Final Year Project Presentation

1. Synthesis Of ZnSe Nanocrystals,
Study of its properties and
applications.
By :
JITESH KUMAR(BE/15007/12)
ATISH SINHA(BE/15009/12)
GAURAV RAJ ANAND(BE/15067/12)
Under the guidance of Prof. S.K CHAUBEY
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2. CONTENTS
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Objective
• Methodology
• Work Done
• Results
• Applications
• References
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3. ABSTRACT
Highly crystalline, well-dispersed ZnSe nanocrystal with
a relatively narrow particle size distribution was
successfully synthesized by using solvo-thermal
mechanism using ZnCl2, Se powder , hydrazine hydrate
and ethylene glycol. The samples were characterized by
means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform
infrared (FT-IR). All the desired properties of
nanocrystals prepared here imply the possibility of high
quality ZnSe nanocrystals developed under the
appropriate reaction conditions. These properties
were further applied in various applications like Cancer
Detection and improving existing solar cells.
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4. Introduction
Nanocrystals
• A nanocrystal is a crystalline particle with at least one
dimension measuring less than 1000 nanometers (nm),
where 1 nm is defined as 1 thousand-millionth of a
meter (10-9 m).
• The size of nanocrystals distinguishes them from
larger crystals. For example, silicon nanocrystals can
provide efficient light emission while bulk silicon does
not and may be used for memory components.
• Semiconductor nanocrystals having dimensions smaller
than 10nm are also described as quantum dots.
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5. Application of Nanocrystals:
• Illumination
• Flat panel display
• Refining of Crude Oil into Diesel
• Optical and Infrared Lasers
• Removal of pollutants and toxins
• Solar panels
• Drug Manufacture
• Protein Analysis
• Bio-tags for gene identification
• Cancer Detection
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6. Zinc Selenide:
• Zinc selenide (ZnSe) is a light-yellow, solid compound comprising zinc (Zn)
and selenium(Se).
• It is an intrinsic semiconductor with a band gap of about 2.70 eV at 25 °C
(77 °F).
• ZnSe rarely occurs in nature, and is found in the mineral that was named
after Hans Stille called "stilleite“.
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7. Properties of ZnSe:
• ZnSe can be made in both hexagonal (wurtzite) and cubic (zincblende)
crystal structure.
• It is a wide-bandgap semiconductor of the II-IV semiconductor
group (since zinc and selenium belong to the 12th and 16th groups of
the periodic table, respectively).
• The material can be doped n-type doping with, for instance, halogen
elements. P-type doping is more difficult, but can be achieved by
introducing gallium .
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8. Applications of Zinc Selenide:
• ZnSe is used to form II-VI light-emitting
diodes and diode lasers. It emits blue light.
• ZnSe doped with magnesium (ZnSe:Mg) has been
used as an infrared laser gain medium emitting at
about 2.4 µm.
• In daily life, it can be found as the entrance optic in
the new range of "in-ear" clinical thermometers,
seen as a small yellow window
• ZnSe activated with tellurium is a scintillator with
emission peak at 640 nm, suitable for matching
with photodiodes. It is used in x-ray and gamma
ray detectors.
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9. OBJECTIVE
• Synthesis of Zinc Selenide Nanocrystals
• Study of its optical and electrical properties
• Preparation of Doped ZnSe
• Application in Cancer Detection
• Application in Photovoltaic Cells
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10. Methodology
• The methodology used in preparation of ZnSe
nanocrystals by us is called solvo thermal synthesis
method.
• In this case, we use water as a solvent, because of
which it is called hydrothermal synthesis.
• Solvothermal synthesis is a method for preparing a
variety of materials such as metals, semiconductors,
ceramics, and polymers.
• The process can be used to prepare many geometries
including thin films, bulk powders, single crystals, and
nanocrystals.
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11. • The method can be used to prepare
thermodynamically stable and metastable
states including novel materials that cannot be
easily formed from other synthetic routes.
• Over the last decade, a majority (~80%) of the
literature concerning solvothermal synthesis
has focused on nanocrystals.
• A magnetic stirrer was used for this process,
which was set at different RPMs for a good
number of hours for mixing and drying.
• A microwave was used for further drying.
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12. WORK DONE
Chemicals Required:
• 1. Selenium Powder - 2gms
• 2. Zinc Chloride - 4gms
• 3. Ethylene Glycol - 54mL
• 4. Hydrazine Hydrate – 18.5mL
• 5. Distilled Water – 126mL
• 6. Mg – 0.4gms
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13. • In the typical synthesis of ZnSe, highly pure ZnCl2
powder (99.9%) and elemental Selenium (99.999%)
was used without further purification. Ethylene glycol
and Hydrazine hydrate were also used.
