risk
reduction and emergency preparedness is the responsibility of all national sectors, in regard to health at the national level the body responsible with
health is the lead agency in health sector,

National Response Framework And National Incident...
Both the national response framework and National Incident Management system are plans set in place to provide a response to domestic incidents
and both are overseen by the Federal Emergency Agency. While they are both similar they do have distinguishing characteristics (Haddow, G.,
Bullock, J, & Coppola, D. 2014). The National Response Framework incorporates a formal plan that involves both local, state, federal, and
non–government agencies that works seamlessly together to provide a response that if followed properly can be proven to have a successful ending to
an emergency situation. The most important concept behind the National Response Framework is that Federal Government does not supersede local
government and combines the government

The National Incident Management System
The National Incident Management System is a systematic guideline on how to effectively plan, mitigate, respond and recover, from significant
incidences especially those that encompass diverse interest and involves all levels of governments. It works hand in hand with the National Response
Framework, which provides structure for incident management while NIMS provide the guide for all departments and agencies at all levels of
government, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector to work flawlessly during incident management to reduce loss of life and property
(U. S. Department of Homeland Security, 2008). The core aspect of theNational Incident Management System during incident response is the Incident
Command System (ICS), ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, there are some challenges involves in mobilizing and deploying response teams in some special incidents. For instance, during the 2010
Deepwater Horizon (DWH) Incident, there were reports of "some delay in achieving a fully functioning, effective and efficient Incident Command
System" (Florida Commission on Oil Spill Response Coordination, 2012, P.33). As such some questions like why should cityemergency management
personnel use the National Incident Management System rather than developing their own command and control system often arises. This paper will
try to answer or clarify this question by examining the advantages and disadvantages of the NIMS; endeavor to see if there is any advantages and
disadvantages, of developing and using an ad hoc system to manage emergency; And then compare the advantages and disadvantages both systems;
finally try to justify the use of the National Incident Management System as opposed to emergency management personnel developing an ad hoc
command system for each individual emergency or disaster situation.
Advantages of the NIMS
The National Incident Management System (NIMS) which was created in 2003 based on existing structures provides framework for all types of
incidence throughout the country. It aimed at uniting all those involves in incident management together for a common goal of successful management
of incidents. Some notable benefits of NIMS include integration of incident

Potential Advantages Of An Insider Attack
orry about.
In some sense, an insider attack fits under the general classification of incident response. In this manner, a few organizations will simply utilize their
incident response plan on account of any events. It generally does not give the best reaction in light of the fact that an incident response plans at most
organizations was worked to handle outside events not inward. The first big difference is knowing that it is an internal attack (Watson, 2013). With most
external attacks you can rapidly distinguish the sources of the issue being outside and you can rapidly tell that you are under attack. However, with an
insider attack, the organization doesn't know what is going on; your protected information appears to dependably end up in ... Show more content on
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With an internal attack there is often no visible evidence and can usually be kept more contained. The harder it is to control and identify, tied with
the fact that the person committing the attack has access and is more covert, means that the bleeding is occurring at an even quicker rate and there is
a great chance for loss. One of the potential advantages of an insider attack is there is typically less obvious evidence of attack, which, in spite of the
fact that it makes it harder to examine and recognize the issue ranges, likewise makes it less demanding to keep the subtle information private with less
chance of public knowledge and shame. With an internal attack there is regularly no visual evidence and can be kept more contained. When a security
incident occurs, where a suspect employee is deleting files from a server or sensitive database. This has created a security incident and a need to
respond to that incident, and this incident is going to involve E–Discovery. With E–Discovery the forensic investigators are collecting digital evidence.
They search through digital equipment's, such as laptops, and desktops, and mobile devices; and are trying to retrieve that digital data, so

Emergency Planning For A Worst Case Scenario
Looking back at the past eight weeks', disasters have continued to occur across the United States. There have been riots in Baltimore Maryland,
wildfires throughout the state of California and most of the Western United States, and more recently flooding in south–central New Orleans. As first
responders, like the rest of the world, we wake up in the morning put both feet on the floor, go through some morning routine and most often fail to
realize that today's the day a disaster will occur. It may not be the people we serve, or in the community in which we live, but the potential is always
there. Emergency planning is a pivotal key in being prepared for a worst case scenario. Since Hurricane Katrina, the federal government, state and local
officials have stepped up their game in disaster planning. The federal government has established numerous guidelines and protocols for such events.
The National Response Framework (NRF) superseded by the National Response Plan (NRP), the National Incident Management System (NIMS), and
the Stafford Act are just a few of the government 's key programs. Recognized nationally bringing resources across the nation together and on the same
page (Kramer Ph.D., 2009, p. 18).
Currently, the disastrous flooding in Louisiana is a result of more than 20 inches of rain in a weeks' time (Grinberg, Yan, & Flores, 2016, para. 6). A
disaster of this size and magnitude is difficult to imagine anyone could be prepared for it, even if they were aware it

Causes Of Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina proved to be one of the most catastrophic and costly natural disasters to affect the United States. Severe winds, heavy rains, and a
27–foot storm surge devastated the Gulf Coast states of Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana. In addition, the ferocity of the storm caused the failure
of the New Orleans levee system resulting in massive flooding. The loss to the nation was extraordinary. The total expense from infrastructure
damage, destroyed personal properties, and recovery efforts reached $108 billion dollars. The damage and flooding displaced over 700,000 people, and
worse, over 1200 people lost their lives (Blake, Landsea, & Gibney, 2011). Widespread criticisms regarding insufficient response management,
confusion in command and control, and the breakdown in communications raised awareness that the current National Response Plan was deficient.
Within days, President George W. Bushordered a complete review of the plan to improve ineffective systems and ultimately better prepared for future
catastrophes. While disaster response plans and procedures were in place, Hurricane Katrina uncovered organizational failures leading to an improved
National Preparedness Doctrine.
Organizational Failures
National response policies state that disaster planning and response are primarily local and state functions (Department of Homeland Security, 2013).
The devastation from Hurricane Katrina severely degraded, and in some instances incapacitated, local and

