The Christmas Truce of 1914 saw widespread informal ceasefires and fraternization between British, French, and German soldiers along much of the Western Front on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day. Troops sang carols, exchanged gifts and food, buried their dead together, and even played football games across no-man's land. While initially reported in newspapers, both governments worked to censor information and prevent further truces. Despite orders against it, some fraternization continued into 1915 along parts of the front. The impromptu truce highlighted the human desire for peace, even amidst the horrors of industrialized warfare.
During World War I in 1914, on Christmas Eve, British and German soldiers in the trenches along the Western Front declared an unofficial truce. In some areas of the front, soldiers continued fighting, but in many places they stopped fighting and began to sing Christmas carols and exchange gifts in No Man's Land between their trenches. Soldiers met there and talked to each other, gave each other gifts, shared food, sang carols, and even played soccer games together briefly forgetting the war. The Christmas truce lasted only through Christmas Day in most areas before the soldiers returned to fighting, though it extended a few days in some places.
The document summarizes life in the trenches for soldiers during World War 1. It describes the boredom of daily life in the trenches, punctuated by moments of terror from bombardment and attacks. Trench warfare was characterized by squalid living conditions with rats, lice, and disease. Soldiers suffered from physical ailments like trench foot and shell shock. Christmas 1914 saw a spontaneous ceasefire and fraternization between British and German soldiers in some areas of the front.
The document summarizes plans for the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland. It describes how the Irish Volunteers and Citizen's Army planned an uprising to end British rule in Ireland and establish an independent republic. Their plans were disrupted when British intelligence intercepted a shipment of weapons from Germany. On Easter Monday 1916, the rebels went ahead and took over key locations in Dublin, reading the Easter Proclamation. After six days of fighting, the rebels surrendered to British forces. This led to hundreds of arrests and executions, turning the rebel leaders into martyrs and galvanizing Irish nationalism.
King Henry VIII had six wives over the course of his reign as King of England from 1509 to 1547. His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, who he was married to for over 20 years but divorced after failing to produce a male heir. He then married Anne Boleyn and had Elizabeth I, though had her executed for adultery. His third wife Jane Seymour gave birth to his son Edward VI but died shortly after. His subsequent wives included Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, both of whom he had annulments from, and his final wife Katherine Parr, who outlived Henry.
1. The document discusses the Spanish Armada of 1588, where Spain assembled a large fleet called the Spanish Armada to invade England and restore Catholicism.
2. The Spanish Armada battled against the English fleet led by Queen Elizabeth I and Sir Francis Drake.
3. After a series of battles and damage from storms, the Spanish Armada was defeated, marking the rise of English naval power and allowing England to pursue colonization of North America over Spain.
The document discusses the history of the Irish Home Rule movement from the late 19th century through World War 1. It covers the political parties that supported and opposed Home Rule, the resistance in Ulster, various Home Rule bills proposed, and the impact of events like the Easter Rising of 1916. Key figures and groups discussed include Charles Stewart Parnell, William Gladstone, the Irish Nationalist Party led by John Redmond, the Ulster Unionist Party led by Edward Carson, and the nationalist Sinn Fein party.
1. Britain's history spans over 5,000 years from the Stone Age to modern times and saw successive waves of settlers and invaders including the Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, and Normans.
2. The country experienced major changes through the Industrial Revolution and British Empire which brought great wealth and power but also social problems.
3. Key events included the Magna Carta, English Civil War, Glorious Revolution, Acts of Union, World Wars, and decolonization process in the post-war period.
During World War I in 1914, on Christmas Eve, British and German soldiers in the trenches along the Western Front declared an unofficial truce. In some areas of the front, soldiers continued fighting, but in many places they stopped fighting and began to sing Christmas carols and exchange gifts in No Man's Land between their trenches. Soldiers met there and talked to each other, gave each other gifts, shared food, sang carols, and even played soccer games together briefly forgetting the war. The Christmas truce lasted only through Christmas Day in most areas before the soldiers returned to fighting, though it extended a few days in some places.
The document summarizes life in the trenches for soldiers during World War 1. It describes the boredom of daily life in the trenches, punctuated by moments of terror from bombardment and attacks. Trench warfare was characterized by squalid living conditions with rats, lice, and disease. Soldiers suffered from physical ailments like trench foot and shell shock. Christmas 1914 saw a spontaneous ceasefire and fraternization between British and German soldiers in some areas of the front.
The document summarizes plans for the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland. It describes how the Irish Volunteers and Citizen's Army planned an uprising to end British rule in Ireland and establish an independent republic. Their plans were disrupted when British intelligence intercepted a shipment of weapons from Germany. On Easter Monday 1916, the rebels went ahead and took over key locations in Dublin, reading the Easter Proclamation. After six days of fighting, the rebels surrendered to British forces. This led to hundreds of arrests and executions, turning the rebel leaders into martyrs and galvanizing Irish nationalism.
King Henry VIII had six wives over the course of his reign as King of England from 1509 to 1547. His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, who he was married to for over 20 years but divorced after failing to produce a male heir. He then married Anne Boleyn and had Elizabeth I, though had her executed for adultery. His third wife Jane Seymour gave birth to his son Edward VI but died shortly after. His subsequent wives included Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, both of whom he had annulments from, and his final wife Katherine Parr, who outlived Henry.
1. The document discusses the Spanish Armada of 1588, where Spain assembled a large fleet called the Spanish Armada to invade England and restore Catholicism.
2. The Spanish Armada battled against the English fleet led by Queen Elizabeth I and Sir Francis Drake.
3. After a series of battles and damage from storms, the Spanish Armada was defeated, marking the rise of English naval power and allowing England to pursue colonization of North America over Spain.
The document discusses the history of the Irish Home Rule movement from the late 19th century through World War 1. It covers the political parties that supported and opposed Home Rule, the resistance in Ulster, various Home Rule bills proposed, and the impact of events like the Easter Rising of 1916. Key figures and groups discussed include Charles Stewart Parnell, William Gladstone, the Irish Nationalist Party led by John Redmond, the Ulster Unionist Party led by Edward Carson, and the nationalist Sinn Fein party.
1. Britain's history spans over 5,000 years from the Stone Age to modern times and saw successive waves of settlers and invaders including the Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, and Normans.
2. The country experienced major changes through the Industrial Revolution and British Empire which brought great wealth and power but also social problems.
3. Key events included the Magna Carta, English Civil War, Glorious Revolution, Acts of Union, World Wars, and decolonization process in the post-war period.
The Home Rule crisis in Britain led to political instability in 1909-1914. Nationalists in Ireland reacted angrily to the prospect of Home Rule being delayed again. Unionists in Ulster formed the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) to resist Home Rule, prompting Nationalists to form their own Irish Volunteer force to secure Home Rule for all of Ireland. The outbreak of World War 1 caused the implementation of Home Rule to be postponed until after the war ended.