• In this synthesis process, ZnCl2 (4.0 g) and elemental
selenium (2.0 g) was taken with deionized water,
ethylene glycol and hydrazine hydrate in the volume
ratio of 7:3:1 respectively in a 200ml capacity conical
flask.
• The solution is then put on a magnetic stirrer for a
good number of hours at 60 degree celcius and then
filtered out.
• The filtered sample is then dried in microwave for
apprx. 10 mins at 120 degree celcius.
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14. EQUATIONS:
1.
ZnCl2 + Se + X ZnSe
X = C2H6O6 + N2H4 + H2O
2.
ZnCl2 + Se + X + Mg ZnSe:Mg
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15. RESULTS
• XRD
• FTIR
• SEM
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16. ZnSe IV
Operations: Smooth 0.150 | Background 1.000,1.000 | Import
File: SAIFXR160217C-04 (ZnSe-IV).raw - Step: 0.020 ° - Step time: 29.1 s - WL1: 1.5406 - kA2 Ratio: 0.5 - Generator kV: 35 kV - Generator mA: 35 mA - Type: 2Th/Th locked
Lin(Counts)
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2-Theta - Scale
3 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
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17. ZnSe IV
Operations: Smooth 0.150 | Background 1.000,1.000 | Import
8)
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File: SAIFXR160217C-04 (ZnSe-IV).raw - Step: 0.020 ° - Step time: 29.1 s - WL1: 1. Obs. Max: 47.747 ° - FWHM: 0.439 ° - Raw Area: 5.503 Cps x deg.
Obs. Max: 43.699 ° - FWHM: 0.370 ° - Raw Area: 9.752 Cps x deg.
Obs. Max: 32.924 ° - FWHM: 0.209 ° - Raw Area: 10.32 Cps x deg.
Obs. Max: 31.768 ° - FWHM: 0.237 ° - Raw Area: 23.03 Cps x deg.
Obs. Max: 29.726 ° - FWHM: 0.316 ° - Raw Area: 28.02 Cps x deg.
Obs. Max: 23.535 ° - FWHM: 0.345 ° - Raw Area: 11.14 Cps x deg.
Obs. Max: 22.370 ° - FWHM: 0.251 ° - Raw Area: 13.76 Cps x deg.
Obs. Max: 15.169 ° - FWHM: 0.211 ° - Raw Area: 17.13 Cps x deg.
Lin(Counts)
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2-Theta - Scale
3 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
2th=15.174°,d=5.83406
2th=20.489°,d=4.33120
2th=22.357°,d=3.97340
2th=23.523°,d=3.77899
2th=24.617°,d=3.61349
2th=29.731°,d=3.00249
2th=30.488°,d=2.92969
2th=31.767°,d=2.81456
2th=32.933°,d=2.71756
2th=34.942°,d=2.56575
2th=40.660°,d=2.21715
2th=41.574°,d=2.17051
2th=43.695°,d=2.06991
2th=45.359°,d=1.99781
2th=46.437°,d=1.95389
2th=47.762°,d=1.90274
2th=49.332°,d=1.84579
2th=51.262°,d=1.78072
2th=55.941°,d=1.64237
2th=58.489°,d=1.57675
2th=59.911°,d=1.54268
2th=61.344°,d=1.51003
2th=63.419°,d=1.46552
2th=67.113°,d=1.39356
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18. Ideal Curve (Comparision)
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19. RESULTS FROM XRD
• The general plot shows very less Intensity peak
areas for most of 2θ , though with some
fluctuations.
• The area under the Intensity count is almost
constant for most of the region.
• Peak areas change due to imperfect structure.
• Peak values are changed due to absorption of
light by the structure of material.
• The fluctuation in the graph is due to the
impurities.
• This shows overall good crystalline properties.
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21. RESULTS FROM FTIR
• Transmittance is high for a wide range of wave no.
• This means that the absorbance is quite low.
• This shows presence of mostly very fine
nanoparticles.
• The sharp bottoms represent the impurities.
• This goes along with the properties expected of the
Zinc Selenide.
• It can be used solar cells, lasers etc.
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22. Intended Applications
• Early detection of breast cancer using total
biochemical analysis of peripheral blood
components: a preliminary study.
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23. Cancer Detection
• The aim of this study was to evaluate the
feasibility of detecting breast cancer by analyzing
the total biochemical composition of plasma as
well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells
(PBMCs) using infrared spectroscopy.
• PBMCs and plasma were isolated and dried on a
zinc selenide and measured under a Fourier
transform infrared (FTIR) microscope to obtain
their infrared absorption spectra. Differences in
the spectra of PBMCs and plasma between the
groups were analyzed as well as the specific
influence of the relevant pathological
characteristics of the cancer patients.
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24. • Several bands in the FTIR spectra of both
blood components significantly distinguished
patients with and without cancer.