Katrina Active Duty Forces
Hurricane Katrina caused a great deal of destruction, death, and human suffering. Research from this event brings to light the limitations of both the
National Guard and active–duty forces response capabilities, and whether changes in the roles and responsibilities of the National Guard and
active–duty forces during emergencies would enable them to respond better. It is likely that the primary responsibility for national disasters will
continue to be handled by local and state officials. They have the best understanding of situations, have the capability to handle the case, and can
respond quickly. Hurricane Katrina generated the need to examine the federal response and to make any changes that are needed for the preparation of
National Guard and active–duty Army during major domestic emergencies. Both the National Guard and active duty Army are changing to smaller
modular and interoperable combat and support brigades that can provide the foundation for an expedited force that can deploy units to threats quickly.
The Army ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Every National Guard unit should be adept in rapid deployments, not only to their own states but to others as well. There should be plans made that
safeguards that out–of–state National Guard units are equipped to fill in for the units that are mobilized or deployed overseas. This type of agreement
would increase the response time of units coming from other states. Another option would be for governors to design a plan where units with particular
abilities, could be called on for their specific training either in–state or out–of–state in the event of an emergency (Tkacz, 2006). Having regional
support forces that would be responsible for regional planning , preparation and exercises could have the ability to quickly deploy initial response
forces to the scene of an event could also streamline the process of communication between the

New York Emergency Operations Plan
Purpose, Scope, Situation, and Assumptions
The city of New York, in accordance with the Title 47, Chapter 10 on 'State Disaster Preparedness Act' (1975) is supposed to come up with a plan and
prepare for any emergencies and disasters that are man–made or natural or any other hostile activity that involves using weapons of mass destruction,
such as terrorism. This is the New York Emergency Operations Plan (NYEOP) that recognizes that the local government needs to come up with a plan
to handle such emergencies on behalf of the federal government. This plan acknowledges other agreements where requests can be made for state
assistance that may come from other districts or neighboring cities, or even country (Zaza, et.al, 2016). The plan also defines ... Show more content on
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A disaster emergency may become a threat to the United States national security. When a disaster is a threat to national security, different security
procedures and authorities are required to address the requirements of national security. Such situations lead to a federal response that is to be
supported by the local government.
Situation:
1.An emergency or disaster can occur at any moment, or location within New York with no notice. Such disasters are bound to lead to a lot of property
damage, human suffering, and economic hardship to the business community, individuals, and governments.
2.Sharing of information is necessary for many government levels, the private sector, and response community. The people of New York expect the
government to provide assistance, guidance and inform them when an emergency, disaster or a threat occurs in the city of New York.
3.Hazard Analysis: A hazard analysis of the city of New York was determined depending on several risk factor values that included the duration,
warning time, spatial extent, probability, and impact. The greater risk was determined by a higher risk factor. Some of the human–caused, natural, and
technological hazards recorded included landslides, wild fires, earthquakes, canal failure, dams, landslides, drought, volcanic eruptions, the wind,
tornadoes, lightning, severe storms, civil disturbances, cyber disruptions, radiological and hazardous material (Hoffman,

National Response Framework Essay
National Response Framework The National Response Framework addressed the problems in the National Response Plan and was developed as
a framework instead of a plan. It provides policy and guiding principles for a unified response from all levels of government, all sectors of
communities, to all types of hazards regardless of their origin (Lindsay, 2008). It is not an operational plan, it is a framework that permits for
flexibility that allows responders how to choose to respond to an incident. One benefit of the NRF is that DHS keeps the document "live" which
means it is constantly being updated as new methods or disaster responses are acted on. No two disasters are the same or provide the exact same
damage so it is important that it constantly... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are the eyes and ears in the areas, know their communities, know what natural threats face them, and they generally have a specific plan in
place for all disasters that can occur in their areas. The federal government has tried to take first responders to the next level to ensure they are safe,
as well as members of the community. The number of first responders who died on 9/11 was tragic and an event that no one wanted to see repeated.
With the assistance, guidance and funding from the federal government, local government and responders are tasked to create community emergency
operation plans (EOP). These plans outline the responsibilities of responders and detail a number of objectives if they fall victim to a terrorist attack.
In addition, FEMA provides training for first responders which will help teams learn how to prepare for, protect against, respond to, and recover from
all types of disasters. This can include active shooter training, natural disaster training, terrorist attacks, how to ensure continuous operations, and how
to become a training. Having these tools is extremely important and vital for all agencies from the local to the federal

Mitigation : The Challenge For Emergency Medical Services
Mitigation is about reducing vulnerability and therefore improving the resiliency of a community and nation. Although CBRNE events commonly
involve multiple patients and thus, on the surface, might resemble multi–casualty incidents, the unique hazards of CBRN events require specific
education and training. The addition of a potential CBRN agent to any situation significantly changes the flavor of that situation and therefore the
reactions of personnel at the scene.
The challenge for emergency medical services (EMS), comprised of paramedics and fire first–responders, is a combination of the following:
recognizing that a chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) event has occurred; providing resuscitative care in or near a ... Show more
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If a first responder is not able to safely respond, the expected loss of life rises.
The Hazardous Material Identification System conveys the information that directly influences how first responders should approach the attack. The
Hazardous Materials Identification System (HMIS) is a numerical hazard rating that incorporates the use of labels with color–coded bars as well as
training materials (CT2Learn). The utilization of the hazardous materials identification system ensures the appropriate materials are categorized and
proper handling and care are clearly stated. For their safety, it is imperative first responders take in large amounts of information very quickly when
they arrive on scene. Responders need to make judgment calls that will impact not only themselves, but also those they are assisting. Should a location
that handles hazardous materials be the target of a terrorist attack the first responders need to quickly assess what protective safety measures are
required. First responders require training in how to respond to the risks presented with the presence of the hazardous materials. Each hazardous
material brings unique characteristics to the event. The response protocols for an event involving jet fuel is vastly different form an event involving
bio–hazardous materials or even a nuclear event.
Response
Response is about saving lives and meeting basic human needs after an emergency. Ill–prepared, heroic rescue

