FEMA's Role in Emergency Response

Fema And The Federal Emergency Management Agency
"On April 1, 1979, President Jimmy Carter signed the executive order that created the Federal
Emergency Management Agency."1.Year in and out, a disaster can strike at any moment and put
millions of people in danger and wreck billions of dollars' worth of property. But, this is where the
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) steps in and up to the plate. FEMA works "as
part of a team helping communities reduce their risk, helping emergency officials prepare for all
hazards, and helping people get back on their feet after their lives are disrupted by a disaster."2
FEMA's primary focus is to coordinate federal and logistical operations "to save and sustain lives,
minimize suffering, and protect property in a timely and effective manner in communities that
become devastated by disasters."3
Background
For 35 years, FEMA 's mission remains: to lead America to prepare for, prevent, respond to and
recover from disasters with a vision of "A Nation Prepared." FEMA can trace its origins to the
Congressional Act of 1803. FEMA coordinates the federal government 's role in preparing for,
preventing, mitigating the effects of, responding to, and recovering from all domestic disasters,
whether natural or man–made, including acts of terror."4 "President Carter 's 1979 executive order
12127 merged many of the separate disaster–related responsibilities into the Federal Emergency
Management Agency."51 From this executive order, FEMA absorbed The Federal Insurance
Administration, The
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Federal Emergency Management Agency ( Fema )
Federal Emergency Management Agency
There are numerous types of situations that could cause an emergency response, but who is
supposed to provide emergency response to largescale emergencies? The answer is the Department
of Homeland Security (DHS); specifically the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).
The Department of Homeland Security was created because of one single event that happened on
September 11th, 2001. There are several entities under the DHS program, additionally; the Federal
Emergency Management Agency heads the emergency response efforts under DHS.
FEMA was created out of several different initial disaster response agencies such as, just to name a
few; the National Weather Service Community Preparedness Program ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It is also designed as a standard, cooperate tool used for managing incidents. "The concepts
contained herein provide for a flexible but standardized set of incident management practices with
emphasis on common principles, a consistent approach to operational structures and supporting
mechanisms, and an integrated approach to resource management" (Department of Homeland
Security, 2015). The NIMS has several functions that work in collaboration to provide the necessary
tools for response efforts. These functions include: NIMS Doctrine Supporting Guides and Tools;
Training; Resource Management and Mutual Aid; Implementation Guidance and Reporting; NIMS
Alerts; FEMA NIMS Regional Contacts; and Incident Command System Resources. These
functions work together to produce the Department of Homeland Security's effective emergency
response strategy.
The Department of Homeland Security sponsors a program called "Ready Business." "DHS has
adopted the National Fire Protection Association 1600 (NFPA 1600) as the American National
Standard for developing a preparedness program" (Department of Homeland Security, 2015). FEMA
spreads this plan in efforts to establish effective emergency response preparedness from the
businesses initially affected by disasters. This type of program is in place in hopes that it will help
alleviate a large amount of known hazards that are associated with disasters and emergency

Roles And Responsibilities Of Emergency Management
The efforts of response and recovery have proven to be key in helping those affected by
emergencies. This paper will examine some of the roles and responsibilities that are taken to first
time responders and mangers. It is important for emergency management to make sure that the team
around them are given the right tools and knowledge to help assist people in emergency situations.
Next, the discussion of the role of the state government has in dealing with emergency management.
When there are organizations that volunteer themselves in disaster response what roles do they
possess? It is important to what the president's role in declaring disaster response. What exactly is
the process and system that is in play that he must go through? The National Response Framework
and the National Incident Command System is very important in responding to emergencies so
giving the overall meaning to what it is that they do will give a better understanding of their goal in
response and recovery. Anytime you hear of a disaster or emergency you have to think about FEMA
and their role along with the role that other government agencies have in disaster recovery. The
National Disaster Recovery Framework has to be examined as well to address their part in helping
in the recovery. Finally, the discussion of how the community can develop a long–term recovery
plan will be addressed.
Roles and responsibilities of emergency managers and first responders
The emergency mangers have a lot of roles and

Importance and Process of Emergency Planning
Emergency planning
Major emergencies, disasters when they occur they don't discriminate nor do they respect national
borders and they never occur at the times when we are ready. The level of suffering caused by these
events is enormous and many a times he aspects of people's lives in one way or another are affected.
This can be in terms of health, security, access to basics necessities like food, water and so forth. In
this regard therefore it's important to have emergency plans in place so that the affected people and
their properties can be mitigated, and response to disaster can be coordinated effectively and
efficiently in timely manner when disasters and other calamities strike (Cara McMillan, 1998).
However much many emergencies are unpredictable, a lot can be done to mitigate their devastating
effects at the same time strengthen the response capacity of communities faced with the risk the
development process involves the risk reduction and emergency preparedeness,in response to acute
humanitarian crises the international humanitarian community play a significant role in capacity
building of especially the health sectors in response to reducing the risk and responding to
emergencies through a committed long term technical and managerial programs from member
states. Risk reduction and emergency preparedness is the responsibility of all national sectors, in
regard to health at the national level the body responsible with health is the lead agency in health
sector,

A Summary of the National Response Framework Essay
A Summary of the National Response Framework
Amber Coté
Pikes Peak Community College
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to become acquainted with the evolution of national incident
response over the last twenty years in America; and henceforth, gain a better understanding of
the current multi–agency/multi–discipline approach to national disasters and emergencies. This
summary briefly reviews the history of federal planning documents over the past twenty years as
context for the present day, National Response Framework; and then highlights the response
doctrine and its five principles, as it seems to encapsulate the National Response Framework overall.
"Response doctrine ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(NFP, January 2008, page 2 and 12) The NRP formed the basis for how the federal government
would coordinate with state, local and tribal governments and the private sector during the response
to a national incident. It was the cornerstone for the eventual maturation to the National Response
Framework. The NRP brought together best practices from a range of disciplines including:
homeland security, emergency management, law enforcement, firefighting, public works, public
health and the private sector and integrated them into one unified structure. This unified structure
provided the ability to coordinate federal support to state, local and tribal incident managers. (NFP,
January 2008, page 12)
President Bush's Homeland Security Presidential Directive Number 5 also ordered the development
of the National Incident Management System (NIMS), which continues to bring together federal,
state, local and tribal emergency responders into a single system for managing incidents. The NIMS
enables responders at all levels to work together more effectively to manage domestic incidents no
matter what the cause, size or complexity. (Homeland Security Under Secretary Kicks Off National
Response Plan Workshops In D.C. April 15, 2005)
The National Response Plan was then renamed the National Response Framework in 2008, to better
align the document

