2. CONGRESS OF VIENNA
• Representatives of the Great Powers agreed to work to
restore the old order
• Klemens von Metternich believed in the principle of legitimacy-
lawful monarchs who had ruled before Napoleon should be
restored to their thrones
• To achieve balance, some territories were divided and
some boundaries were changed
• Rulers believed in conservatism, or obedience to political
authority
• Eventually adopted a principle of intervention
• Great Powers had the right to send armies into other countries
to put down revolutions in order to keep monarchs in power
3. FORCES OF CHANGE
• Liberalism: people should be as free as possible from
government restraint (middle class)
• Wanted basic rights protected in a written doc.
• Most favored a limited monarchy with a representative
assembly or legislature
• Only people with land should vote because they had more long-
term, serious interest in the community
• Nationalism: unique cultural identity of people based on
common language, religion, and national symbols
• Made a potent force by the French Revolution
• People wanted to become their own nations- break away
from empires, unite states within a country, etc.
• Led to 4 revolutions starting in 1830
4. UNIFICATION ACROSS EUROPE
• Italy: Italian Peninsula was controlled by Austria
• Under leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi they fought for
freedom
• Germany: Germany had been split into North and
South- North controlled by Prussia
• Prussia was able to unify both halves after a war with France
5. NATIONALISM AND REFORM IN
EUROPE
• Great Britain: Britain • Austria: was defeated by
remained stable through Prussia in 1867 and they
economic growth and were forced to create
extending the vote- the Compromise of 1867
avoided revolution • Created the dual
• France: Revolution of monarchy of Austria-
1848 allowed Napoleon III Hungary
to take over as Emperor • Russia: Czar Alexander II
• Increased made some reforms after
economy, rebuilt Paris, and losing the Crimean War
gave more power to the • Issued an emancipation
legislature edict- freed serfs and gave
peasants more rights
• Serfs tended to follow old
ways of farming because
reforms did not work
6. NATIONALISM IN THE U.S.
• Divisions in the U.S. had been covered by
Nationalism after the war of 1812
• Andrew Jackson extended the right to vote
• Slavery became a dividing force
• South depended on slavery for its economy
• Abolitionism began in the North looking to end slavery
• Starting in 1860 southern states began to secede
from the U.S. starting the Civil War (1861-65)
• Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863