Emergency Emergencies : A Bomb Detonation Of A Crowded...
Radiological recovery plan Introduction A radiological emergency refers to those disasters that involve radioactive material that may occur in
areas that are uncontrolled, misuse of radioactive materials in industries, malicious acts, threats, and transport emergencies. One of the greatest
tragic incidents that can befall a country is a radiological bomb detonation in a crowded area. Such areas may include shopping malls, health
facilities, and learning institutions. Exposure to radiological explosions presents enormous and immediate radioactive threats to life and severe
damages to the infrastructure within the exposure zone. It is essential for all the bodies of authority as well as the public to have a proper plan to
mitigate the impacts caused by a possible radiological attack exposure. The local, public, and national emergency preparedness in responding to a
radiological detonation could lead to saving of many lives. In most instances, the local emergency services play a crucial role as early responders
towards mitigating the effects of radiological emergencies. These local emergency services include the law enforcements, fire departments as well as
the local medics. The national emergency response services also play a key role in supporting the local emergency response services. A radiological
attack within a mall has far–reaching effects that will affect the environment and the people within the exposure zones. Radiological bomb results in a
blast that comes from

Fault For The Recovery Efforts Of Hurricane Katrina
While there have been many papers and articles written on the organizations most at fault for the recovery efforts of hurricane Katrina, most of the
blame is wrongfully pointed towards FEMA. In fact, most experts in the hurricane field knew a storm the size of Katrina would absolutely decimate
the city of New Orleans. The levee system was the primary failure point as mention by The Times–Picayune (2002), "another scenario is that some part
of the levee would fail". These levees, combined with the geographical properties of the city itself, are faults, which clearly were out of FEMAs
control. Yet FEMA is still the blame winner, and the reasoning, is actually not FEMAs fault either. Consequently, poor decision making, and
confusion of who was in charge was the biggest shortfall during the recovery efforts of Katrina. Prior to the 9/11 attacks, FEMA was an independent
agency, affording it direct access to the president (Haddow, Bullock, & Coppola, 2011). FEMA was actually absorbed into the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS) after the attacks, in a shift of focus to terrorism being the largest threat inside our borders. This had many ill–fated results
for FEMA as an organization, the loss of valuable resources, and the creation of the National Response Plan effectively forced FEMA into a second
fiddle during disasters. According to Haddow, Bullock, & Coppola (2011), "where previously the director of FEMA had maintained a clear line of
authority and accountability,

The National Response Framework (NRF)
Introduction Disasters are incidents that most hope to avoid but in reality they happen often. Preparation for these events is necessary if the damage
and loss of life is to be mitigated. Several events have occurred in the last decade that has increased awareness of the necessity of emergency
management. Events such Hurricane Katrina and the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Both of these events had massive death tolls and millions of dollars worth of
property damage. They both resulted in a public outcry for more effective intervention and assistance with disaster incidents. The National Response
Framework (NRF) was created after both of these events and in response to criticism of the prior National Response Plan. The change of title from
National ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that a certain response is not required like a plan would necessitate. The size of the disaster would dictate the size of the response. Not
all disaster incidents require a federal or even state response. The framework allows for part to be requested as needed. The local government can
request the help of the state and then the state can request the help of the federal government. Though for some agencies to be involved on a local
level the state or full federal invention is not required. This way only the minimum level of assistance and resources necessitated are dispatched. This
also permits that resources and personnel are not wasted on one disaster that could be used elsewhere. The scalability of response is key in creating
efficiency and effectiveness within emergency management. The final strength of the NRF is that is expressly informs state and local governments of
the available resources for receiving federal assistance. The emergency support functions (ESF) chart shows the state and local governments exactly
which bureaucratic organization handles certain issues that may arise within a disaster incident. The chart also goes to show exactly what each
agency can do to assist the state and local governments. There are fifteen ESFs below is a portion of the chart as an example. The NRF also informs
the state and

National Response Framework Examples
National Response Framework
In the U.S, the (NRF) National Response Framework is one segment of the National Policy for Homeland Security which grants the managerial
ideologies permitting all echelons of internal reaction partners to provide a united and prepare for federal response to emergencies and disasters. This
documentation explores the role of the NRF and its relationship with other state organs in providing a national response to emergencies and disasters.
According to Abramson et al. (2015), the NRF sets up a single, comprehensive strategy to internal event management. The NRF is used to recover from,
prevent, respond to, prepare for major disasters, terrorist attacks, and other crises. The NRF is an all–hazard strategy developed on the template of the
NIMS (National Incidents Management System). Abramson et al. (2015), states that the NRF is significant as it offers mechanisms and structures for
the national–level plan and operational direction for domestic disaster management. The NRF may be fully or partially executed in the context of a
threat, an expectation of a noteworthy event, or in reaction to a disaster necessitating a synchronised Federal response. ... Show more content on
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(2015), selective execution via the activation of the NRF elements permits maximum flexibility to meet the distinctive functioning and
information–sharing necessities of any condition. It allows effective connections among different non–governmental entities, local, state, federal,
private–sector and tribal. The growth of the NRF was authorised by the Homeland Security Presidential Directive and Homeland Security Acts of 2002.
The NRF has been significant because it incorporates the National Contingency Plan among others national–level contingency plans (US Department of
Homeland Security,

Emergency Management And Emergency Managers
Introduction There are many roles an Emergency Managers will have to take in today's emergency response and management field. The fact that
emergency management covers such a vide field of concern means that the roles themselves will not be cookie cutter standardized throughout the
world. In the United States there are Emergency Managers at the local, state, and federal level and each of these roles are similar. The fact that these
Emergency Managers deal with separate issues that are not similar will cause these managers to have their own unique custom roles which will make
them differ from one another. The purpose of this essay is to define and discuss the most important roles these managers fill. Local Local Emergency
Managers such as county or volunteer fire chiefs will have the direct familiarity and the best understanding of the best approach to certain locally
unique situations in their area that a federal or even state employed Emergency Managers would not, purely due to the fact that the outside managers
do not deal daily with the small hand emergencies that the locals face. "Where there is an Emergency Managers that person is generally appointed, at
the county level, by a County Council or by County Commissioners, depending on the form or structure of the county government." (FEMA, 2014)
Local Emergency Managers will understand better how to maneuver the cities' infrastructure and local topographical hazards better than an
"out–of–towner" federal, or