Katrina Active Duty Forces
Hurricane Katrina caused a great deal of destruction, death, and human suffering. Research from this
event brings to light the limitations of both the National Guard and active–duty forces response
capabilities, and whether changes in the roles and responsibilities of the National Guard and active–
duty forces during emergencies would enable them to respond better. It is likely that the primary
responsibility for national disasters will continue to be handled by local and state officials. They
have the best understanding of situations, have the capability to handle the case, and can respond
quickly. Hurricane Katrina generated the need to examine the federal response and to make any
changes that are needed for the preparation of National Guard and active–duty Army during major
domestic emergencies. Both the National Guard and active duty Army are changing to smaller
modular and interoperable combat and support brigades that can provide the foundation for an
expedited force that can deploy units to threats quickly. The Army ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Every National Guard unit should be adept in rapid deployments, not only to their own states but to
others as well. There should be plans made that safeguards that out–of–state National Guard units
are equipped to fill in for the units that are mobilized or deployed overseas. This type of agreement
would increase the response time of units coming from other states. Another option would be for
governors to design a plan where units with particular abilities, could be called on for their specific
training either in–state or out–of–state in the event of an emergency (Tkacz, 2006). Having regional
support forces that would be responsible for regional planning , preparation and exercises could
have the ability to quickly deploy initial response forces to the scene of an event could also
streamline the process of communication between the

National Response Framework And National Incident...
Both the national response framework and National Incident Management system are plans set in
place to provide a response to domestic incidents and both are overseen by the Federal Emergency
Agency. While they are both similar they do have distinguishing characteristics (Haddow, G.,
Bullock, J, & Coppola, D. 2014). The National Response Framework incorporates a formal plan that
involves both local, state, federal, and non–government agencies that works seamlessly together to
provide a response that if followed properly can be proven to have a successful ending to an
emergency situation. The most important concept behind the National Response Framework is that
Federal Government does not supersede local government and combines the government

National Response Plan Howard L. Hayes Saint Leo University
National Response Plan Howard L. Hayes Saint Leo University Abstract Why is it necessary for our
country to have an effective emergency plan in place? Why does it matter how the country responds
to emergencies when every part of our country, including cities and states, face emergency situations
on a daily basis all over? Some are bad to worse, and some horrific to deadly. Well, this paper
explains the importance of the National Response Plan and why it is necessary for our country to
have it in place. It explores several articles that have been published to show the results on the
effectiveness and response of the National Response Plan. The National Response Framework,
previously called The National Response Plan, is a plan that the United States put in effect to
organize the way the country and the community handles attacks, disasters, as well as all events
looked at as an emergency. The Response Plan relays and describes all the information in order to
avoid catastrophic damages and to protect and save lives. The plan focuses on how the country as a
whole can work together to prepare for damaging events. Morover, the plan doesn 't always seem to
be effective as it is expected to be. Issues arose at the time it is most needed, which causes necessary
changes to take effect immediately. Sometimes the damage is already done and that could be due to
economic collapse, being unprepared, and failure to respond appropriately. The National Response
Framework replaced the National

New York Emergency Operations Plan
Purpose, Scope, Situation, and Assumptions
The city of New York, in accordance with the Title 47, Chapter 10 on 'State Disaster Preparedness
Act' (1975) is supposed to come up with a plan and prepare for any emergencies and disasters that
are man–made or natural or any other hostile activity that involves using weapons of mass
destruction, such as terrorism. This is the New York Emergency Operations Plan (NYEOP) that
recognizes that the local government needs to come up with a plan to handle such emergencies on
behalf of the federal government. This plan acknowledges other agreements where requests can be
made for state assistance that may come from other districts or neighboring cities, or even country
(Zaza, et.al, 2016). The plan also defines ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A disaster emergency may become a threat to the United States national security. When a disaster is
a threat to national security, different security procedures and authorities are required to address the
requirements of national security. Such situations lead to a federal response that is to be supported
by the local government.
Situation:
1. An emergency or disaster can occur at any moment, or location within New York with no notice.
Such disasters are bound to lead to a lot of property damage, human suffering, and economic
hardship to the business community, individuals, and governments.
2. Sharing of information is necessary for many government levels, the private sector, and response
community. The people of New York expect the government to provide assistance, guidance and
inform them when an emergency, disaster or a threat occurs in the city of New York.
3. Hazard Analysis: A hazard analysis of the city of New York was determined depending on several
risk factor values that included the duration, warning time, spatial extent, probability, and impact.
The greater risk was determined by a higher risk factor. Some of the human–caused, natural, and
technological hazards recorded included landslides, wild fires, earthquakes, canal failure, dams,
landslides, drought, volcanic eruptions, the wind, tornadoes, lightning, severe storms, civil
disturbances, cyber disruptions, radiological and hazardous material (Hoffman,

National Guidance: Our Response To Hurricane Katrina
National Guidance – Our Response to Hurricane Katrina
On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina made landfall in Louisiana as a category 4 hurricane,
bringing with it a storm surge that was as high as 29.5 feet in some areas, overwhelming the levees
and drainage in New Orleans, which led to the devastating flooding (History.com Staff, 2009).
Many viewed thee nation's response as a massive failure, and in some ways, it was; yet we cannot
fully blame the leadership that was in charge at the time. The guidance that was in place at the time
had some inadequacies, which ultimately lead to the delay of sending necessary assets to Louisiana.
Investigating where and how the nation failed ultimately led to the developed of new guidance to
better prepare, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2011, President Barack Obama signed the Homeland Security Presidential Policy Directive 8.
This directive clarified that the Department of Homeland Security, under the guidance of the Federal
Emergency management Agency, would be responsible for maintaining all national doctrine in
regards to incident management. Other doctrine that was developed was the National Preparedness
Goal, updated National Incident Management System and the National Response Plan, which
replaced the National Response Plan (Headquarters, 2012). Army Directive Publication, 3–28
(2012) explains how these three new doctrines work together to clarify how we as a nation will
respond to future domestic operations:
These three living documents work hand–in–hand, continuously evolving to improve consistency
and account for changing conditions. The National Preparedness Goal, as of 2011, sets the vision
and overall policy for nationwide preparedness. The National Incident Management System
provides the template for managing incidents at all levels, while the National Response Framework
gives structure to national–level incident management and response policy. (pg. 2)

Disaster Management in Pakistan
DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN Introduction 1. Due to diverse geo–climatic
conditions prevalent in different parts of the globe, different types of natural disasters like floods,
droughts, earthquakes, cyclones, landslides, and volcanoes etc may strike according to the
vulnerability of the area. 2. Pakistan, due to its diverse range of terrain, is susceptible to wide
ranging hazards from droughts to floods and earthquakes to cyclones. Pakistan suffered a major
drought from 1995–2000. Pakistan almost every year suffers from floods but the destructions faced
in 2010 have changed parameters of our thinking. Pakistan has also experienced earthquakes
ranging from moderate to severe in intensity. Despite all these hazards, Pakistan is yet to ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This comprises all forms of activities, including structural and non–structural measures to avoid
(prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) adverse effects of hazards[4]. 7. Disaster
Management Operation Cycle. Purpose of 'Disaster Management Cycle' is to ensure pre and post
disaster measures. Phases of 'Disaster Management Cycle' normally overlap and their length
depends on magnitude of disaster[5]:– a. Prevention. Actions taken to minimize adverse impact of
disasters. These including structural measures like building of flood defences and non–structural
measures like training etcetera. Public awareness related to disaster risk reduction, contribute in
promoting a "culture of prevention" by changing attitudes. It revolves around civil institutions
responsible to prevent disasters. b. Preparation. Specific measures taken before disasters strike, to
ensure effective response constitute preparation. This phase may include specific contingency
planning, emergency exercises, training, installation and use of warning systems. c. Rescue and
Relief. Provision of assistance during or immediately after a disaster to save lives and meet basic
subsistence needs of affected people, constitutes 'Rescue and Relief'. (1) Rescue. It is the first
operation that follows a disaster. It has three distinct

