The document discusses population policies in Kenya, India, and Japan. It notes that Kenya began a national family planning campaign in the 1960s focused on matching population size to available resources through local health officials in rural areas. India introduced its first population campaign poster in 1952 and declared a "Population State of Emergency" in the 1970s that involved forced sterilizations, though it was not successful. Currently, India's policy aims to advance women's status. Japan faces a declining birth rate of 1.35 births per woman, which leaders view as a threat as the elderly population increases; some localities now offer parents monetary incentives to have children.

1. IGCSEGEOGRAPHY
GOVERNMENTPOPULATIONPOLICY
KENYAINDIAJAPAN
PRESENTATION2

2. Stage 2: Kenya (LEDC)Stage 2: Kenya (LEDC)
 In the late 1960’s the National Family PlanningIn the late 1960’s the National Family Planning
campaign began. This involved:campaign began. This involved:
 Official policy of matching population size withOfficial policy of matching population size with
available resourcesavailable resources
 LocalLocal health-care officialshealth-care officials were the mainwere the main
method of spreading ideas.method of spreading ideas.
 Poster campaigns and visitsPoster campaigns and visits were predominantwere predominant
inin rural areasrural areas where large families were/arewhere large families were/are
common and distrust of contraception andcommon and distrust of contraception and
health-care was once prevalent.health-care was once prevalent.

3.  Why would theWhy would the
Kenyan GovernmentKenyan Government
target rural areas intarget rural areas in
their campaign?their campaign?
 Why would someWhy would some
people be dubious ofpeople be dubious of
health workers?health workers?
 Why is a populationWhy is a population
with many ‘youngwith many ‘young
dependants’ adependants’ a
problem for aproblem for a
country?country?

6.  Successful.Successful.
 Average number of births per womenAverage number of births per women
was 8 in 1980’s, it is now 4.was 8 in 1980’s, it is now 4.
 Contraception use has risen from 7%Contraception use has risen from 7%
in 1978 to 30% today.in 1978 to 30% today.

7. Stage 3: IndiaStage 3: India
(MEDC ?)(MEDC ?)
 By 2050 India will be the world’s mostBy 2050 India will be the world’s most
populous country.populous country.
 First country in the world to recognise andFirst country in the world to recognise and
introduce a national campaign to lower birthintroduce a national campaign to lower birth
rates.rates.
 1952 saw the world’s first population poster1952 saw the world’s first population poster
campaign.campaign.

8. In the 1970’s a ‘Population State ofIn the 1970’s a ‘Population State of
Emergency’ was declared.Emergency’ was declared.
 Forced sterilisationsForced sterilisations of poorest peopleof poorest people
 Health-care workers who performed mostHealth-care workers who performed most
operations wereoperations were rewardedrewarded
 RadiosRadios given to vasectomy volunteersgiven to vasectomy volunteers
 ContraceptionContraception made easily available andmade easily available and
promotedpromoted
 Not successfulNot successful as women saw Familyas women saw Family
Planning as an ‘all or nothing option’, theyPlanning as an ‘all or nothing option’, they
became wary of contraception.became wary of contraception.

10.  Who is theWho is the
Government’s posterGovernment’s poster
campaign aimed at;campaign aimed at;
men, women ormen, women or
both?both?
 What benefits of aWhat benefits of a
small family aresmall family are
shown in theshown in the
Government poster?Government poster?

11.  Today, the Indian Government policy isToday, the Indian Government policy is
aimed at advancing womenaimed at advancing women academically,academically,
socially and economicallysocially and economically..
 Independent womenIndependent women are more likely toare more likely to
have later marriages and small families.have later marriages and small families.
 Today’s policy is much more effectiveToday’s policy is much more effective
than the extreme measures of the 1950’s.than the extreme measures of the 1950’s.

12. Stage 4 / 5: JapanStage 4 / 5: Japan
(MEDC)(MEDC)
 Japan's sagging birth rate, only 1.35 birthsJapan's sagging birth rate, only 1.35 births
per woman, is a major worry to Japaneseper woman, is a major worry to Japanese
leaders. They have doubts about theleaders. They have doubts about the
ability of future generations toability of future generations to support thesupport the
swelling ranks of elderlyswelling ranks of elderly..
 They must raise the birth rate to produceThey must raise the birth rate to produce
an ‘an ‘economically activeeconomically active’ future generation.’ future generation.

13.  Why are JapaneseWhy are Japanese
couples not havingcouples not having
children?children?
 Japan’s ‘oldJapan’s ‘old
dependant’dependant’
population is 17%.population is 17%.
 What resources doWhat resources do
‘old dependants’‘old dependants’
need in society?need in society?

14.  Some Japanese localities, facing significantSome Japanese localities, facing significant
population loss, are offeringpopulation loss, are offering economiceconomic
incentivesincentives. Yamatsuri, a town of 7,000 just. Yamatsuri, a town of 7,000 just
north of Tokyo, offers parents $4,600 for thenorth of Tokyo, offers parents $4,600 for the
birth of a child and $460 a year for 10 years.birth of a child and $460 a year for 10 years.
(Australia, Singapore, France, Italy and(Australia, Singapore, France, Italy and
Poland all offer monetary schemes toPoland all offer monetary schemes to
parents).parents).
 The Japanese Government is trying toThe Japanese Government is trying to
encourage couples to have children. As wellencourage couples to have children. As well
as economic bonuses they promote theas economic bonuses they promote the
lifestylelifestyle of a family instead of a child-free life.of a family instead of a child-free life.

15. Some recent newspaper articles quoting theSome recent newspaper articles quoting the
Japanese Government were:Japanese Government were:
 ‘…‘…work less, have more babies' governmentwork less, have more babies' government
says in report on nation's lifestyle’.says in report on nation's lifestyle’.
 ‘…‘…the goal would be to free people fromthe goal would be to free people from
Japan's corporate grind of 18-hour-workJapan's corporate grind of 18-hour-work
days and mandatory drinks with the boss sodays and mandatory drinks with the boss so
they can better balance family and career’.they can better balance family and career’.
 ‘…‘…it proposed tackling such attitudes withit proposed tackling such attitudes with
"lifestyle structural reforms," a nod to the"lifestyle structural reforms," a nod to the
structural overhaul Koizumi is proposing tostructural overhaul Koizumi is proposing to
rescue Japan's sinking economy’.rescue Japan's sinking economy’.