National Guidance: Our Response To Hurricane Katrina
National Guidance – Our Response to Hurricane Katrina
On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina made landfall in Louisiana as a category 4 hurricane, bringing with it a storm surge that was as high as 29.5
feet in some areas, overwhelming the levees and drainage in New Orleans, which led to the devastating flooding (History.com Staff, 2009). Many
viewed thee nation's response as a massive failure, and in some ways, it was; yet we cannot fully blame the leadership that was in charge at the time.
The guidance that was in place at the time had some inadequacies, which ultimately lead to the delay of sending necessary assets to Louisiana.
Investigating where and how the nation failed ultimately led to the developed of new guidance to better prepare, ... Show more content on
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In 2011, President Barack Obama signed the Homeland Security Presidential Policy Directive 8. This directive clarified that the Department of
Homeland Security, under the guidance of the Federal Emergency management Agency, would be responsible for maintaining all national doctrine in
regards to incident management. Other doctrine that was developed was the National Preparedness Goal, updated National Incident Management
System and the National Response Plan, which replaced the National Response Plan (Headquarters, 2012). Army Directive Publication, 3–28 (2012)
explains how these three new doctrines work together to clarify how we as a nation will respond to future domestic operations:
These three living documents work hand–in–hand, continuously evolving to improve consistency and account for changing conditions. The National
Preparedness Goal, as of 2011, sets the vision and overall policy for nationwide preparedness. The National Incident Management System provides the
template for managing incidents at all levels, while the National Response Framework gives structure to national–level incident management and
response policy. (pg. 2)

Northridge Earthquake California 1994: A Case Study
Prevention and Protection: Northridge Earthquake California 1994
On Monday, January 17, 1994 at 4:31 a.m. an earthquake of magnitude 6.8 shook the Northridge area and the entire LA metropolitan area. Even though
the first major earthquake lasted only 20 seconds it caused moderate damage to the buildings, infrastructures and freeway overpasses. Because of the
earthquake people displaced from their homes are estimated to be around 80,000 to 125,000. "A multi–agency team, organized under the auspices of
the Interagency Committee on Seismic Safety in Construction and headed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, arrived at the
earthquake site within days of the event to document the effects of the earthquake" (NIST, 1994). What... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Public Information and Warning uses effective and accessible indications and warning systems to communicate significant threats and hazards to
involved operators, security officials, and the public (including alerts, detection capabilities, and other necessary and appropriate assets)"
(FEMA,2014). Critical tasks are to determine protocol as to how to protect stakeholder information. Information should be share d appropriately taking
into consideration the processes that address the needs of children; disabled individuals; people who are deaf and blind (will need sign language and
appropriate auxiliary aids). The information should be shared among all government levels. The actionable measures should be shared immediately
with the community and among all levels of Government and public and private sector. The Integrated Public Alert and Warning System, National
Terrorism Advisory System, and social media sites and technology should be utilized to their maximum capacity for effective communication with the
public (FEMA,

Title 10 Integration
The efficient integration of Title 10 and National Guard forces during domestic operations increases the threshold of a state's capacity to respond to
disasters or security requirements. Pre–event preparation is required to achieve efficient integration. This preparation requires three critical elements,
building relationships, integrated planning and exercises. To successfully incorporate federal forces during a response, states must develop positive
relationships with key Title 10 partners during steady–state operations. Building upon these relationships, state and federal partners conduct deliberate
planning for the integration of Title 10 forces in a state response. Finally, exercises validate plans and grow relationships. This paper describes... Show
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There are several large exercises simulating combined state and federal responses such as Vigilant Guard and Ardent Sentry. Lessons learned from the
Hurricane Sandy response indicate the importance of exercises simulating a DSC response. These events provide critical training, however, they are
resource intensive. Additionally, they are cyclical with the opportunity to participate only every few years. To augment large formal exercises, many
states now conduct annual Title 10 synchronization meetings. In the Alabama version of this event, the DCO, DCE, Deputy DSC, JEC, state–based
Title 10 installations and JFHQ representatives give formal information briefs on their functions. The event then transitions into a hurricane scenario
table top exercise to ensure all the participants understand the expectations during a DSC–led response. This interaction between the state and Title 10
participants is critical. Additionally, the interaction between the Title 10 participants, which normally do not work together, greatly enhances the
shared understanding of effective state–federal integration. Regardless of the scale of the exercise, conducting exercises together with state and Title 10
partners validates existing plans and strengthens

HIV/AIDS In Detroit Case Study
Furthermore, Heywood also addresses Mark Peterson, Director of Michigan Positive Action Coalition, who hopes that both the state of Michigan and
the City of Detroit manage the resources to fund the prevention and care of people living with HIV, activity that will impact a significant amount of the
population in Detroit (2012). But the response to AIDS from Mayor Duggan, a white person in a predominantly black community, is facing challenges
since the City of Detroit's bankruptcy.
About the national response to the HIV epidemic in Detroit, the National HIV/AIDS strategy details the principles and priorities to guide the
collective national work to address HIV in the U.S. by the year 2020 (Opalewski, 2016). The United States government leads ... Show more content on
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RARE project was designed to provide highly affected communities like Detroit "with a tool that would quickly identify conditions that fuel new
infections and serve as barriers to HIV–positive individuals getting HIV testing, care, and treatment" (Bates, 2007). The focus in Detroit were African
Americans engaged in high risk sexual behaviors. This national project has its political and social challenges so it has little impact on Detroit's
prevention efforts. Though, the U. S. Health Care System has expanded the Affordable Care Act (ACA) insurance for people living with HIV, poor
African Americans in Detroit cannot afford the ACA premiums, deductibles and co–pays (Heywood, 2015). In addition, the National Black Leadership
Commission on AIDS (NBLCA) has been conducting town hall meetings titled "Turning the Tide Together" in cities like Detroit hit the hardest by
HIV/AIDS (Heywood, 2012). These meetings in the cities considered as "hot spots" for HIV bring community leaders, policy makers and public
health experts to develop an action plan to fight the disease. But local