Emergency Management Operation Of Emergency Department
Emergency management Operation
Emergency management operation deals with executive functions that create the framework for
managing the community disaster response and recovery plans. It requires proactive,
comprehensive, progressive, risk–driven, integrated, collaborative, coordinated, flexible, and
professional approaches (Principles of Emergency Management, 2007, p.4). City emergency
department is responsible for handling all the emergency response in the city. The department has to
put together necessary emergency actions such as mitigation and prevention, preparedness,
response, and recovery that will help to protect lives and properties during disaster emergencies.
This presentation will outline and describes the National Incident ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, disaster causes serious damages to our critical infrastructures such as roads, bridges,
facilities, even lives and properties ((Suryanto, & Kuncoro, 2012). Plans of action, to deal with
unexpected occurrence of incidents are part of emergency management. These actions are also part
of the National Preparedness goal for the "whole community–individuals, families, communities,
the private and nonprofit sectors, faith–based organizations, and state, local, tribal, territorial, insular
area and Federal governments to prepare for all types of emergencies" (Federal Emergency
Management Agency, n. d). It includes five mission areas of such as preventing, protecting against,
mitigating, responding to, and recover from incidents of national significance (Federal Emergency
Management Agency, n. d). Cities and business shall have an emergency plan or incident
management system that will help in the management of resources during incidents (Federal
Emergency Management Agency, n. d). The National Incident Management System (NIMS)
provides guidelines on how the city and community emergency plans will integrate to the national
plan for effective nationwide response and recovery. But NIMS also, specified that local
jurisdictions will retain command, control, and authority over response activities in their
jurisdictional areas during incident response (U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2008).
The National Incident Management

Disaser Management
Trident University International
Marvell R. Dean
MHES 509
Module 1
1. How is a response to destruction from a terrorist incident different from a response to a natural
disaster? Be specific, give examples, and quote from the readings. 2. You are a volunteer for the
American Red Cross. You are to enter a scene of destruction in order to assist wounded victims.
What are some precautions that you must take? What are some restrictions placed on you? From
whom do you receive clearance? 3. First responders should isolate hazards by establishing control
zones. There are three types of control zones. List them and give examples. Cite your sources.
Difference Between Response to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many Americans watching the Government response to Hurricanes Rita and Katrina as it play out in
the media could not believe the finger pointing that was going on between our elected leaders as
many victims struggled to get their life in order. With the National Response Framework initial
responsibility remains with the local elected officials and each level of the government above that
will monitor and remain ready with assistance if requested. This will allow needed resources to get
where they are needed without the internal bickering of the past. The Emergency Support Function
Annexes within the National Response Framework ensures multi–agency interoperability and
encompasses the other components of the NRF.
Red Cross Entering Scene of Destruction
The Red Cross has been chartered by Congress to help people prepare for, prevent, and respond to
emergencies and provide relief for survivors of disasters (NRF, 2008). As a Red Cross volunteer you
should ensure you are not working against the situation. Although you are going there to assist those
effected by the disaster you will need to make sure you do not become a distraction or even worse
needing to be assisted yourself. Working within the system with the Incident Commander and his
staff will ensure you are part of the team and not working against these efforts. Having an
understanding of the policies, guidance, and processes in place will

The National Incident Management System
Introduction
Hurricane Katrina was the largest, deadliest, costliest and the 3rd strongest hurricane to ever strike
the United States. Katrina was sixth overall in strength of recorded Atlantic hurricanes. It was rated
a category 5 based on The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale, meaning, Katrina was among the
strongest hurricanes that can form on planet Earth, with winds up to 175 mph. It occurred on
August. 24, 2005, killing over 1,800 people roughly, mostly from Louisiana (1,836) and Mississippi
(238), mostly the older citizens, while leaving over 1million people homeless, 705 people
unaccounted for, and destroying property worth more than $108 billion (LiveScience.com, 2016).
The most affected region was the Gulf Coast and in New ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Preparedness activities of the Katrina
Several federal and local entities were responsible for the emergency response to the hurricane
striking New Orleans and the Gulf Region, including the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA), responsible for Mass Care, Housing, and Human Services, Emergency Management,
Public Works and Engineering and Urban Search and Rescue. Other agencies include the U.S. Coast
Guard, the Department of Defense, Department of Transport, Department of Energy, the American
Red cross, New Orleans Police Department, the State of Louisiana and the local governments.
Prior to the hurricane, there were emergency plans, most of which were found to be inadequate
when Katrina struck the Gulf Coast. First was the contraflow plan, which directed all the traffic on
the interstate highway in one direction. This emergency plan was aimed at facilitating the evacuation
of the populated areas of Louisiana. Another plan was the Louisiana Emergency Evacuation Plan,
which includes public communications, staging of assets, and other activities. National Response
Plan (NRP) Emergency Support Functions (ESFs) had been activated as well. The Federal
Emergency Management Agency plans included the deployment of Mobile Emergency Response
Support (MERS), which provided communications and operational and logistical support. The
support also included 270,000 liters of water, 680,000 pounds of ice, 15,120 tarps, and 328,320

Emergency Planning For A Worst Case Scenario
Looking back at the past eight weeks', disasters have continued to occur across the United States.
There have been riots in Baltimore Maryland, wildfires throughout the state of California and most
of the Western United States, and more recently flooding in south–central New Orleans. As first
responders, like the rest of the world, we wake up in the morning put both feet on the floor, go
through some morning routine and most often fail to realize that today's the day a disaster will
occur. It may not be the people we serve, or in the community in which we live, but the potential is
always there. Emergency planning is a pivotal key in being prepared for a worst case scenario. Since
Hurricane Katrina, the federal government, state and local officials have stepped up their game in
disaster planning. The federal government has established numerous guidelines and protocols for
such events. The National Response Framework (NRF) superseded by the National Response Plan
(NRP), the National Incident Management System (NIMS), and the Stafford Act are just a few of
the government 's key programs. Recognized nationally bringing resources across the nation
together and on the same page (Kramer Ph.D., 2009, p. 18).
Currently, the disastrous flooding in Louisiana is a result of more than 20 inches of rain in a weeks'
time (Grinberg, Yan, & Flores, 2016, para. 6). A disaster of this size and magnitude is difficult to
imagine anyone could be prepared for it, even if they were aware it