Ireland after 1916 - the rise of Sinn FeinNoel Hogan
The document summarizes events in Ireland after the 1916 Easter Rising up until the Irish Civil War. It describes how initially public sympathy was not with the rebels after the Rising due to the damage caused. However, the British execution of rebel leaders swung public opinion in their favor. Sinn Fein grew in popularity advocating for full Irish independence. They established the Dáil Éireann parliament and won a landslide in the 1918 election. This led to the War of Independence against British forces. The British use of the Black and Tans exacerbated the conflict. While the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty established Irish self-government, it was rejected by anti-Treaty IRA forces, leading to the Irish Civil War between pro
The document provides information about the Vikings in Britain. It discusses the origins of the Vikings in Scandinavia and their beginning of attacks on British coasts around 800 AD. It also describes aspects of Viking life like their religion, houses, clothing, and some of their influential kings. Additionally, it mentions the Vikings' destruction of Lindisfarne Monastery and their eventual defeat at the Battle of Edington in 878 AD by King Alfred the Great of Wessex using Roman battle techniques.
Why was there stalemate on the western frontevansloth
For the first two months of WWI, both sides engaged in mobile warfare in France and Belgium, but by Christmas 1914 the fighting settled into static trench warfare along the Western Front. An initial German plan to quickly defeat France through Belgium failed at the Battle of the Marne in September. This led to a "Race to the Sea" as both sides tried to outflank each other, ultimately resulting in a line of opposing trenches from the North Sea to the Swiss border. The Battle of Verdun, which began in February 1916 as a German effort to bleed France dry defending the symbolic fortress city, became the longest battle of WWI, lasting until December 1916 with enormous casualties on both sides. In an effort to relieve pressure on
Sinn Fein grew rapidly after the 1916 Easter Rising when the British government mistakenly blamed the rebellion on the party. Membership increased tenfold as republican prisoners released from internment camps joined and helped organize Sinn Fein. In elections in 1917-1918, Sinn Fein established itself as the leading nationalist party in Ireland, winning seats and further growth. The British government's failed attempts to introduce conscription and claim Sinn Fein collaborated with Germany only increased Irish support for the republican party. In the 1918 general election held after World War 1, Sinn Fein captured 73 seats, becoming the dominant force in Irish politics.
Northern Ireland is situated on the northeast of Ireland and is one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom. It shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. The population of Northern Ireland was 1.685 million at the 2001 census and is predominantly white and Christian. The history of Northern Ireland has been complex, with conflict and violence between 1969-2004 resulting in over 3,000 deaths. While religion separated the two communities, the underlying cause of the conflict was power and control over the region.
King James I dealt with issues of money and religion with Parliament. His son, Charles I, dissolved Parliament when they refused to raise taxes for his wars, leading to conflict over royal powers. This resulted in the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians led by Oliver Cromwell. Charles I was captured, tried for treason, and executed. Cromwell established a republic that was a dictatorship under his rule. After his death, the monarchy was restored but with new limits on royal power defined by the Bill of Rights.
The Emergency: Ireland during World War IImrdowdican
During World War 2, Ireland declared neutrality. Taoiseach Eamon de Valera argued this was necessary due to the ongoing partition of Ireland and the hostility many still felt towards Britain. The emergency powers act gave the government control to maintain safety. While neutrality helped Ireland avoid direct war impacts, it came at an economic cost through trade limitations and isolation from postwar support. Overall, neutrality was a popular policy that protected Ireland's independence despite challenges.
The Wars of the Roses were a series of civil wars in England between 1455 and 1485 fought over the throne between the House of Lancaster and the House of York, two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet. The House of York included King Edward IV and King Richard III, while the House of Lancaster included King Henry VI and King Henry V. Weak rule by Henry VI, failures in the Hundred Years' War, and social/financial troubles afterwards led to armed conflicts between the families that ultimately resulted in the rise of the Tudor dynasty.
The document provides information about the geography, national symbols, and capital cities of the United Kingdom, England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It includes maps of each country and descriptions of their national flags, coats of arms, and flowers. It also highlights several important landmarks and monuments in each capital city, such as Big Ben and Westminster Abbey in London, Edinburgh Castle in Scotland, and Belfast Port in Northern Ireland.
Ireland declared itself neutral during World War 2, a period it referred to as "The Emergency". Eamon De Valera was the Taoiseach at this time. Though neutral, Ireland still felt effects of the war through censorship of news, rationing of food like sugar and meat, and shortages of coal that limited transportation options and required alternative fuels like turf. The document discusses both the advantages and disadvantages Ireland faced in remaining neutral.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: ALLIANCES WORLD WAR 1. Contains: alliance definition, Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna, the Treaty of London 1839, the Three Emperors League 1873, the Dual Alliance 1879, the Triple Alliance 1882, the Franco-Russian Alliance 1894, the Entente Cordiale 1904, the Anglo-Russian Entente 1907, the Triple Entente 1907, factors in the outbreak of war.
Home rule and the Irish Parliamentary Partymrdowdican
The document discusses the Home Rule movement in Ireland and the political crisis it caused in Britain between 1909-1914. It outlines that Nationalists wanted Home Rule and an Irish parliament, while Unionists in Ulster wanted to remain part of Britain. This caused tensions, with Unionists forming the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) of over 100,000 men to resist Home Rule. Nationalists responded by forming the Irish Volunteers. Both groups began importing arms, increasing the threat of civil war. World War 1 interrupted this by postponing Home Rule, though tensions remained high.
The Battle of Britain took place from July 1940 to May 1941 as Germany sought to gain air supremacy over Britain in preparation for Operation Sea Lion, a planned invasion of the island country. The battle was the first major campaign fought entirely by air forces and saw intense aerial battles between the German Luftwaffe and British Royal Air Force over southern England throughout the summer and fall of 1940, until the Germans were forced to abandon their plans for invasion due to heavy losses.
The document summarizes key events in Irish history surrounding the War of Independence and establishment of the Irish Free State. It describes the aftermath of the 1916 Easter Rising, including executions and imprisonment of leaders. It then discusses the rise of Sinn Féin and Michael Collins, the first meeting of the Dáil Éireann, the War of Independence fought using guerrilla tactics, Bloody Sunday, and the partitioning of Ireland. Finally, it outlines the negotiations of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the divide in opinion it caused, and Britain withdrawing from Dublin Castle in 1922.
The Home Rule Crisis and World War One in IrelandNoel Hogan
John Redmond, leader of the Home Rule Party, convinced Prime Minister Asquith to grant home rule to Ireland in 1910. However, unionists strongly opposed home rule, fearing discrimination under Catholic rule. They organized under Sir Edward Carson and Sir James Craig, holding protests and forming armed groups like the Ulster Volunteer Force. Nationalists responded in kind with the Irish National Volunteers. As tensions rose, World War I broke out in 1914, postponing the home rule issue.