National Incident Management System (NIMS)
The NIMS provides the template for the management of incidents, while the NRF provides the structure and mechanisms for National–level policy for
incident management.
You may have heard the term National Incident Management System (NIMS). The NIMS is a companion document to the National Response
Framework (NRF), and provides a comprehensive, national approach to incident management that is applied and followed at all jurisdictional levels:
local, tribal, State, and Federal; and across functional disciplines: fire, health, law enforcement, and transportation. The NIMS provides the template for
the management of incidents, while the NRF provides the structure and mechanisms for National–level policy for incident management.
The NIMS is intended ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It provides all response personnel, including you, with guidance and information relating to:
Who is involved with emergency management activities at the local (mayor), tribal, State (governor and agencies, including the State Department of
Transportation), and Federal levels.
What we as a Nation collectively do to respond to incidents; for example, State DOTs will provide resource support to local governments responding
to incidents. NOTE: A critical principle is all incidents are managed locally. When the local government's resources are exhausted, the State will
provide additional resources, and then the Federal government will provide support to the State as needed.
How we as a Nation organize to implement response actions; for example, a Joint Field Office with State and Federal personnel in direct support to
local responders (FEMA,

Emergency Management Operation Of Emergency Department
Emergency management Operation
Emergency management operation deals with executive functions that create the framework for managing the community disaster response and
recovery plans. It requires proactive, comprehensive, progressive, risk–driven, integrated, collaborative, coordinated, flexible, and professional
approaches (Principles of Emergency Management, 2007, p.4). City emergency department is responsible for handling all the emergency response in
the city. The department has to put together necessary emergency actions such as mitigation and prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery that
will help to protect lives and properties during disaster emergencies. This presentation will outline and describes the National Incident ... Show more
For instance, disaster causes serious damages to our critical infrastructures such as roads, bridges, facilities, even lives and properties ((Suryanto, &
Kuncoro, 2012). Plans of action, to deal with unexpected occurrence of incidents are part of emergency management. These actions are also part of the
National Preparedness goal for the "whole community–individuals, families, communities, the private and nonprofit sectors, faith–based organizations,
and state, local, tribal, territorial, insular area and Federal governments to prepare for all types of emergencies" (Federal Emergency Management
Agency, n. d). It includes five mission areas of such as preventing, protecting against, mitigating, responding to, and recover from incidents of national
significance (Federal Emergency Management Agency, n. d). Cities and business shall have an emergency plan orincident management system that will
help in the management of resources during incidents (Federal Emergency Management Agency, n. d). TheNational Incident Management System
(NIMS) provides guidelines on how the city and community emergency plans will integrate to the national plan for effective nationwide response and
recovery. But NIMS also, specified that local jurisdictions will retain command, control, and authority over response activities in their jurisdictional
areas during incident response (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2008).
The National Incident Management

Disaster Management in Pakistan
DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN Introduction 1.Due to diverse geo–climatic conditions prevalent in different parts of the globe, different
types of natural disasters like floods, droughts, earthquakes, cyclones, landslides, and volcanoes etc may strike according to the vulnerability of the
area. 2.Pakistan, due to its diverse range of terrain, is susceptible to wide ranging hazards from droughts to floods and earthquakes to cyclones.
Pakistan suffered a major drought from 1995–2000. Pakistan almost every year suffers from floods but the destructions faced in 2010 have changed
parameters of our thinking. Pakistan has also experienced earthquakes ranging from moderate to severe in intensity. Despite all these hazards, Pakistan
is yet to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This comprises all forms of activities, including structural and non–structural measures to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness)
adverse effects of hazards[4]. 7.Disaster Management Operation Cycle. Purpose of 'Disaster Management Cycle' is to ensure pre and post disaster
measures. Phases of 'Disaster Management Cycle' normally overlap and their length depends on magnitude of disaster[5]:– a.Prevention.Actions taken
to minimize adverse impact of disasters. These including structural measures like building of flood defences and non–structural measures like training
etcetera. Public awareness related to disaster risk reduction, contribute in promoting a "culture of prevention" by changing attitudes. It revolves around
civil institutions responsible to prevent disasters. b.Preparation.Specific measures taken before disasters strike, to ensure effective response constitute
preparation. This phase may include specific contingency planning, emergency exercises, training, installation and use of warning systems. c.Rescue
and Relief.Provision of assistance during or immediately after a disaster to save lives and meet basic subsistence needs of affected people, constitutes
'Rescue and Relief'. (1)Rescue.It is the first operation that follows a disaster. It has three distinct

Disaser Management
Trident University International
Marvell R. Dean
MHES 509
Module 1
1. How is a response to destruction from a terrorist incident different from a response to a natural disaster? Be specific, give examples, and quote
from the readings. 2. You are a volunteer for the American Red Cross. You are to enter a scene of destruction in order to assist wounded victims.
What are some precautions that you must take? What are some restrictions placed on you? From whom do you receive clearance? 3. First responders
should isolate hazards by establishing control zones. There are three types of control zones. List them and give examples. Cite your sources.
Difference Between Response to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many Americans watching the Government response to Hurricanes Rita and Katrina as it play out in the media could not believe the finger pointing
that was going on between our elected leaders as many victims struggled to get their life in order. With theNational Response Framework initial
responsibility remains with the local elected officials and each level of the government above that will monitor and remain ready with assistance if
requested. This will allow needed resources to get where they are needed without the internal bickering of the past. The Emergency Support Function
Annexes within the National Response Framework ensures multi–agency interoperability and encompasses the other components of the NRF.
Red Cross Entering Scene of Destruction
The Red Cross has been chartered by Congress to help people prepare for, prevent, and respond to emergencies and provide relief for survivors of
disasters (NRF, 2008). As a Red Cross volunteer you should ensure you are not working against the situation. Although you are going there to assist
those effected by the disaster you will need to make sure you do not become a distraction or even worse needing to be assisted yourself. Working
within the system with the Incident Commander and his staff will ensure you are part of the team and not working against these efforts. Having an
understanding of the policies, guidance, and processes in place will