Potential Advantages Of An Insider Attack
orry about.
In some sense, an insider attack fits under the general classification of incident response. In this
manner, a few organizations will simply utilize their incident response plan on account of any
events. It generally does not give the best reaction in light of the fact that an incident response plans
at most organizations was worked to handle outside events not inward. The first big difference is
knowing that it is an internal attack (Watson, 2013). With most external attacks you can rapidly
distinguish the sources of the issue being outside and you can rapidly tell that you are under attack.
However, with an insider attack, the organization doesn't know what is going on; your protected
information appears to dependably end up in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With an internal attack there is often no visible evidence and can usually be kept more contained.
The harder it is to control and identify, tied with the fact that the person committing the attack has
access and is more covert, means that the bleeding is occurring at an even quicker rate and there is a
great chance for loss. One of the potential advantages of an insider attack is there is typically less
obvious evidence of attack, which, in spite of the fact that it makes it harder to examine and
recognize the issue ranges, likewise makes it less demanding to keep the subtle information private
with less chance of public knowledge and shame. With an internal attack there is regularly no visual
evidence and can be kept more contained. When a security incident occurs, where a suspect
employee is deleting files from a server or sensitive database. This has created a security incident
and a need to respond to that incident, and this incident is going to involve E–Discovery. With E–
Discovery the forensic investigators are collecting digital evidence. They search through digital
equipment's, such as laptops, and desktops, and mobile devices; and are trying to retrieve that digital
data, so

HIV/AIDS In Detroit Case Study
Furthermore, Heywood also addresses Mark Peterson, Director of Michigan Positive Action
Coalition, who hopes that both the state of Michigan and the City of Detroit manage the resources to
fund the prevention and care of people living with HIV, activity that will impact a significant
amount of the population in Detroit (2012). But the response to AIDS from Mayor Duggan, a white
person in a predominantly black community, is facing challenges since the City of Detroit's
bankruptcy.
About the national response to the HIV epidemic in Detroit, the National HIV/AIDS strategy details
the principles and priorities to guide the collective national work to address HIV in the U.S. by the
year 2020 (Opalewski, 2016). The United States government leads ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
RARE project was designed to provide highly affected communities like Detroit "with a tool that
would quickly identify conditions that fuel new infections and serve as barriers to HIV–positive
individuals getting HIV testing, care, and treatment" (Bates, 2007). The focus in Detroit were
African Americans engaged in high risk sexual behaviors. This national project has its political and
social challenges so it has little impact on Detroit's prevention efforts. Though, the U. S. Health Care
System has expanded the Affordable Care Act (ACA) insurance for people living with HIV, poor
African Americans in Detroit cannot afford the ACA premiums, deductibles and co–pays (Heywood,
2015). In addition, the National Black Leadership Commission on AIDS (NBLCA) has been
conducting town hall meetings titled "Turning the Tide Together" in cities like Detroit hit the hardest
by HIV/AIDS (Heywood, 2012). These meetings in the cities considered as "hot spots" for HIV
bring community leaders, policy makers and public health experts to develop an action plan to fight
the disease. But local

National Response Pl An Effective Emergency Plan
National Response Plan
Howard L. Hayes
Saint Leo University
Abstract
Why is it necessary for our country to have an effective emergency plan in place? Why does it
matter how the country responds to emergencies when every part of our country, including cities and
states, face emergency situations on a daily basis all over? Some are bad to worse, and some horrific
to deadly. Well, this paper explains the importance of the National Response Plan and why it is
necessary for our country to have it in place. It explores several articles that have been published to
show the results on the effectiveness and response of the National Response Plan.
The National Response Framework, previously called The National ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The federal government passed several relief acts since 1803, but none consisted of an emergency
response until Jimmy Carter put one in place in April 1, 1979, which was called FEMA. FEMA
stands for Federal Emergency Management Agency. Their mission is to support the citizens and first
responders to promote that as a nation we work together to build, sustain, and improve our
capability to prepare for, protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate all hazards. The
federal government has provided ways to respond to emergencies to provide immediate safety, food
and shelter, and ensure that the needs of the communities are met. Since established, FEMA has
maintained their commitment to serving the country 's people. Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and
Emergency Assistance Act were signed into law on November 3, 1988 and amended the Disaster
Relief Act of 1974. The system formed created ways to trigger financial assistance in case the
president declared an emergency through FEMA. FEMA adopted many Acts to form under them,
including Homeland Security Act, Sandy Recovery, and the Katrina Recovery Act. Because of the
limited threats and disasters at the time, the plan was enough to cover all threats that the country
faced. However, the plan was not enough to ensure safety and assistance of the two major
circumstances after the devastating hit of the terrorists' attacks on September 11, 2001 and

Response Effectiveness
There are a number of agents that respond to any given emergency that must be explained in order
to understand response effectiveness. These responding agents can include federal, state, and local
officials such as law enforcement, fire services, EMS, public services, medical services. There are
also non governmental agents that can respond to emergencies such as private agencies, non
governmental organizations (NGOs), and even civilian volunteers. These agents have specific times
when they are involved in emergency situations, and when any event grows beyond local borders,
there is almost guaranteed involvement among higher government agencies. Starting small, local
governments typically have sole jurisdiction over their own hazard analysis ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The first of these frameworks is called the National Incident Management System (NIMS) which
provides a template on how national, state, and local governments should work together. Within this
system, there are instructions for the Multi–Agency Coordination system (MACs) whose primary
function is to "coordinate activities above the field level and to prioritize the incident demands for
critical or competing resources, thereby assisting the coordination of the operations in the field"
(Homeland, 64, 2008). The next framework is the National Response Framework (NRF) describes
how communities, tribes, states, the federal government, and nongovernmental agents apply these
principles for a coordinated, effective national response. The NRF is designed to provide the
"structure and mechanisms for national–level policy and operational direction for incident
management to ensure timely and effective Federal support to State, tribal, and local related
activities" (Homeland, 12, 2008). And finally the last important national response structure is the All
Hazards Approach to preparedness. This approach provides a comprehensive, all hazards, and risk
based in approach to preparedness and includes the Emergency Operation Plans (EOP). These plans
are for explaining who, what, where, and when and by what authority for emergencies, including
before, during and after the

Fault For The Recovery Efforts Of Hurricane Katrina
While there have been many papers and articles written on the organizations most at fault for the
recovery efforts of hurricane Katrina, most of the blame is wrongfully pointed towards FEMA. In
fact, most experts in the hurricane field knew a storm the size of Katrina would absolutely decimate
the city of New Orleans. The levee system was the primary failure point as mention by The Times–
Picayune (2002), "another scenario is that some part of the levee would fail". These levees,
combined with the geographical properties of the city itself, are faults, which clearly were out of
FEMAs control. Yet FEMA is still the blame winner, and the reasoning, is actually not FEMAs fault
either. Consequently, poor decision making, and confusion of who was in charge was the biggest
shortfall during the recovery efforts of Katrina. Prior to the 9/11 attacks, FEMA was an independent
agency, affording it direct access to the president (Haddow, Bullock, & Coppola, 2011). FEMA was
actually absorbed into the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) after the attacks, in a shift of
focus to terrorism being the largest threat inside our borders. This had many ill–fated results for
FEMA as an organization, the loss of valuable resources, and the creation of the National Response
Plan effectively forced FEMA into a second fiddle during disasters. According to Haddow, Bullock,
& Coppola (2011), "where previously the director of FEMA had maintained a clear line of authority
and accountability,