England has a rich culture that is influenced by its royal family, famous authors like Shakespeare, historic buildings, love of tea, and sports like cricket. The population of England was over 63 million in 2012 and is becoming more diverse. Traditional English culture includes foods like fish and chips, the full English breakfast, and Sunday roast dinners. Sports like football and rugby are very popular and England has produced influential artists, musicians, and literature over the centuries. The BBC is also an important part of English culture as the oldest public broadcaster in the world.
Ulysses S. Grant rose through the ranks of the Union Army during the American Civil War, culminating in his role as commanding general. As general, Grant led the Union to key victories such as at Fort Donelson and Vicksburg, cutting the Confederacy in two. After the war, Grant served two terms as the 18th U.S. President from 1869 to 1877, though his presidency faced scandals. However, the 15th Amendment guaranteeing voting rights regardless of race was ratified during his time as president.
Henry VIII had six wives over his lifetime as King of England. His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, who gave birth to only one surviving child, Mary. Henry sought to divorce Catherine to marry Anne Boleyn, leading to a split from the Catholic Church. Anne Boleyn was executed for treason after failing to produce a male heir. Henry went on to marry Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and finally Catherine Parr, who outlived him. Through his six marriages Henry had three children who eventually ruled as monarchs - Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I.
The Vikings originated from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark where the land was rocky and difficult for growing crops. They began raiding places like the monastery at Lindisfarne in England in 787 AD because England had fertile land and treasures they sought to claim. The Vikings used longships, crafted from wood and powered by sails or oars, to facilitate their raids and exploration, spreading their influence to places across Europe and even reaching North America.
It remains an extraordinary testimony to the power of the Gospel that, during such a terrible time of World War, soldiers of so many armies, on opposite sides, could cease fighting, come out of their trenches and embrace their enemies in honour of the Prince of Peace
This document summarizes the biography and accomplishments of Marie Magdalene Dietrich, a German-American entertainer who sold war bonds and recorded propaganda songs for the Allies during World War 2. She was awarded the US Medal of Freedom and French Legion d’Honneur for her contributions. The document also identifies the highest ranking military officers from various countries who died in combat during WWII and provides context about the Night Witches, Soviet women pilots who bombed German targets.
The Home Rule crisis in Britain led to political instability in 1909-1914. Nationalists in Ireland reacted angrily to the prospect of Home Rule being delayed again. Unionists in Ulster formed the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) to resist Home Rule, prompting Nationalists to form their own Irish Volunteer force to secure Home Rule for all of Ireland. The outbreak of World War 1 caused the implementation of Home Rule to be postponed until after the war ended.
Ireland after 1916 - the rise of Sinn FeinNoel Hogan
The document summarizes events in Ireland after the 1916 Easter Rising up until the Irish Civil War. It describes how initially public sympathy was not with the rebels after the Rising due to the damage caused. However, the British execution of rebel leaders swung public opinion in their favor. Sinn Fein grew in popularity advocating for full Irish independence. They established the Dáil Éireann parliament and won a landslide in the 1918 election. This led to the War of Independence against British forces. The British use of the Black and Tans exacerbated the conflict. While the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty established Irish self-government, it was rejected by anti-Treaty IRA forces, leading to the Irish Civil War between pro
The document provides information about the Vikings in Britain. It discusses the origins of the Vikings in Scandinavia and their beginning of attacks on British coasts around 800 AD. It also describes aspects of Viking life like their religion, houses, clothing, and some of their influential kings. Additionally, it mentions the Vikings' destruction of Lindisfarne Monastery and their eventual defeat at the Battle of Edington in 878 AD by King Alfred the Great of Wessex using Roman battle techniques.
Why was there stalemate on the western frontevansloth
For the first two months of WWI, both sides engaged in mobile warfare in France and Belgium, but by Christmas 1914 the fighting settled into static trench warfare along the Western Front. An initial German plan to quickly defeat France through Belgium failed at the Battle of the Marne in September. This led to a "Race to the Sea" as both sides tried to outflank each other, ultimately resulting in a line of opposing trenches from the North Sea to the Swiss border. The Battle of Verdun, which began in February 1916 as a German effort to bleed France dry defending the symbolic fortress city, became the longest battle of WWI, lasting until December 1916 with enormous casualties on both sides. In an effort to relieve pressure on
Sinn Fein grew rapidly after the 1916 Easter Rising when the British government mistakenly blamed the rebellion on the party. Membership increased tenfold as republican prisoners released from internment camps joined and helped organize Sinn Fein. In elections in 1917-1918, Sinn Fein established itself as the leading nationalist party in Ireland, winning seats and further growth. The British government's failed attempts to introduce conscription and claim Sinn Fein collaborated with Germany only increased Irish support for the republican party. In the 1918 general election held after World War 1, Sinn Fein captured 73 seats, becoming the dominant force in Irish politics.
Northern Ireland is situated on the northeast of Ireland and is one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom. It shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. The population of Northern Ireland was 1.685 million at the 2001 census and is predominantly white and Christian. The history of Northern Ireland has been complex, with conflict and violence between 1969-2004 resulting in over 3,000 deaths. While religion separated the two communities, the underlying cause of the conflict was power and control over the region.
King James I dealt with issues of money and religion with Parliament. His son, Charles I, dissolved Parliament when they refused to raise taxes for his wars, leading to conflict over royal powers. This resulted in the English Civil War between Royalists and Parliamentarians led by Oliver Cromwell. Charles I was captured, tried for treason, and executed. Cromwell established a republic that was a dictatorship under his rule. After his death, the monarchy was restored but with new limits on royal power defined by the Bill of Rights.
The Emergency: Ireland during World War IImrdowdican
During World War 2, Ireland declared neutrality. Taoiseach Eamon de Valera argued this was necessary due to the ongoing partition of Ireland and the hostility many still felt towards Britain. The emergency powers act gave the government control to maintain safety. While neutrality helped Ireland avoid direct war impacts, it came at an economic cost through trade limitations and isolation from postwar support. Overall, neutrality was a popular policy that protected Ireland's independence despite challenges.
The Wars of the Roses were a series of civil wars in England between 1455 and 1485 fought over the throne between the House of Lancaster and the House of York, two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet. The House of York included King Edward IV and King Richard III, while the House of Lancaster included King Henry VI and King Henry V. Weak rule by Henry VI, failures in the Hundred Years' War, and social/financial troubles afterwards led to armed conflicts between the families that ultimately resulted in the rise of the Tudor dynasty.
The document provides information about the geography, national symbols, and capital cities of the United Kingdom, England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It includes maps of each country and descriptions of their national flags, coats of arms, and flowers. It also highlights several important landmarks and monuments in each capital city, such as Big Ben and Westminster Abbey in London, Edinburgh Castle in Scotland, and Belfast Port in Northern Ireland.