The National Response Plan Essay
The National Response Plan The National Response Framework is a guide designed to assist local, State, and Federal governments in developing
functional capabilities and identifying resources based on hazard identification and risk assessment. It outlines the operating structure and identifies key
roles and responsibilities. It established a framework to identify capabilities based on resources and the current situation no matter the size or scale. It
integrates organizational structures and standardizes how the Nation at all levels plans to react to incidents. The suspected terrorist attack will have
health, economic, social, environment and political long–term effects for my community. This is why it is essential that local government's... Show
This information will be used to establish priorities and develop an incident action plan. Resources and capabilities are employed based on the size,
scope, nature and complexity of the incident. Should the disaster exceed the local governments, they would request assistance through mutual aid and
assistance agreements, the State, or the Federal Government. Mutual aid agreements establish the roles and responsibilities of both parties, the
procedures for requesting assistance and communication protocols. As the Disaster Coordinator for the city I am responsible for ensuring the public
safety and welfare of the citizens within the city's jurisdiction. This requires me to have a full understanding on my role and responsibilities for
managing disaster response and employing resources in order to save lives, protect property, the environment. Additionally I'm tasked to preserve the
less tangible but equally important social, economic and political structures. My first reaction was to alert the regional Joint Terrorism Task Force to
prepare them for possible activation. Next it is vital to gain situational awareness and develop a Common Operating Picture (COP). This COP is the
who, what, where, when and how as it relates to the incident. Situational awareness starts at the incident site and includes continuous monitoring of
reporting channels to gain

U.s. National Security Strategies And Policies
For this progress assignment I would like to describe homeland security as it is defined in the various U.S. national security strategies and policies. In
addition I would like to speak to the difference between Homeland Security and Homeland Defense to include mission areas, task, operational
responsibilities, and coordinating efforts. Homeland Security The establishment of the Department of Homeland security is, undoubtedly, a result of
the lessons learned and identification of the need to protect our Nation after the attacks on the trade cent on September 11, 2001. The Quadrennial
Homeland Security Review Repot tells us that the Department of Homeland Security has 5 total missions. Below you will find a table from his reports
that identifies theses missions and their associated goals. During this course we have identified that a national strategy document is built on 6
characteristics. The first characteristic is identified as the purpose, scope, and methodology. Second is the problem definition and risk assessment which
address the particular problems and threats. The third characteristic is identified as being the goals, subordinate objectives, activities and performance
measures which address what the strategy is trying to achieve and the steps in achievement. Number four identifies resources, investments and risk
management. The fifth characteristic is the organizational roles, responsibilities, and coordination to illustrate who is responsible what means are

National Response Pl An Effective Emergency Plan
National Response Plan
Howard L. Hayes
Saint Leo University
Abstract
Why is it necessary for our country to have an effective emergency plan in place? Why does it matter how the country responds to emergencies
when every part of our country, including cities and states, face emergency situations on a daily basis all over? Some are bad to worse, and some
horrific to deadly. Well, this paper explains the importance of the National Response Plan and why it is necessary for our country to have it in place.
It explores several articles that have been published to show the results on the effectiveness and response of the National Response Plan.
The National Response Framework, previously called The National ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The federal government passed several relief acts since 1803, but none consisted of an emergency response until Jimmy Carter put one in place in
April 1, 1979, which was called FEMA. FEMA stands for Federal Emergency Management Agency. Their mission is to support the citizens and first
responders to promote that as a nation we work together to build, sustain, and improve our capability to prepare for, protect against, respond to,
recover from, and mitigate all hazards. The federal government has provided ways to respond to emergencies to provide immediate safety, food and
shelter, and ensure that the needs of the communities are met. Since established, FEMA has maintained their commitment to serving the country 's
people. Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act were signed into law on November 3, 1988 and amended the Disaster Relief
Act of 1974. The system formed created ways to trigger financial assistance in case the president declared an emergency through FEMA. FEMA
adopted many Acts to form under them, including Homeland Security Act, Sandy Recovery, and the Katrina Recovery Act. Because of the limited
threats and disasters at the time, the plan was enough to cover all threats that the country faced. However, the plan was not enough to ensure safety and
assistance of the two major circumstances after the devastating hit of the terrorists' attacks on September 11, 2001 and

Fema And The Federal Emergency Management Agency
"On April 1, 1979, President Jimmy Carter signed the executive order that created the Federal Emergency Management Agency."1.Year in and out,
a disaster can strike at any moment and put millions of people in danger and wreck billions of dollars' worth of property. But, this is where the
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) steps in and up to the plate. FEMA works "as part of a team helping communities reduce their
risk, helping emergency officials prepare for all hazards, and helping people get back on their feet after their lives are disrupted by a disaster."2
FEMA's primary focus is to coordinate federal and logistical operations "to save and sustain lives, minimize suffering, and protect property in a timely
and effective manner in communities that become devastated by disasters."3
Background
For 35 years, FEMA 's mission remains: to lead America to prepare for, prevent, respond to and recover from disasters with a vision of "A Nation
Prepared." FEMA can trace its origins to the Congressional Act of 1803. FEMA coordinates the federal government 's role in preparing for, preventing,
mitigating the effects of, responding to, and recovering from all domestic disasters, whether natural or man–made, including acts of terror."4 "President
Carter 's 1979 executive order 12127 merged many of the separate disaster–related responsibilities into the Federal Emergency Management
Agency."51 From this executive order, FEMA absorbed The Federal Insurance Administration, The

Federal, State, And Local Roles Of Emergency Management
Federal, State, and Local Roles in Emergency Management
Introduction
Government at all levels plays an important role during disaster management. Actions and roles of each government agencies are spelled out in the
National Incident Management System (NIMS) and the National Response Framework (NRF). But before we go into details on the roles of
governments, let me first of all explain what constitute emergency and emergency management, just to give clearer understanding some of these terms.
Then I will examine the roles of governments at all level including first responder actions, mutual support, lead and support roles.
An emergency is a severe, sudden and sometimes risky circumstances requiring urgent action (Salman Sawalha, 2014). Escalation of an emergency
situation can lead to disaster; which is an unusual event that can cause lost of life and property (Salman Sawalha, 2014). International Federation of
Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRRCS) define disaster as "unexpected devastating events that disrupts the operations of a population or public
which leads to huge losses and overwhelmed the affected community 's ability to respond to the situation with the resources they have at hand". There
are two main types of disaster that can lead to emergency situations; these include natural and man–made disasters.
Natural disasters are the catastrophes cause by "Mother Nature", which is often difficult to forecast or manage (Morrison, et al 2014). Examples of