Essay on The National Response Framework
Having a basic understanding of community or national emergency plans can assist families in
disaster. This is especially true during the response phase. The National Response Framework
(NRF) is a great example of a national community reference. According to FEMA's publication,
"The National Response Framework," from 2013, the NRF is a guide which describes the basis of
national response to any form of disaster. The NRF was developed from a long line of response
guidance plans. The first was the Federal Response plan which was replaced by the National
Response Plan. Then in 2008, the NRF was developed to make national response guidance more
efficient as well as to include practices created after Hurricane Katrina. The NRF is comprised ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This includes actions such as household hazard reduction and participating in voluntary
organizations and programs (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2013c, p. 8).
The Incident Command System Today, the Incident Command System (ICS) is a major component
of NIMS and is widely used in emergency management response. However, this was not always the
case. According to David A. McEntire and Gregg Dawson, authors of the article, "The
intergovernmental Context," ICS was originally developed by the fire service in 1970. Its purpose
was to assist in the command of wildfire events. It was unique because it standardized operations,
yet offered flexibility so that it could be used on any number of events, regardless of size or type
(McEntire & Dawson, 2007, p. 63).
The book, "National Incident Management System: Principles and Practice," by Dr. Donald W.
Walsh, Dr. Hank T. Christen, Christian E. Callsen, Geoffrey T. Miller, Paul M. Maniscalco, Graydon
C. Lord, and Neal J. Dolan, describes ICS as, "...a system for domestic incident management that is
based on an expandable, flexible structure..." (Walsh, et al., 2012, p. 12). Due to this flexibility,
Walsh et al. state that ICS is commonly used by all levels of government as well as by a number of
non–governmental agencies and the private sector. ICS is structured around five sections. These
sections are command, operations, planning, logistics, and finance/administration (Walsh, et al.,
2012,

The National Response Plan Essay
The National Response Plan The National Response Framework is a guide designed to assist local,
State, and Federal governments in developing functional capabilities and identifying resources based
on hazard identification and risk assessment. It outlines the operating structure and identifies key
roles and responsibilities. It established a framework to identify capabilities based on resources and
the current situation no matter the size or scale. It integrates organizational structures and
standardizes how the Nation at all levels plans to react to incidents. The suspected terrorist attack
will have health, economic, social, environment and political long–term effects for my community.
This is why it is essential that local government's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This information will be used to establish priorities and develop an incident action plan. Resources
and capabilities are employed based on the size, scope, nature and complexity of the incident.
Should the disaster exceed the local governments, they would request assistance through mutual aid
and assistance agreements, the State, or the Federal Government. Mutual aid agreements establish
the roles and responsibilities of both parties, the procedures for requesting assistance and
communication protocols. As the Disaster Coordinator for the city I am responsible for ensuring the
public safety and welfare of the citizens within the city's jurisdiction. This requires me to have a full
understanding on my role and responsibilities for managing disaster response and employing
resources in order to save lives, protect property, the environment. Additionally I'm tasked to
preserve the less tangible but equally important social, economic and political structures. My first
reaction was to alert the regional Joint Terrorism Task Force to prepare them for possible activation.
Next it is vital to gain situational awareness and develop a Common Operating Picture (COP). This
COP is the who, what, where, when and how as it relates to the incident. Situational awareness starts
at the incident site and includes continuous monitoring of reporting channels to gain

National Response Framework
When the attacks of 9/11 happened back in 2001, people put in the time and effort to come up with a
plan that would help in incidents like that. The National Response Plan originally replaced the
Federal Response Plan. The plan was published shortly after the development of the Department of
Homeland Security. In the beginning the plan was initially called the National Response Plan, but
was later changed to National Response Framework. There were many problems with the National
Response Plan. First, the content and the title did not match up. The title promised a plan, but the
actual "plan" did not speak clearly of the roles and responsibilities of those involved. Per National
Response Framework, "Users also suggested the NRP was still insufficiently ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
They may not be trained like other officials are within security management. "The responsibility for
responding to natural and manmade incidents that have recognizable geographic boundaries
generally begins at the local level with individuals and public officials in the county, parish, city, or
town affected by an incident" (National Response Framework Third Ed 11). Elected officials such as
mayors may not always have the proper training to respond properly. They may do the wrong thing
or cause more harm to the community if they are not properly trained to act in such situations, but
they are responsible for the public safety and must do the best they can with the information they
have but if they go through framework properly then the situation should be handled properly. They
have to depend on emergency managers to help handle the situations. Per National Response
Framework Third Ed, "The emergency manager works with chief elected and appointed officials to
establish unified objectives regarding the jurisdiction's emergency plans and activities. This role
entails coordinating and integrating all elements of the community. The emergency manager
coordinates the local emergency management program. This includes assessing the capacity and
readiness to deliver the capabilities most likely required during

National Response Framework Examples
National Response Framework
In the U.S, the (NRF) National Response Framework is one segment of the National Policy for
Homeland Security which grants the managerial ideologies permitting all echelons of internal
reaction partners to provide a united and prepare for federal response to emergencies and disasters.
This documentation explores the role of the NRF and its relationship with other state organs in
providing a national response to emergencies and disasters.
According to Abramson et al. (2015), the NRF sets up a single, comprehensive strategy to internal
event management. The NRF is used to recover from, prevent, respond to, prepare for major
disasters, terrorist attacks, and other crises. The NRF is an all–hazard strategy developed on the
template of the NIMS (National Incidents Management System). Abramson et al. (2015), states that
the NRF is significant as it offers mechanisms and structures for the national–level plan and
operational direction for domestic disaster management. The NRF may be fully or partially executed
in the context of a threat, an expectation of a noteworthy event, or in reaction to a disaster
necessitating a synchronised Federal response. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2015), selective execution via the activation of the NRF elements permits maximum flexibility to
meet the distinctive functioning and information–sharing necessities of any condition. It allows
effective connections among different non–governmental entities, local, state, federal, private–sector
and tribal. The growth of the NRF was authorised by the Homeland Security Presidential Directive
and Homeland Security Acts of 2002. The NRF has been significant because it incorporates the
National Contingency Plan among others national–level contingency plans (US Department of
Homeland Security,