Ireland declared itself neutral during World War 2, a period it referred to as "The Emergency". Eamon De Valera was the Taoiseach at this time. Though neutral, Ireland still felt effects of the war through censorship of news, rationing of food like sugar and meat, and shortages of coal that limited transportation options and required alternative fuels like turf. The document discusses both the advantages and disadvantages Ireland faced in remaining neutral.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: ALLIANCES WORLD WAR 1. Contains: alliance definition, Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna, the Treaty of London 1839, the Three Emperors League 1873, the Dual Alliance 1879, the Triple Alliance 1882, the Franco-Russian Alliance 1894, the Entente Cordiale 1904, the Anglo-Russian Entente 1907, the Triple Entente 1907, factors in the outbreak of war.
Home rule and the Irish Parliamentary Partymrdowdican
The document discusses the Home Rule movement in Ireland and the political crisis it caused in Britain between 1909-1914. It outlines that Nationalists wanted Home Rule and an Irish parliament, while Unionists in Ulster wanted to remain part of Britain. This caused tensions, with Unionists forming the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) of over 100,000 men to resist Home Rule. Nationalists responded by forming the Irish Volunteers. Both groups began importing arms, increasing the threat of civil war. World War 1 interrupted this by postponing Home Rule, though tensions remained high.
The Battle of Britain took place from July 1940 to May 1941 as Germany sought to gain air supremacy over Britain in preparation for Operation Sea Lion, a planned invasion of the island country. The battle was the first major campaign fought entirely by air forces and saw intense aerial battles between the German Luftwaffe and British Royal Air Force over southern England throughout the summer and fall of 1940, until the Germans were forced to abandon their plans for invasion due to heavy losses.
The document summarizes key events in Irish history surrounding the War of Independence and establishment of the Irish Free State. It describes the aftermath of the 1916 Easter Rising, including executions and imprisonment of leaders. It then discusses the rise of Sinn Féin and Michael Collins, the first meeting of the Dáil Éireann, the War of Independence fought using guerrilla tactics, Bloody Sunday, and the partitioning of Ireland. Finally, it outlines the negotiations of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the divide in opinion it caused, and Britain withdrawing from Dublin Castle in 1922.
The Home Rule Crisis and World War One in IrelandNoel Hogan
John Redmond, leader of the Home Rule Party, convinced Prime Minister Asquith to grant home rule to Ireland in 1910. However, unionists strongly opposed home rule, fearing discrimination under Catholic rule. They organized under Sir Edward Carson and Sir James Craig, holding protests and forming armed groups like the Ulster Volunteer Force. Nationalists responded in kind with the Irish National Volunteers. As tensions rose, World War I broke out in 1914, postponing the home rule issue.
England has a rich culture that is influenced by its royal family, famous authors like Shakespeare, historic buildings, love of tea, and sports like cricket. The population of England was over 63 million in 2012 and is becoming more diverse. Traditional English culture includes foods like fish and chips, the full English breakfast, and Sunday roast dinners. Sports like football and rugby are very popular and England has produced influential artists, musicians, and literature over the centuries. The BBC is also an important part of English culture as the oldest public broadcaster in the world.
Ulysses S. Grant rose through the ranks of the Union Army during the American Civil War, culminating in his role as commanding general. As general, Grant led the Union to key victories such as at Fort Donelson and Vicksburg, cutting the Confederacy in two. After the war, Grant served two terms as the 18th U.S. President from 1869 to 1877, though his presidency faced scandals. However, the 15th Amendment guaranteeing voting rights regardless of race was ratified during his time as president.
Henry VIII had six wives over his lifetime as King of England. His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, who gave birth to only one surviving child, Mary. Henry sought to divorce Catherine to marry Anne Boleyn, leading to a split from the Catholic Church. Anne Boleyn was executed for treason after failing to produce a male heir. Henry went on to marry Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and finally Catherine Parr, who outlived him. Through his six marriages Henry had three children who eventually ruled as monarchs - Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I.
The Vikings originated from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark where the land was rocky and difficult for growing crops. They began raiding places like the monastery at Lindisfarne in England in 787 AD because England had fertile land and treasures they sought to claim. The Vikings used longships, crafted from wood and powered by sails or oars, to facilitate their raids and exploration, spreading their influence to places across Europe and even reaching North America.
It remains an extraordinary testimony to the power of the Gospel that, during such a terrible time of World War, soldiers of so many armies, on opposite sides, could cease fighting, come out of their trenches and embrace their enemies in honour of the Prince of Peace
This document summarizes the biography and accomplishments of Marie Magdalene Dietrich, a German-American entertainer who sold war bonds and recorded propaganda songs for the Allies during World War 2. She was awarded the US Medal of Freedom and French Legion d’Honneur for her contributions. The document also identifies the highest ranking military officers from various countries who died in combat during WWII and provides context about the Night Witches, Soviet women pilots who bombed German targets.
During the Christmas truce of 1914, German and British soldiers in World War I spontaneously ceased fire and met in No Man's Land to exchange gifts and play soccer. The informal truce lasted only for Christmas day and was not sanctioned by military leaders, but it reminded both sides of their shared humanity. Soldiers from opposing trenches socialized and buried their dead together in No Man's Land during the temporary ceasefire.
WW1 History 2.0 - A commemoration of Armistice DayJerry Daperro
“The First World War cut deep into the consciousness of Modern man. It reshaped the political order in Europe. It memorials stand in every town and village. ……. My aim has been to see the war in historical perspective. I have tried to explain what the war was about; particularly, to resolve the paradox that men were passionately engaged in the war and hated it at the same time. Each country fought ostensibly to defend itself yet sought also to conquer and to make great gains.” 1966.
Too many people still believe the greatness of their nations over others, of course most people love their own country too. Before the start of the Iraq War in 2003, a patriotic friend called me from the US and ask me “Are you not afraid of the coming Iraq war?”, with her rather blinding enthusiasm for the invasion. I did not answer her. Unknown to her, I was marching against the Iraq war. It was the biggest protest march I have ever seen. On that day, 1 million people marched in London to voice their opposition to the war. At least there were 1 million people who did not believed that Iraq had the Weapon of Mass Destruction neither were they able to stop the war, in an otherwise democratic country.
The Myths of Victory and Failure. German commander Erich Ludendorff suffered a mental collapse before he called for an armistice to end the war, and when he recovered and discovered the terms he had signed onto, he insisted Germany refuse them, claiming the army could fight on. But the new civilian government overruled him, as once peace had been established there was no way to keep the army fighting. The civilian leaders who overruled Ludendorff became scapegoats for both the army and Ludendorff himself.
History the First World War - War to end all warsJerry Daperro
“The First World War cut deep into the consciousness of Modern man. It reshaped the political order in Europe. It memorials stand in every town and village. ……. My aim has been to see the war in historical perspective. I have tried to explain what the war was about; particularly, to resolve the paradox that men were passionately engaged in the war and hated it at the same time. Each conuntry fought ostensibly to defend itself yet sought also to conquer and to make great gains.” 1966.