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25. Conclusion
In summary, ZnSe nanocrystals were successfully
synthesised by using solvo thermal route using
Zinc Chloride, Ethylene Glycol, Hydrazine Hydrate
,which was further dried. Through this method,
highly crystalline, well-dispersed ZnSe nanocrystal
with an average diameter of 0.23 nm and a
relatively narrow particle size distribution can be
obtained. It is also expected that solvothermal
method could be extended to synthesize the
other semiconductor nanocrystals.
Further the results show its applicability in
Cancer Detection and fabrication of Solar cells.
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26. REFERENCES
1. Chung Sua, Yi-Ting Hsieha, Chi Paib and I-Wen Suna - “Voltammetric Study of Selenium and Two-Stage
Electrodeposition of Photoelectrochemically Active Zinc Selenide Semiconductor Films in Ionic Liquid
Zinc Chloride-1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride” - Journal of Electrochemical Society 2015 volume
162, issue 7
2. Sandeep Arya, Saleem Khan, Parveen Lehana , Ishan Gupta, Suresh K - “Electrical properties of
electrodeposited zinc selenide (ZnSe) nanowires”- Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics
-September 2014, Volume 25, Issue 9, pp 4150-4155
3. Biljana Pejova -” Optical phonons in nanostructured thin films composed by zincblende zinc selenide
quantum dots in strong size-quantization regime: Competition between phonon confinement and
strain-related effects” - Journal of Solid State Chemistry Volume 213, May 2014, Pages 22–31
4. Aparna C. Deshpandea, Shashi B. Singha, Majid Kazemian Abyaneha, Renu Pasrichab,
5. S.K. Kulkarni - Low temperature synthesis of ZnSe nanoparticles – 2008
6. Lin Yang, Lingyun Liu, Dingquan Xiao, Jianguo Zhu - Preparation and characterization of ZnSe
nanocrystals by a microemulsion-mediated method – 2011
7. Kyle H. Montgomery, Jong-Hyeok Jeon, Qiang Zhang, Maria C. Tamargo, Jerry M. Woodall- ZnSe: A
Material to Improve Efficiencies for Current Solar Cell Multi-junction Stacks - Materials Research Society
Spring Meeting, April 13 – 17, 2009
8. Junli Xu a,⇑, Wei Wanga, Xia Zhang a, Xinjuan Chang a, Zhongning Shi b, Geir Martin Haarberg c -
Electrodeposition of ZnSe thin film and its photocatalytic properties - Journal of Alloys and Compounds ,
January 2015
9. Udi Zelig, Eyal Barlev, Omri Bar, Itai Gross, Felix Flomen, Shaul Mordechai, Joseph Kapelushnik, Ilana
Nathan,Hanoch Kashtan, Nir Wasserberg,# and Osnat Madhala-Givon# - Early detection of breast cancer
using total biochemical analysis of peripheral blood components: a preliminary study – BMC Cancer-
May 2015
26contact@gauravrajanand.com

27. 10. Shyam Ranjan Kumar,a Mohan Nuthalapatia and Joydeep Maity- Development of
nanocrystalline ZnSe thin film through electrodeposition from a non aqeous
solution, Scripta Materilia – May 2012
11. I.T. Zedan a,⁎, A.A. Azabb, E.M. El-Menyawy b - Structural, morphological and
optical properties of ZnSe quantum dot thin films, Spectrochimica Acta –
October 2015
12. A.A. Khurram a,⇑, Faisal Jabar b, M. Mumtaz b, Nawazish A. Khan c, M. Nasir
Mehmood - Effect of light, medium and heavy ion irradiations on the structural
and electrical properties of ZnSe thin films, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in
Physics Research- August 2013
13. A.P. Pardo Gonzalez, H.G. Castro-Lora, L.D. López-Carreño, H.M. Martínez, N.J.
Torres Salcedo - PhysicalpropertiesofZnSethin films depositedonglass and
siliconsubstrates, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids – January 2014
14. Steven C. Erwin, Lijun Zu, Michael I. Haftel, Alexander L. Efros, Thomas A.
Kennedy & David J. Norris - Doping semiconductor nanocrystals, Nature – May
2005
15. Narayan Pradhan ,† David Goorskey ,‡ Jason Thessing ,† and Xiaogang Peng *† -
An Alternative of CdSe Nanocrystal Emitters: Pure and Tunable Impurity
Emissions in ZnSe Nanocrystals, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127 (50), pp 17586–
17587
16. Shinjita Acharya†, D. D. Sarma§, Nikhil R. Jana† and Narayan Pradhan*†‡ - An
Alternate Route to High-Quality ZnSe and Mn-Doped ZnSe Nanocrystals, J. Phys.
Chem. Lett., 2010, 1 (2), pp 485–488
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28. Thank You
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