Beyond Katrina (Crisis Management)
TAUBMAN CENTER POLICY BRIEFS
P B – 2 0 0 6 – 2 | M a y 17, 2 0 0 6
Beyond Katrina:
Improving Disaster Response Capabilities
By Arnold M. Howitt and Herman B. "Dutch" Leonard, Kennedy School of Government
As Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma successively lashed the gulf coast starting in late August
2005, nature's fury exposed serious weaknesses in the United States' emergency response
capabilities. Not all emergencies pose this magnitude of challenge. In the United States, the initial–
and usually major–responsibility for disaster response rests with local authorities. This "bottom–up"
system of emergency management has a long history and continues to make sense in most
circumstances. Core Challenges for Large–Scale Disaster ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Katrina was a crisis primarily because of its scale and the mixture of challenges that it posed, not
least the failure of the levees in New Orleans. Because of the novelty of a crisis, predetermined
emergency plans and response behavior that may function quite well in dealing with routine
emergencies are frequently grossly inadequate or even counterproductive. That proved true in New
Orleans, for example, in terms of evacuation planning, law enforcement, rescue activities,
sheltering, and provisions for the elderly and inﬁrm.
evacuation, making emergency repairs to the levees, and providing food and law and order in an
unprepared shelter). These measures, born of necessity, may be quite different from or exceed in
scale anything responders have done before. They must be creative and extremely adaptable to
execute improvised tactics. Equipping organizations to recognize the novelty in a crisis and
improvise skillfully is thus a far different (and far more difﬁcult) matter from preparing mainly to
implement preset emergency plans. Scalability and Surge Capacity In many disasters, as Katrina
well illustrated, responders must cope with far greater numbers of endangered people or more
extensive damage than usual. To scale up operations to handle this surge of demand, emergency
agencies require access to resources in larger quantities than normal and frequently to specialized
equipment or

Northridge Earthquake California 1994: A Case Study
Prevention and Protection: Northridge Earthquake California 1994
On Monday, January 17, 1994 at 4:31 a.m. an earthquake of magnitude 6.8 shook the Northridge
area and the entire LA metropolitan area. Even though the first major earthquake lasted only 20
seconds it caused moderate damage to the buildings, infrastructures and freeway overpasses.
Because of the earthquake people displaced from their homes are estimated to be around 80,000 to
125,000. "A multi–agency team, organized under the auspices of the Interagency Committee on
Seismic Safety in Construction and headed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology,
arrived at the earthquake site within days of the event to document the effects of the earthquake"
(NIST, 1994). What ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Public Information and Warning uses effective and accessible indications and warning systems to
communicate significant threats and hazards to involved operators, security officials, and the public
(including alerts, detection capabilities, and other necessary and appropriate assets)" (FEMA,2014).
Critical tasks are to determine protocol as to how to protect stakeholder information. Information
should be share d appropriately taking into consideration the processes that address the needs of
children; disabled individuals; people who are deaf and blind (will need sign language and
appropriate auxiliary aids). The information should be shared among all government levels. The
actionable measures should be shared immediately with the community and among all levels of
Government and public and private sector. The Integrated Public Alert and Warning System,
National Terrorism Advisory System, and social media sites and technology should be utilized to
their maximum capacity for effective communication with the public (FEMA,

The National Response Framework (NRF)
Introduction Disasters are incidents that most hope to avoid but in reality they happen often.
Preparation for these events is necessary if the damage and loss of life is to be mitigated. Several
events have occurred in the last decade that has increased awareness of the necessity of emergency
management. Events such Hurricane Katrina and the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Both of these events had
massive death tolls and millions of dollars worth of property damage. They both resulted in a public
outcry for more effective intervention and assistance with disaster incidents. The National Response
Framework (NRF) was created after both of these events and in response to criticism of the prior
National Response Plan. The change of title from National ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This means that a certain response is not required like a plan would necessitate. The size of the
disaster would dictate the size of the response. Not all disaster incidents require a federal or even
state response. The framework allows for part to be requested as needed. The local government can
request the help of the state and then the state can request the help of the federal government.
Though for some agencies to be involved on a local level the state or full federal invention is not
required. This way only the minimum level of assistance and resources necessitated are dispatched.
This also permits that resources and personnel are not wasted on one disaster that could be used
elsewhere. The scalability of response is key in creating efficiency and effectiveness within
emergency management. The final strength of the NRF is that is expressly informs state and local
governments of the available resources for receiving federal assistance. The emergency support
functions (ESF) chart shows the state and local governments exactly which bureaucratic
organization handles certain issues that may arise within a disaster incident. The chart also goes to
show exactly what each agency can do to assist the state and local governments. There are fifteen
ESFs below is a portion of the chart as an example. The NRF also informs the state and

U.s. National Security Strategies And Policies
For this progress assignment I would like to describe homeland security as it is defined in the
various U.S. national security strategies and policies. In addition I would like to speak to the
difference between Homeland Security and Homeland Defense to include mission areas, task,
operational responsibilities, and coordinating efforts. Homeland Security The establishment of the
Department of Homeland security is, undoubtedly, a result of the lessons learned and identification
of the need to protect our Nation after the attacks on the trade cent on September 11, 2001. The
Quadrennial Homeland Security Review Repot tells us that the Department of Homeland Security
has 5 total missions. Below you will find a table from his reports that identifies theses missions and
their associated goals. During this course we have identified that a national strategy document is
built on 6 characteristics. The first characteristic is identified as the purpose, scope, and
methodology. Second is the problem definition and risk assessment which address the particular
problems and threats. The third characteristic is identified as being the goals, subordinate objectives,
activities and performance measures which address what the strategy is trying to achieve and the
steps in achievement. Number four identifies resources, investments and risk management. The fifth
characteristic is the organizational roles, responsibilities, and coordination to illustrate who is
responsible what means are

The Destruction from the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami and...
The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was one of the deadliest and most destructive in recent history. It
was even catastrophic for a country like Maldives that never experienced disasters of such scale.
While some of the islands in Maldives were completely destroyed and a significant number of lives
lost; the damages to economy, infrastructure, environment and human psyche was immeasurable
(Pardasani, 2006, p. 80). Having only dealt with storm surges and localized flooding, "there were no
operational plans or capacity to deal with a disaster of this magnitude" in Maldives (Government of
Maldives, et al., 2005, p. 9). Despite some organizational shortcomings, mostly owing to their lack
of experience in managing large–scale disasters and limited ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Maldivian Scouts were the first among NGOs to respond by taking initiative to report to operation
centre in Male. Scouts across the country were called to be on alert. The cadets and scouts remained
in assisting aid workers in managing temporary accommodation and other delegated tasks.
Following the destructions in islands, communities that were not affected by the tsunami took the
initiative in supplying basic necessities to the neighbouring islands. A national plea for aid was
broadcasted on national and private media (both television and radio station) and updates of tsunami
and its affect were continuously reported on media channels (Haleem, A. & Yusuf, A., 2004) The
only local NGOs with enough expertise in community outreach were Society for Health Education
and Care Society which later took a leading role in psychosocial support and counselling in some
focused communities (Pardasani, 2006).
Prior to tsunami, the international organizations in Maldives were very limited. The organizations
that existed were primarily focusing on education and health development (Brown, 2005).
International aid agencies arrived in a very short time. The Pakistan Armed Forces assisted in