National Response Framework
When the attacks of 9/11 happened back in 2001, people put in the time and effort to come up with a plan that would help in incidents like that. The
National Response Plan originally replaced the Federal Response Plan. The plan was published shortly after the development of the Department of
Homeland Security. In the beginning the plan was initially called the National Response Plan, but was later changed to National Response
Framework. There were many problems with the National Response Plan. First, the content and the title did not match up. The title promised a plan,
but the actual "plan" did not speak clearly of the roles and responsibilities of those involved. Per National Response Framework, "Users also suggested
the NRP was still insufficiently... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They may not be trained like other officials are within security management. "The responsibility for responding to natural and manmade incidents that
have recognizable geographic boundaries generally begins at the local level with individuals and public officials in the county, parish, city, or town
affected by an incident" (National Response Framework Third Ed 11). Elected officials such as mayors may not always have the proper training to
respond properly. They may do the wrong thing or cause more harm to the community if they are not properly trained to act in such situations, but they
are responsible for the public safety and must do the best they can with the information they have but if they go through framework properly then the
situation should be handled properly. They have to depend on emergency managers to help handle the situations. Per National Response Framework
Third Ed, "The emergency manager works with chief elected and appointed officials to establish unified objectives regarding the jurisdiction's
emergency plans and activities. This role entails coordinating and integrating all elements of the community. The emergency manager coordinates the
local emergency management program. This includes assessing the capacity and readiness to deliver the capabilities most likely required during

Beyond Katrina (Crisis Management)
TAUBMAN CENTER POLICY BRIEFS
P B – 2 0 0 6 – 2 | M a y 17, 2 0 0 6
Beyond Katrina:
Improving Disaster Response Capabilities
By Arnold M. Howitt and Herman B. "Dutch" Leonard, Kennedy School of Government
As Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma successively lashed the gulf coast starting in late August 2005, nature's fury exposed serious weaknesses in the
United States' emergency response capabilities. Not all emergencies pose this magnitude of challenge. In the United States, the initial–and usually
major–responsibility for disaster response rests with local authorities. This "bottom–up" system of emergency management has a long history and
continues to make sense in most circumstances. Core Challenges for Large–Scale Disaster ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Katrina was a crisis primarily because of its scale and the mixture of challenges that it posed, not least the failure of the levees in New Orleans.
Because of the novelty of a crisis, predetermined emergency plans and response behavior that may function quite well in dealing with routine
emergencies are frequently grossly inadequate or even counterproductive. That proved true in New Orleans, for example, in terms of evacuation
planning, law enforcement, rescue activities, sheltering, and provisions for the elderly and inп¬Ѓrm.
evacuation, making emergency repairs to the levees, and providing food and law and order in an unprepared shelter). These measures, born of
necessity, may be quite different from or exceed in scale anything responders have done before. They must be creative and extremely adaptable to
execute improvised tactics. Equipping organizations to recognize the novelty in a crisis and improvise skillfully is thus a far different (and far more
difп¬Ѓcult) matter from preparing mainly to implement preset emergency plans. Scalability and Surge Capacity In many disasters, as Katrina well
illustrated, responders must cope with far greater numbers of endangered people or more extensive damage than usual. To scale up operations to handle
this surge of demand, emergency agencies require access to resources in larger quantities than normal and frequently to specialized equipment or

The National Incident Management System
Introduction
Hurricane Katrina was the largest, deadliest, costliest and the 3rd strongest hurricane to ever strike the United States. Katrina was sixth overall in
strength of recorded Atlantic hurricanes. It was rated a category 5 based on The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale, meaning, Katrina was among
the strongest hurricanes that can form on planet Earth, with winds up to 175 mph. It occurred on August. 24, 2005, killing over 1,800 people roughly,
mostly from Louisiana (1,836) and Mississippi (238), mostly the older citizens, while leaving over 1million people homeless, 705 people unaccounted
for, and destroying property worth more than $108 billion (LiveScience.com, 2016). The most affected region was the Gulf Coast and in New ... Show
Preparedness activities of the Katrina
Several federal and local entities were responsible for the emergency response to the hurricane striking New Orleans and the Gulf Region, including the
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), responsible for Mass Care, Housing, and Human Services, Emergency Management, Public Works
and Engineering and Urban Search and Rescue. Other agencies include the U.S. Coast Guard, the Department of Defense, Department of Transport,
Department of Energy, the American Red cross, New Orleans Police Department, the State of Louisiana and the local governments.
Prior to the hurricane, there were emergency plans, most of which were found to be inadequate when Katrina struck the Gulf Coast. First was the
contraflow plan, which directed all the traffic on the interstate highway in one direction. This emergency plan was aimed at facilitating the evacuation
of the populated areas of Louisiana. Another plan was the Louisiana Emergency Evacuation Plan, which includes public communications, staging of
assets, and other activities. National Response Plan (NRP) Emergency Support Functions (ESFs) had been activated as well. The Federal Emergency
Management Agency plans included the deployment of Mobile Emergency Response Support (MERS), which provided communications and
operational and logistical support. The support also included 270,000 liters of water, 680,000 pounds of ice, 15,120 tarps, and 328,320

Catoctin Mountain Review Essay
Introduction:
The National Park Service (NPS) and the U. S. Department of the Interior (USDI) drafted the Catoctin Mountain National Park Management Plan and
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) (2006) to impart knowledge of a need for action to facilitate the regeneration of vegetation and reforestation of
the park. A population ofwhite–tailed deer that was exceeding an estimated 100 individual animals per square mile was over browsing the vegetation.
According to the EIS a population of 15 to 20 individuals is optimal to protect herd health and allow regeneration of the vegetation. The EIS listed four
alternatives that were investigated in depth according to the National Environmental Protection Act requirements (FHWA, n.d.) these... Show more
This alternative would reach the goals through the length of the plan. The reduction in deer population would not be rapid and regeneration would be
seen mostly in the exclusions until the population had diminished and the plan cost is over $9.5 million. The preferred alternative, alternative C was
comprised of the continuation of alternative A with the use of sharpshooting and the subduing and euthanization of deer to rapidly reduce the
population to the goal range in three years. Through this alternative the goals would be meet in a relatively short time frame at a cost between $738,600
and $941,100. The final alternative, alternative D also continued alternative A with the combination of sharpshooting, euthanization, and reproduction
control. Alternative D would meet the goals of the plan in a similar time frame as alternative C with a cost of between $1.4 and $1.6 million.
Rejected alternatives:
Several alternatives were rejected for various reasons. The first rejected alternative was a managed hunt, for the need of legislation change in congress
to allow a hunt on NPS land and possible cost and safety issues. A second was sterilization of bucks, which would only show moderate control of the
population if the dominant buck were sterilized. Predator reintroduction was next rejected, because studies have shown that predators have not shown
consistent