Too many people still believe the greatness of their nations over others, of course most people love their own country too. Before the start of the Iraq War in 2003, a patriotic friend called me from the US and ask me “Are you not afraid of the coming Iraq war?”, with her rather blinding enthusiasm for the invasion. I did not answer her. Unknown to her, I was marching against the Iraq war. It was the biggest protest march I have ever seen. On that day, 1 million people marched in London to voice their opposition to the war. At least there were 1 million people who did not believed that Iraq had the Weapon of Mass Destruction neither were they able to stop the war, in an otherwise democratic country. 3 Jan 2015.
The document provides background information on World War I. It discusses the alliances between countries in Europe prior to WWI, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand which helped spark the war, how Germany's invasion plans failed and led to trench warfare on the Western Front, major battles like Gallipoli, the use of new military technologies, and the immense human costs of the war in terms of lives lost and societies disrupted. It also notes how the outcome and peace terms of the war led to issues like the rise of Nazi Germany and future conflicts.
The document provides historical context on three main topics referenced in the play: the English Reformation, World War I, and World War II. It summarizes the key events of each topic, including the dissolution of the monasteries under Henry VIII, the main battles and outcomes of WWI, and the rise of Nazi Germany and major events of WWII. It also briefly outlines some additional historical references mentioned in the play, such as the murder of Thomas Becket and the context around Stalin, Thatcher, and the Zulu Wars.
First World War Centenary: WW I in Photos (3)guimera
The document summarizes how World War 1 involved nations and colonies around the world due to colonialism and advances in transportation. Major powers like Britain recruited soldiers from colonies and relied on colonial assets and allies globally. The war devastated the Eastern front between Germany/Austria and Russia, resulting in millions of deaths and ongoing regional impacts. It also discusses how control of the seas was vital as nations battled to transport troops and supplies by ship despite submarine attacks, mines, and bombardment. New naval technologies emerged as casualties mounted in naval conflicts across oceans.
The First World War - A War to End all WarsJerry Daperro
Preface to The First World War, an illustrated history by AJP Taylor.
“The First World War cut deep into the consciousness of Modern man. It reshaped the political order in Europe. It memorials stand in every town and village. ……. My aim has been to see the war in historical perspective. I have tried to explain what the war was about; particularly, to resolve the paradox that men were passionately engaged in the war and hated it at the same time. Each conuntry fought ostensibly to defend itself yet sought also to conquer and to make great gains.” 1966.
Too many people still believe the greatness of their nations, of course most people love their own country too. Before the start of the Iraq War in 2003, a patriotic friend called me from the US and ask me “Are you not afraid of the coming Iraq war?”, with her rather blinding enthusiasm for the invasion. I did not answer her. Unknown to her, I was marching against the Iraq war. It was the biggest protest march I have ever seen. On that day, 1 million people marched in London to voice their opposition to the war. At least there were 1 million people who did not believed that Iraq had the Weapon of Mass Destruction neither were they able to stop the war, in an otherwise democratic country.
A Game for Christmas: Football on the Western Front, December 1914?The-National-Archives
Any mention of football and the First World War will evoke the Christmas Truce of 1914 and the football match played in No Man’s Land. At the time many denied that a truce had occurred, let alone a football match between the combatants. This talk uses British Army War Diaries, individual soldier’s diaries, letters and newspapers to examine how citizen diplomacy apparently subverted the wishes of higher command, at least temporarily, to possibly have allowed some soldiers to enjoy a game for Christmas.
Iain Adams is the Principal Lecturer at the International Football Institute, a research partnership between The University of Central Lancashire and The National Football Museum. He lectures in sports history and culture and has published papers on the Christmas Truce and the football charges of the Great War.
http://media.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php/game-christmas-football-western-front-december-1914/
World War I began after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in 1914. This triggered a series of events and military alliances that led major European powers like Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, France, and Britain into war on a massive scale. Early war poetry by Rupert Brooke portrayed the war in a heroic, patriotic light. However, the horrors of trench and gas warfare, as experienced by poets like Wilfred Owen, led to a new style of poetry that graphically depicted the grim realities and pity of war.
- In spring 1945, as Hitler's Third Reich collapsed, over 500,000 Germans surrendered to British and Canadian forces in northern Germany, and over 2 million by VE Day. However, the treatment of these prisoners is not well documented.
- The Americans took over 5 million German prisoners but responded very differently - prisoners were denied rights under the Geneva Convention and suffered in overcrowded camps without food, water or shelter. An estimated 1 million German prisoners died in American custody after the war.
- Eisenhower expressed hatred for Germans and approved creating a new prisoner category of Disarmed Enemy Forces not covered by the Geneva Convention, denying them food after Germany's surrender. This directly violated the Convention.
Here is the brief on World War 1, which is simple yet meaningful for the Children to read it. I have added 2 worksheets for the kids to do. You can download the PPT as PDF.
The document provides an overview of the key events that led to the start of World War 1 in 1914. It discusses the rise of nationalism, imperialism, and militarism in Europe in the late 19th century. Alliances formed between the major European powers which increased tensions. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand sparked the war, with countries honoring their alliances and entering the war on opposing sides. The initial fighting occurred on the Western and Eastern fronts, with major battles inflicting heavy casualties. The US eventually entered the war in 1917 after German submarine warfare threatened American ships.
The document summarizes the key events that led to the outbreak of World War 1 in 1914. It discusses the rise of imperialism and nationalism in European powers in the late 19th century which increased tensions. It also describes the system of alliances between European countries and how the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand resulted in Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia and led Germany and their allies to join the war against Russia, France and their allies.
This is an example of how I incorporate geography into my keynotes. Almost every slide has animation to help the student stay interested and grasp the larger concepts surrounding WWI: imperialism, foreign relations, boundary shifts, etc.
The Great War, also known as World War 1, lasted from 1914 to 1918 and involved 65 million soldiers from across Europe and its colonies. Trench warfare led to the deaths of over 8.5 million soldiers while another 21 million were wounded. New weapons like machine guns and poison gas contributed to unprecedented casualties. The war started after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary led countries to take sides through a system of alliances. The United States initially remained neutral but entered the war in 1917 after German U-boats sank American merchant ships.
World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led to escalating tensions between allies. Major powers in Europe were divided into the Allied/Triple Entente powers including Britain, France, and Russia against the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. Both sides had goals of defeating their enemies while avoiding a two-front war. The war quickly resulted in a bloody stalemate as new industrial weapons and tactics led to trench warfare on the Western Front. Over 65 million soldiers fought in the war and over 37 million casualties resulted before it ended in 1918.
The document provides an overview of World War I between 1914-1918. It discusses the initial stalemate on the Western Front as trenches were dug, as well as key events that drew more countries into the war such as Germany's invasion of Belgium in violation of its neutrality. It also mentions Allied propaganda about German atrocities and Wilson's support of the British blockade of Germany despite it violating international law and starving German civilians. The sinking of the passenger ship Lusitania by a German U-boat in 1915, which killed over 100 American citizens on board, increased tensions between the US and Germany.