Emergency Emergencies : A Bomb Detonation Of A Crowded...
Radiological recovery plan Introduction A radiological emergency refers to those disasters that
involve radioactive material that may occur in areas that are uncontrolled, misuse of radioactive
materials in industries, malicious acts, threats, and transport emergencies. One of the greatest tragic
incidents that can befall a country is a radiological bomb detonation in a crowded area. Such areas
may include shopping malls, health facilities, and learning institutions. Exposure to radiological
explosions presents enormous and immediate radioactive threats to life and severe damages to the
infrastructure within the exposure zone. It is essential for all the bodies of authority as well as the
public to have a proper plan to mitigate the impacts caused by a possible radiological attack
exposure. The local, public, and national emergency preparedness in responding to a radiological
detonation could lead to saving of many lives. In most instances, the local emergency services play a
crucial role as early responders towards mitigating the effects of radiological emergencies. These
local emergency services include the law enforcements, fire departments as well as the local medics.
The national emergency response services also play a key role in supporting the local emergency
response services. A radiological attack within a mall has far–reaching effects that will affect the
environment and the people within the exposure zones. Radiological bomb results in a blast that
comes from

Causes Of Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina proved to be one of the most catastrophic and costly natural disasters to affect the
United States. Severe winds, heavy rains, and a 27–foot storm surge devastated the Gulf Coast states
of Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana. In addition, the ferocity of the storm caused the failure of
the New Orleans levee system resulting in massive flooding. The loss to the nation was
extraordinary. The total expense from infrastructure damage, destroyed personal properties, and
recovery efforts reached $108 billion dollars. The damage and flooding displaced over 700,000
people, and worse, over 1200 people lost their lives (Blake, Landsea, & Gibney, 2011). Widespread
criticisms regarding insufficient response management, confusion in command and control, and the
breakdown in communications raised awareness that the current National Response Plan was
deficient. Within days, President George W. Bush ordered a complete review of the plan to improve
ineffective systems and ultimately better prepared for future catastrophes. While disaster response
plans and procedures were in place, Hurricane Katrina uncovered organizational failures leading to
an improved National Preparedness Doctrine.
Organizational Failures
National response policies state that disaster planning and response are primarily local and state
functions (Department of Homeland Security, 2013). The devastation from Hurricane Katrina
severely degraded, and in some instances incapacitated, local and

National Response Framework Essay
National Response Framework The National Response Framework addressed the problems in the
National Response Plan and was developed as a framework instead of a plan. It provides policy and
guiding principles for a unified response from all levels of government, all sectors of communities,
to all types of hazards regardless of their origin (Lindsay, 2008). It is not an operational plan, it is a
framework that permits for flexibility that allows responders how to choose to respond to an
incident. One benefit of the NRF is that DHS keeps the document "live" which means it is
constantly being updated as new methods or disaster responses are acted on. No two disasters are
the same or provide the exact same damage so it is important that it constantly ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are the eyes and ears in the areas, know their communities, know what natural threats face
them, and they generally have a specific plan in place for all disasters that can occur in their areas.
The federal government has tried to take first responders to the next level to ensure they are safe, as
well as members of the community. The number of first responders who died on 9/11 was tragic and
an event that no one wanted to see repeated. With the assistance, guidance and funding from the
federal government, local government and responders are tasked to create community emergency
operation plans (EOP). These plans outline the responsibilities of responders and detail a number of
objectives if they fall victim to a terrorist attack. In addition, FEMA provides training for first
responders which will help teams learn how to prepare for, protect against, respond to, and recover
from all types of disasters. This can include active shooter training, natural disaster training, terrorist
attacks, how to ensure continuous operations, and how to become a training. Having these tools is
extremely important and vital for all agencies from the local to the federal

Catoctin Mountain Review Essay
Introduction:
The National Park Service (NPS) and the U. S. Department of the Interior (USDI) drafted the
Catoctin Mountain National Park Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
(2006) to impart knowledge of a need for action to facilitate the regeneration of vegetation and
reforestation of the park. A population of white–tailed deer that was exceeding an estimated 100
individual animals per square mile was over browsing the vegetation. According to the EIS a
population of 15 to 20 individuals is optimal to protect herd health and allow regeneration of the
vegetation. The EIS listed four alternatives that were investigated in depth according to the National
Environmental Protection Act requirements (FHWA, n.d.) these ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This alternative would reach the goals through the length of the plan. The reduction in deer
population would not be rapid and regeneration would be seen mostly in the exclusions until the
population had diminished and the plan cost is over $9.5 million. The preferred alternative,
alternative C was comprised of the continuation of alternative A with the use of sharpshooting and
the subduing and euthanization of deer to rapidly reduce the population to the goal range in three
years. Through this alternative the goals would be meet in a relatively short time frame at a cost
between $738,600 and $941,100. The final alternative, alternative D also continued alternative A
with the combination of sharpshooting, euthanization, and reproduction control. Alternative D
would meet the goals of the plan in a similar time frame as alternative C with a cost of between $1.4
and $1.6 million.
Rejected alternatives:
Several alternatives were rejected for various reasons. The first rejected alternative was a managed
hunt, for the need of legislation change in congress to allow a hunt on NPS land and possible cost
and safety issues. A second was sterilization of bucks, which would only show moderate control of
the population if the dominant buck were sterilized. Predator reintroduction was next rejected,
because studies have shown that predators have not shown consistent

National Incident Management System (NIMS)
The NIMS provides the template for the management of incidents, while the NRF provides the
structure and mechanisms for National–level policy for incident management.
You may have heard the term National Incident Management System (NIMS). The NIMS is a
companion document to the National Response Framework (NRF), and provides a comprehensive,
national approach to incident management that is applied and followed at all jurisdictional levels:
local, tribal, State, and Federal; and across functional disciplines: fire, health, law enforcement, and
transportation. The NIMS provides the template for the management of incidents, while the NRF
provides the structure and mechanisms for National–level policy for incident management.
The NIMS is intended ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It provides all response personnel, including you, with guidance and information relating to:
Who is involved with emergency management activities at the local (mayor), tribal, State (governor
and agencies, including the State Department of Transportation), and Federal levels.
What we as a Nation collectively do to respond to incidents; for example, State DOTs will provide
resource support to local governments responding to incidents. NOTE: A critical principle is all
incidents are managed locally. When the local government's resources are exhausted, the State will
provide additional resources, and then the Federal government will provide support to the State as
needed.
How we as a Nation organize to implement response actions; for example, a Joint Field Office with
State and Federal personnel in direct support to local responders (FEMA,