Roles And Responsibilities Of Emergency Management
The efforts of response and recovery have proven to be key in helping those affected by emergencies. This paper will examine some of the roles and
responsibilities that are taken to first time responders and mangers. It is important for emergency management to make sure that the team around them
are given the right tools and knowledge to help assist people in emergency situations. Next, the discussion of the role of the state government has in
dealing with emergency management. When there are organizations that volunteer themselves in disaster response what roles do they possess? It is
important to what the president's role in declaring disaster response. What exactly is the process and system that is in play that he must go through?
The National Response Framework and the National Incident Command System is very important in responding to emergencies so giving the
overall meaning to what it is that they do will give a better understanding of their goal in response and recovery. Anytime you hear of a disaster or
emergency you have to think about FEMA and their role along with the role that other government agencies have in disaster recovery. The National
Disaster Recovery Framework has to be examined as well to address their part in helping in the recovery. Finally, the discussion of how the community
can develop a long–term recovery plan will be addressed.
Roles and responsibilities of emergency managers and first responders
The emergency mangers have a lot of roles and

A Summary of the National Response Framework Essay
A Summary of the National Response Framework
Amber CotГ©
Pikes Peak Community College
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to become acquainted with the evolution of national incident
response over the last twenty years in America; and henceforth, gain a better understanding of
the current multi–agency/multi–discipline approach to national disasters and emergencies. This summary briefly reviews the history of federal planning
documents over the past twenty years as context for the present day, National Response Framework; and then highlights the response doctrine and its
five principles, as it seems to encapsulate the National Response Framework overall. "Response doctrine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(NFP, January 2008, page 2 and 12) The NRP formed the basis for how the federal government would coordinate with state, local and tribal governments
and the private sector during the response to a national incident. It was the cornerstone for the eventual maturation to the National Response
Framework. The NRP brought together best practices from a range of disciplines including: homeland security, emergency management, law
enforcement, firefighting, public works, public health and the private sector and integrated them into one unified structure. This unified structure
provided the ability to coordinate federal support to state, local and tribal incident managers. (NFP, January 2008, page 12)
President Bush's Homeland Security Presidential Directive Number 5 also ordered the development of the National Incident Management System
(NIMS), which continues to bring together federal, state, local and tribal emergency responders into a single system for managing incidents. The
NIMS enables responders at all levels to work together more effectively to manage domestic incidents no matter what the cause, size or complexity.
(Homeland Security Under Secretary Kicks Off National Response Plan Workshops In D.C. April 15, 2005)
The National Response Plan was then renamed the National Response Framework in 2008, to better align the document

Essay on The National Response Framework
Having a basic understanding of community or national emergency plans can assist families in disaster. This is especially true during the response
phase. The National Response Framework (NRF) is a great example of a national community reference. According to FEMA's publication, "The
National Response Framework," from 2013, the NRF is a guide which describes the basis of national response to any form of disaster. The NRF
was developed from a long line of response guidance plans. The first was the Federal Response plan which was replaced by the National Response
Plan. Then in 2008, the NRF was developed to make national response guidance more efficient as well as to include practices created after Hurricane
Katrina. The NRF is comprised... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This includes actions such as household hazard reduction and participating in voluntary organizations and programs (Federal Emergency Management
Agency, 2013c, p. 8).
The Incident Command System Today, the Incident Command System (ICS) is a major component of NIMS and is widely used in emergency
management response. However, this was not always the case. According to David A. McEntire and Gregg Dawson, authors of the article, "The
intergovernmental Context," ICS was originally developed by the fire service in 1970. Its purpose was to assist in the command of wildfire events. It
was unique because it standardized operations, yet offered flexibility so that it could be used on any number of events, regardless of size or type
(McEntire & Dawson, 2007, p. 63).
The book, "National Incident Management System: Principles and Practice," by Dr. Donald W. Walsh, Dr. Hank T. Christen, Christian E. Callsen,
Geoffrey T. Miller, Paul M. Maniscalco, Graydon C. Lord, and Neal J. Dolan, describes ICS as, "...a system for domestic incident management that
is based on an expandable, flexible structure..." (Walsh, et al., 2012, p. 12). Due to this flexibility, Walsh et al. state that ICS is commonly used by all
levels of government as well as by a number of non–governmental agencies and the private sector. ICS is structured around five sections. These
sections are command, operations, planning, logistics, and finance/administration (Walsh, et al., 2012,

Response Effectiveness
There are a number of agents that respond to any given emergency that must be explained in order to understand response effectiveness. These
responding agents can include federal, state, and local officials such as law enforcement, fire services, EMS, public services, medical services. There
are also non governmental agents that can respond to emergencies such as private agencies, non governmental organizations (NGOs), and even civilian
volunteers. These agents have specific times when they are involved in emergency situations, and when any event grows beyond local borders, there is
almost guaranteed involvement among higher government agencies. Starting small, local governments typically have sole jurisdiction over their own
hazard analysis... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first of these frameworks is called the National Incident Management System (NIMS) which provides a template on how national, state, and local
governments should work together. Within this system, there are instructions for the Multi–Agency Coordination system (MACs) whose primary
function is to "coordinate activities above the field level and to prioritize the incident demands for critical or competing resources, thereby assisting the
coordination of the operations in the field" (Homeland, 64, 2008). The next framework is the National Response Framework (NRF) describes how
communities, tribes, states, the federal government, and nongovernmental agents apply these principles for a coordinated, effective national response.
The NRF is designed to provide the "structure and mechanisms for national–level policy and operational direction for incident management to ensure
timely and effective Federal support to State, tribal, and local related activities" (Homeland, 12, 2008). And finally the last important national response
structure is the All Hazards Approach to preparedness. This approach provides a comprehensive, all hazards, and risk based in approach to
preparedness and includes the Emergency Operation Plans (EOP). These plans are for explaining who, what, where, and when and by what authority
for emergencies, including before, during and after the

National Response Plan Howard L. Hayes Saint Leo University

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National Response Plan Howard L. Hayes Saint Leo University