The document provides an overview of World War 1 from 1914-1918, covering its main causes, key events and battles, major players, technological developments, and America's eventual entry into the war in 1917. It describes the stalemate on the Western Front with trench warfare and high casualties at battles like Verdun and the Somme. It also discusses fighting on the Eastern Front against Russia and in colonies in Africa.
The Wesley brothers, John and Charles, were central figures of the 18th century Evangelical Revival in Britain. They grew up during the Industrial Revolution, a time of rapid social and economic change. Both brothers experienced spiritual crises and conversions that led them to preach the doctrine of justification by faith alone, sparking widespread evangelism across Britain and literally transforming society.
Girolamo Savonarola - The Reformer of FlorencePeter Hammond
Savonarola was born in 1452 in Ferrara, Italy to a noble family. He studied philosophy, logic, and medicine before becoming a monk in 1475 and joining the Dominicans. He was sent to Florence where he began fearlessly preaching against the corruption and immorality he saw in the Catholic Church and Florentine society. Savonarola gained a large following and confronted the ruling Medici family. When the Medici's power waned, Savonarola became ruler of Florence for three years and instituted moral reforms. However, he made enemies, including Pope Alexander VI, who had Savonarola excommunicated, imprisoned, and tortured. Remaining steadfast in his beliefs,
Jan Hus was a 15th century Bohemian priest who preached reformist views that challenged the Catholic Church's corruption and abuse of power. Inspired by John Wycliffe's teachings, Hus denounced the sale of indulgences and sins of clergy. He was excommunicated, summoned to a church council, and despite an imperial guarantee of safe passage, was imprisoned and burned at the stake for heresy. Hus' martyrdom helped spread reformist resistance against Rome's authority and led to military conflicts between Hussite followers and the Holy Roman Empire.
Anne of Bohemia was the eldest daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor and a friend of the Protestant Reformation. She loved studying the Bible and protected John Wycliffe from persecution. Anne encouraged Bohemian students to study under Wycliffe and helped spread Reformation teachings throughout Europe. Her marriage to King Richard II of England was said to be happy. However, Anne tragically died of plague at age 27, deeply mourning by the people of England. Her influence helped spread Reformation ideas to Bohemia and beyond.
The Waldesians Firm and Faithful Alpine Fighters for the FaithPeter Hammond
Peter Waldo was a wealthy merchant in Lyons, France who gave away all his possessions after a friend's death led him to seriously consider his soul. He had priests translate the Gospels into French and was convicted by what he read. Waldo and his followers, called the Waldensians, sought to live in voluntary poverty and preach the Gospel, which brought persecution from the Catholic Church. Despite centuries of persecution, the Waldensians survived and helped inspire reformers like Jan Hus, spreading the Gospel across Europe through traveling preachers.
Countering Halloween Witchcraft with Biblical ReformationPeter Hammond
This document discusses Halloween and argues that it has origins in pagan rituals rather than Christianity. It describes Halloween traditions like costumes, jack-o-lanterns, and trick-or-treating as having roots in Celtic harvest festivals and Druid practices involving human and animal sacrifices to appease spirits. The document recommends that Christians celebrate Reformation Day instead of Halloween and warns that Halloween promotes occult beliefs and can introduce people to witchcraft. It provides many Bible verses condemning pagan practices and encouraging Christians to stand against evil.
William Wilberforce and the Campaign to End SlaveryPeter Hammond
This document provides background on William Wilberforce and his lifelong crusade to abolish the slave trade in Britain. It details how Wilberforce was inspired by his Christian faith to take on this cause, despite facing overwhelming opposition. After years of persistent effort, public awareness campaigns, and legal battles, Wilberforce succeeded in getting Parliament to pass acts abolishing the slave trade in 1807 and emancipating all slaves in the British Empire by 1833, just before his death. The document emphasizes Wilberforce's moral leadership and the role of his evangelical Christian faith in fueling his determination to achieve these landmark reforms.
Queen Elizabeth I and the Spanish ArmadaPeter Hammond
Queen Elizabeth I was England's greatest queen who successfully established Protestantism and led England during a golden age. Under her 45-year reign, England defeated the Spanish Armada, establishing itself as a naval power. Shakespeare and other artists flourished during her Protestant rule, which contrasted with the Catholic persecutions under her half-sister Queen Mary I. The Spanish Armada posed an immense threat in 1588 as it sought to invade England, but the Royal Navy led by Hawkins and Drake used superior cannons to defeat the larger Spanish fleet in a decisive victory.
A Christian Perspective on the War in UkrainePeter Hammond
This document provides a Christian perspective on the war in Ukraine from Dr. Peter Hammond. It makes several key points in 3 or fewer sentences:
The war pits millions of Christians against each other and has caused much suffering. Ukraine has a history of oppression under communism, particularly Stalin's regime which caused millions of deaths. Attempts to expand NATO and draw Ukraine away from Russia's sphere of influence helped precipitate the conflict despite warnings from Russia.
Hudson Taylor was a British Protestant Christian missionary to China in the 19th century. He founded the China Inland Mission, now known as OMF International, which became a large missionary organization that focused on evangelizing interior regions of China. Some key aspects:
- Taylor was called to be a missionary to China from a young age and prepared extensively through language study, theology study, and living frugally.
- He adopted Chinese dress and customs to better connect with Chinese people and viewed this as important for an indigenous church. This was controversial among other missionaries.
- Taylor started the China Inland Mission in 1865 with the goal of sending missionaries deep into China without salaries and relying on faith for provisions.
This document discusses the challenge of finding suitable missionary volunteers. It notes that while opportunities for missionary work are vast, there are not enough volunteers to fill positions on the mission field. It attributes this shortage to modern secular culture that discourages long-term commitment and sacrifice. The document then outlines the qualities needed for effective missionary work, including diligent Bible study, strong Christian character, integrity, a positive attitude, and a willingness to endure hardship and criticism. It provides examples from missionary pioneers who exhibited these qualities and were willing to sacrifice all for the cause of missions.
The document discusses how the 19th century was the greatest century of Christian missions and expansion. It summarizes that in 1801, Christianity was concentrated in Europe and North America, with Asia and Africa largely unevangelized. However, by 1900 Christianity had spread to become a worldwide religion. It attributes this to the pioneering missionaries of the 19th century who overcame immense hardships and obstacles to spread the gospel despite limited resources. The document urges Christians to learn from these missionaries' effective strategies and sacrifices if the 21st century is to see similar growth.
This document provides 17 reasons for why the evangelization of non-Christians (the heathen) is important. It argues that all people are lost and in need of salvation due to humanity's sinful nature. It cites biblical passages stating that Jesus is the only way to salvation and that he commands followers to spread the gospel message to all nations. The document emphasizes that God loves all people and that the whole world belongs to him. It concludes by stating that the Lord is worthy of all praise, worship, and honor.