Title 10 Integration
The efficient integration of Title 10 and National Guard forces during domestic operations increases
the threshold of a state's capacity to respond to disasters or security requirements. Pre–event
preparation is required to achieve efficient integration. This preparation requires three critical
elements, building relationships, integrated planning and exercises. To successfully incorporate
federal forces during a response, states must develop positive relationships with key Title 10
partners during steady–state operations. Building upon these relationships, state and federal partners
conduct deliberate planning for the integration of Title 10 forces in a state response. Finally,
exercises validate plans and grow relationships. This paper describes ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are several large exercises simulating combined state and federal responses such as Vigilant
Guard and Ardent Sentry. Lessons learned from the Hurricane Sandy response indicate the
importance of exercises simulating a DSC response. These events provide critical training, however,
they are resource intensive. Additionally, they are cyclical with the opportunity to participate only
every few years. To augment large formal exercises, many states now conduct annual Title 10
synchronization meetings. In the Alabama version of this event, the DCO, DCE, Deputy DSC, JEC,
state–based Title 10 installations and JFHQ representatives give formal information briefs on their
functions. The event then transitions into a hurricane scenario table top exercise to ensure all the
participants understand the expectations during a DSC–led response. This interaction between the
state and Title 10 participants is critical. Additionally, the interaction between the Title 10
participants, which normally do not work together, greatly enhances the shared understanding of
effective state–federal integration. Regardless of the scale of the exercise, conducting exercises
together with state and Title 10 partners validates existing plans and strengthens

Mitigation : The Challenge For Emergency Medical Services
Mitigation is about reducing vulnerability and therefore improving the resiliency of a community
and nation. Although CBRNE events commonly involve multiple patients and thus, on the surface,
might resemble multi–casualty incidents, the unique hazards of CBRN events require specific
education and training. The addition of a potential CBRN agent to any situation significantly
changes the flavor of that situation and therefore the reactions of personnel at the scene.
The challenge for emergency medical services (EMS), comprised of paramedics and fire first–
responders, is a combination of the following: recognizing that a chemical, biological, radiological
and nuclear (CBRN) event has occurred; providing resuscitative care in or near a ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
If a first responder is not able to safely respond, the expected loss of life rises.
The Hazardous Material Identification System conveys the information that directly influences how
first responders should approach the attack. The Hazardous Materials Identification System (HMIS)
is a numerical hazard rating that incorporates the use of labels with color–coded bars as well as
training materials (CT2Learn). The utilization of the hazardous materials identification system
ensures the appropriate materials are categorized and proper handling and care are clearly stated.
For their safety, it is imperative first responders take in large amounts of information very quickly
when they arrive on scene. Responders need to make judgment calls that will impact not only
themselves, but also those they are assisting. Should a location that handles hazardous materials be
the target of a terrorist attack the first responders need to quickly assess what protective safety
measures are required. First responders require training in how to respond to the risks presented with
the presence of the hazardous materials. Each hazardous material brings unique characteristics to the
event. The response protocols for an event involving jet fuel is vastly different form an event
involving bio–hazardous materials or even a nuclear event.
Response
Response is about saving lives and meeting basic human needs after an emergency. Ill–prepared,
heroic rescue

Emergency Management And Emergency Managers
Introduction There are many roles an Emergency Managers will have to take in today's emergency
response and management field. The fact that emergency management covers such a vide field of
concern means that the roles themselves will not be cookie cutter standardized throughout the world.
In the United States there are Emergency Managers at the local, state, and federal level and each of
these roles are similar. The fact that these Emergency Managers deal with separate issues that are
not similar will cause these managers to have their own unique custom roles which will make them
differ from one another. The purpose of this essay is to define and discuss the most important roles
these managers fill. Local Local Emergency Managers such as county or volunteer fire chiefs will
have the direct familiarity and the best understanding of the best approach to certain locally unique
situations in their area that a federal or even state employed Emergency Managers would not, purely
due to the fact that the outside managers do not deal daily with the small hand emergencies that the
locals face. "Where there is an Emergency Managers that person is generally appointed, at the
county level, by a County Council or by County Commissioners, depending on the form or structure
of the county government." (FEMA, 2014) Local Emergency Managers will understand better how
to maneuver the cities' infrastructure and local topographical hazards better than an "out–of–towner"
federal, or

Federal, State, And Local Roles Of Emergency Management
Federal, State, and Local Roles in Emergency Management
Introduction
Government at all levels plays an important role during disaster management. Actions and roles of
each government agencies are spelled out in the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and
the National Response Framework (NRF). But before we go into details on the roles of
governments, let me first of all explain what constitute emergency and emergency management, just
to give clearer understanding some of these terms. Then I will examine the roles of governments at
all level including first responder actions, mutual support, lead and support roles.
An emergency is a severe, sudden and sometimes risky circumstances requiring urgent action
(Salman Sawalha, 2014). Escalation of an emergency situation can lead to disaster; which is an
unusual event that can cause lost of life and property (Salman Sawalha, 2014). International
Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRRCS) define disaster as "unexpected
devastating events that disrupts the operations of a population or public which leads to huge losses
and overwhelmed the affected community 's ability to respond to the situation with the resources
they have at hand". There are two main types of disaster that can lead to emergency situations; these
include natural and man–made disasters.
Natural disasters are the catastrophes cause by "Mother Nature", which is often difficult to forecast
or manage (Morrison, et al 2014). Examples of

The National Incident Management System
The National Incident Management System is a systematic guideline on how to effectively plan,
mitigate, respond and recover, from significant incidences especially those that encompass diverse
interest and involves all levels of governments. It works hand in hand with the National Response
Framework, which provides structure for incident management while NIMS provide the guide for
all departments and agencies at all levels of government, nongovernmental organizations, and the
private sector to work flawlessly during incident management to reduce loss of life and property (U.
S. Department of Homeland Security, 2008). The core aspect of the National Incident Management
System during incident response is the Incident Command System (ICS), ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also, there are some challenges involves in mobilizing and deploying response teams in some
special incidents. For instance, during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) Incident, there were
reports of "some delay in achieving a fully functioning, effective and efficient Incident Command
System" (Florida Commission on Oil Spill Response Coordination, 2012, P.33). As such some
questions like why should city emergency management personnel use the National Incident
Management System rather than developing their own command and control system often arises.
This paper will try to answer or clarify this question by examining the advantages and disadvantages
of the NIMS; endeavor to see if there is any advantages and disadvantages, of developing and using
an ad hoc system to manage emergency; And then compare the advantages and disadvantages both
systems; finally try to justify the use of the National Incident Management System as opposed to
emergency management personnel developing an ad hoc command system for each individual
emergency or disaster situation.
Advantages of the NIMS
The National Incident Management System (NIMS) which was created in 2003 based on existing
structures provides framework for all types of incidence throughout the country. It aimed at uniting
all those involves in incident management together for a common goal of successful management of
incidents. Some notable benefits of NIMS include integration of incident

FEMA's Role in Emergency Response

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to FEMA's Role in Emergency Response

Similar to FEMA's Role in Emergency Response (10)

More from Denise Enriquez

More from Denise Enriquez (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

FEMA's Role in Emergency Response