A comprehensive revision of Chapter 2 - Age of Uncertainty, Subchapter 2.1 The Peace Settlements of 1920 and 1921.

1. CAMBRIDGEAS
HISTORYREVISION
AGEOFUNCERTAINTY
2.1 THEPEACESETTLEMENTS
OF19201921

2. BACKGROUND
The Fourteen Points: Wilson’s aims (e.g. avoiding secret treaties,
allowing for self determination).
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918: Lenin’s determination to withdraw from
the First World War; terms; implications.
Different aims of the peacemakers: aims/opinions of Wilson,
Clemenceau, Lloyd George and Orlando.
Problems faced by the peacemakers: ongoing disintegration of the
Habsburg, Turkish and Russian empires.

3. THETREATYOFVERSAILLES1919
Germany’s territorial losses: Alsace and Lorraine (France); Eupen and
Malmédy (Belgium); Saar Valley (under League of Nations for 15 years);
Rhineland (demilitarised); West Prussia (Poland – Germany split by ‘Polish
Corridor’); Memel (Lithuania); Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (independent
states); African colonies (mandates).
Reduction and limitation of German armaments: limits imposed on
Germany’s military strength.
Anschluss: union between Germany and Austria prohibited.
‘War Guilt’ clause: Germany held responsible for the war; justification for
reparations.
Reparations: Germany to pay compensation for damage done during the
war.
German resentment: felt treaty was forced upon them, unfair and not
related to Wilson’s Fourteen Points.

4. OTHERTREATIES
Saint-Germain 1919: with Austria.
Neuilly 1919: with Bulgaria.
Sevres 1920: with Turkey.
Trianon 1920: with Hungary.

5. SUCCESSORSTATES
Definition: countries created by Paris peace settlement – Yugoslavia,
Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary.
Problems: all suffered political, economic and social problems.

6. LEAGUEOFNATIONS
A clause in each of the treaties: Wilson’s commitment to forming a
League of Nations.
Aims: to prevent future wars and maintain security for all countries.