Samuel Zwemer and the Mission to MuslimsPeter Hammond
Samuel Zwemer (1867-1951) was a Dutch-American missionary who dedicated his life to bringing Christianity to Muslims. He grew up in a missionary family and felt called from a young age to take the gospel to followers of Islam. After facing rejection from missionary boards, he co-founded the American-Arabian Mission. Throughout his career, he traveled extensively in the Middle East, wrote prolifically advocating for missions to Muslims, and trained future missionaries. Though he saw few Muslim converts himself, Zwemer laid important groundwork for later missionary efforts and helped mobilize Christians worldwide to reach Muslims with the gospel.
William Tyndale & The Battle for The BiblePeter Hammond
1) William Tyndale was burned at the stake in 1536 for translating the Bible into English from the original Greek and Hebrew.
2) Two other Protestant bishops, Hugh Latimer and Nicolas Ridley, were burned at the stake in 1555 at Balliol College, Oxford for their Protestant faith, along with Archbishop Thomas Cranmer four months later.
3) Their martyrdom served to inspire further calls for Bible translation into English and the Protestant Reformation in England, though over 450 years later their sacrifices are often forgotten.
1666 and the Occultic Roots of the New World DisorderPeter Hammond
This document summarizes the occult roots and teachings of Sabbatai Zevi, a 17th century Jewish rabbi who declared himself the messiah. Some key points:
1) Zevi taught that salvation comes through sin and redemption is achieved through deception and breaking religious laws. He encouraged sexual immorality and breaking dietary laws.
2) Zevi's teachings, known as Sabbateanism, spread rapidly among Jews but he was rejected by many rabbis. When threatened with death by the Sultan, he converted to Islam.
3) Sabbatean followers believed conversion was part of Zevi's messianic mission and continued secret Sabbatean practices after
George Whitefield - Calvinist, Evangelist and RevivalistPeter Hammond
George Whitefield (1714-1770) was an influential English Anglican priest and leader in the 18th century Protestant evangelical movement known as the Great Awakening. He was renowned as an eloquent preacher who drew immense crowds across Britain and America through his passionate open-air sermons. Whitefield helped spark revivals of Christianity in both countries and established orphanages and schools. Though he had theological differences with John Wesley, the two were ultimately reconciled and helped spread evangelical Christianity. Whitefield preached an extraordinary number of sermons in his lifetime and traveled extensively despite poor health, establishing himself as one of the most important religious figures of his era.
The document discusses the importance and power of prayer in the church and for Christians. It notes that prayer meetings used to be a central part of church life but have declined in many Western churches today. When the author was first converted, their local church had vibrant weekly prayer meetings, men's meetings, and outreach events, but these were suspended due to conflicts with television viewing. The document advocates that prayer, studying the Bible, and evangelism should be core priorities and activities for all Christians and churches. It provides many examples from the Bible of the emphasis on prayer and how prayer strengthened the early church.
Oliver Cromwell the Protector and the English Civil WarPeter Hammond
Oliver Cromwell was a dedicated Puritan and military leader who played a pivotal role in the English Civil War and overthrow of the monarchy. As a member of Parliament, he helped dismantle the King's oppressive powers and supported religious freedom. Cromwell went on to select and train a highly disciplined New Model Army that proved victorious against Royalist forces. However, he opposed Presbyterian attempts to impose religious uniformity, believing in liberty of conscience. This led to further conflict and ultimately the trial and execution of King Charles I in 1649, with Cromwell establishing himself as Lord Protector afterwards.
The document provides an overview of the Book of Acts, describing it as an account of the origin and expansion of the early Christian church. It summarizes that Acts shows Christianity conquering pagan cultures through the power of the Holy Spirit, acting as a missionary manual. Key events and figures in the spread of Christianity are highlighted, obstacles to communicating the gospel cross-culturally are examined, and the church's strategies for successful missionary work are outlined.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
6. On Christmas Eve 1914, a spontaneous cease-fire was observed
across the whole of the Western Front.
7. The Christmas Truce of the First World War,
a singular event unprecedented in the history of warfare,
initially received widespread media coverage
in the New York Times of 31 December 1914,
8. followed by British newspapers, such as the Mirror, The Illustrated
London News, and the Times, which printed front page photographs of
British and German troops mingling and singing Christmas carols.
9.
10.
11.
12. The French government was the first to severely censor any reports
on what they called "fraternisation with the enemy."
13.
14.
15. Political pressure was brought to bear to censor all reports
of the event from mainstream history books for decades.
16. For years the extraordinary
event was known only by word
of mouth from participants.
17. The damage caused by Christmas Truce to propaganda campaigns to
demonise the enemy was regarded as a serious threat to the war.
18. It has taken decades to unearth the details of the fascinating events
surrounding Christmas 1914.
19. In the first five months of the Great War, over a million Europeans had
already been killed in action,
25. the horrors of Lord Kitchener's
scorched earth campaign against
the Boer Republics
of the Transvaal
and Orange Free State
and the horrors of the
British concentration camps
in South Africa,
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33. The interior of the ruined Dutch Reforned Church, Ventersburg –
burned by British forces.
34. On the night of 2 Feb 1902 a British column burnt down
the church in Lindley.
44. The Body of Miss Botha of Ladybrand. 18 years old when she died in Bloemfontien.
It was her wish that the Vierkleur be draped around her chest after her death.
59. 101 British women signed Emily's Open Christmas Letter which was
endorsed by 155 prominent German and Austrian women in response.
60. Under the heading:
"On Earth Peace, Goodwill
towards Men",
Emily Hobhouse wrote:
"Sisters: The Christmas message
sounds like mockery to a world
at war, but those of us who
wished, and still wish, for peace,
may surely offer a solemn
greeting to such of you who feel
as we do."
61. She mentioned that
"as in South Africa during the
Anglo Boer War (1899-1902),
the brunt of modern war falls
upon non-combatants, and
the conscience of the world
cannot bear the sight."
62.
63.
64. "Is it not our mission
to preserve life?
Do not humanity
and common sense alike
prompt us to join hands
with the women…
and urge our rulers
to stave off further bloodshed?...
May Christmas hasten that day…"
65. The German Mothers responded: "To our English Sisters, sisters of the
same race, our warm and heartfelt thanks for Christmas greetings…
women of the belligerent countries, with all faithfulness,
66. devotion, and love to their country, can go beyond it and maintain true
solidarity with the women of other belligerent nations,
that really civilised women never lose their humanity…"
67. Emily Hobhouse also oversaw the raising of funds and shipping of food
and medicines
68. to the women and children of Germany and Austria
73. were fed by the support she was able to channel to them.
74. Numerous ministers were proclaiming from the pulpit: "That the guns
may fall silent at least upon the night when the Angels sang."
75. Although these messages
were officially rebuffed,
and supressed
in the heavily censored
media, many of the
soldiers in the frontlines
seemed to share these
sentiments.
76. From the first week of December,
informal truces were observed by soldiers on the frontline.
77. In a letter dated 7 December 1914, Charles De Gaulle expressed his
dismay at fraternisation with the enemy, where French and German
troops had exchanged newspapers and recovered their dead
and organising burial parties in no-mans-land.
78. French General d'Urbal, expressed alarm over soldiers staying too long
in the same sector becoming friendly with their enemies,
to the extent that they were conducting conversations between the
lines and even visiting one another's trenches!
79. After heavy rains near Ypres, where the Germans held the high ground
and the British the lower ground, English troops came out of their
flooded trenches in full view of the Germans who expressed their
sympathy and did not open fire on their soaked and vulnerable enemy.
80. The 2nd Essex Regiment recorded on 11 December, in their War Diary,
that their officers and men met the German Saxon Korp half way
between the trenches and exchanged food, cigarettes, chocolates and
conversations.
81.
82.
83. On Christmas Eve German soldiers began decorating their trenches
with Christmas trees and candles.
84. The Christmas Truce began in the region of Ypres, in Belgium,
where the Germans were enthusiastically singing Christmas carols
in their trenches.
85. When British soldiers
joined in singing Silent Night
and then responded with carols
of their own,
the two sides began shouting
Christmas greetings
to each other.
86.
87. Shortly after that soldiers spontaneously came out of their trenches
and walked across no-mans-land to greet one another,
exchange gifts and souvenirs.
88. This truce spread rapidly across the entire Western Front
with over 100,000 German and British troops involved
in this unofficial cessation of fighting.
89. Soon Australian, New Zealand, Canadian, Belgian and French troops
joined in the Christmas celebrations
in the frozen strip of no-man's-land.
92. Soldiers swopped ration packs , wine, pies, chocolates and souvenirs,
such as buttons, badges and hats.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98. The next day football matches were played between the lines.
British officer Robert Greys wrote of the football match between the
133 Saxon Regiment and his Scottish troops.
99.
100.
101. The Germans won 3 - 2. The Glasgow News on 2 January, reported that
the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders won their match 4-1.
102. Royal Field Artillery Lt. Albert Wynn, wrote of their soccer match
against the Hanoverians, near Ypres, on Christmas Day.
103. Commanders threatened repercussions for lack of discipline and
numerous officers ordered their artillery to open fire on the
fraternising troops in no-mans-land.
On none of these occasions did the artillery obey orders.
104. There are numerous complaints
on record by officers shocked at
the total breakdown of discipline
as men point blank refused orders
to open fire on their own soldiers,
mingling with the enemy,
in no-mans-land,
on Christmas Day.
106. Horace Smith-Dorrien was one of the very few British survivors
of the battle of Isandlwana, during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879.
107. General Sir Horace
Smith-Dorrien, issued orders
forbidding fraternisation with
the enemy and complained that
his orders were disregarded by
the soldiers!
108.
109.
110.
111. Richard Schirrmann was so impressed by the comraderie experienced
between his German regiment and French soldiers during the
Christmas Truce,
112. even exchanging addresses with one another, that he went on to
found the Youth Hostel Association in 1919, to provide meeting places
where young men of all countries could get to know one another.
113. There was also a general observances of a Christmas Truce on the
Eastern Front
114. where German, Austrian Hungarian, and Russian commanders ordered
cease-fires for the duration of Christmas.
115.
116. Numerous French and British officers were court martialled
for participating in this fraternisation with the enemy.
117. Whole units had to be pulled back from the front and sent to other
fronts, when they displayed reluctance to fire on "enemy"
that they had celebrated Christmas with.
118. Numerous artillery units began to fire only at precise locations,
at pre-arranged times, to avoid causing casualties.
119. Many instances of soldiers firing high, and
ineffectually, were reported.
120. An Easter Sunday Truce was attempted by German units in
1915, but they were suppressed by British artillery fire.
121. In November 1915 a Saxon unit briefly fraternised with a Liverpool
Battalion, and conducted burial services together.
122. In December
1915, there were
explicit orders
directed by Allied
commanders, and
elaborate
procedures made,
to forestall any
repeat of the
previous
Christmas Truce.
123. But even the multiple artillery barrages ordered along the entire
frontline, throughout Christmas Day by the British, were not
completely effective and a number of truces were observed
on the Western Front, Christmas 1915.
124. On some sections of the Western Front, carols and gifts were
exchanged between German and British troops
125. and at least one football match, with about 50 soldiers on each side
was recorded in 1915.
126. Sir Ian Colquhoun of the Scots Guards was court-martialed for defying
orders by maintaining a short truce to bury the dead between the
lines, on Christmas Day 1915. Because he was related to British Prime
Minister H.H. Asquith, this punishment was commuted.
127. German attempts to observe Christmas Truces in December 1916 and
1917 were rebuffed by British Artillery barrages.
128. Recently evidence has come to light of a successful Christmas Truce in
1916, between German and Canadian soldiers near Vimy Ridge, where
they exchange Christmas greetings and presents. The Canadians and
Germans visited one another's lines on 25 December 1916.
129.
130.
131.
132. A Christmas Truce Memorial was unveiled in Frelinghien, in France, on
11 November 2008, on the spot where 25 December 1914,
133. the Royal Welsh Fusiliers played football with the German 371
Battalion. The Germans won 2-1.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157. The 2005 French film,
Joyeux Noël
dramatizes
the Christmas Truce of 1914
through the eyes of
French, Scottish and German
soldiers
on the Western Front.
158.
159.
160.
161. The Christmas Truce is now openly acknowledged at the Imperial War
Museum in London with photographs of German and British troops
celebrating Christmas together.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169. It remains an extraordinary
testimony to the power of
the Gospel that, during such
a terrible time of world war,
soldiers of so many armies,
on opposite sides, could
cease fighting, come out of
their trenches and embrace
their enemies, in honour of
the Prince of Peace.
170.
171. "For unto us a Child is born, unto us a Son is
given; and the Government will be upon His
shoulder. And His Name will be called
Wonderful, Counsellor, Mighty God,
Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace. Of the
increase of His Government and peace there
will be no end…" Isaiah 9:6-7
172.
173.
174. REFORMATION SOCIETY
Dr. Peter Hammond
PO Box 74
Newlands, 7725
Cape Town
South Africa
E-mail:
info@ReformationSA.org
Web: www.ReformationSA.org
175.
176.
177.
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188. Frontline Fellowship
PO Box 74
Newlands
7725
Cape Town
South Africa
E-mail: admin@frontline.org.za
Web: www.frontline.org.za
193. SILENT NIGHT
Silent night, Holy night
All is calm, all is bright
Round yon virgin, mother and Child
Holy Infant, tender and mild
Sleep in heavenly peace,
Sleep in heavenly peace.
194. Silent night, Holy night
Son of God, love's pure light
Radiant beams from Thy holy face
With the dawn of redeeming grace,
Jesus, Lord at Thy birth
Jesus, Lord at Thy birth.
195. Silent night, Holy night
Shepherds quake, at the sight
Glories stream from heaven above
Heavenly, hosts sing Hallelujah.
Christ the Saviour is born,
Christ the Saviour is born.