PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF PLANT DRUGS

1. WELCOME EVERYONE

2. Our presentation topic:
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
OF PLANT DRUGS

3. Plant drugs
Cassia senna Datura stramonium
Coriandrum sativum Foeniculum vulgare

4. PHYTOCHEMISTRY
The constituents ,which possess pharmacological
properties , are called active constituents .
Phytochemistry is concerned with the chemical
study of this plant constituents.
Can you tell me some name of plant
constituents ?

5. Plant constituents:
1
Glyco
sides
2 3
h
4 5 6 7
Gl
yc
os
id
es
Ca
rb
oh
yd
ra
te
s
T
a
n
ni
n
s
L
i
p
i
d
s
Re
si
ns
&
Ba
ls
a
m
s
Vo
lat
ile
oil
s
Al
k
al
oi
ds

6. Carbohydrate
Definition:
Carbohydrate are poly hydroxy
aldehyde or ketone and their derivatives

7. Classification of Carbohydrates

8. Carbohydrate
USES:
Suspending
Emulsifying agent
Adhesive and binders

9. Glycoside
 Glycosides are combination of one or more sugars
units with a non sugar units.
 Sugar part is known as glycone and the non sugar
is known as aglycone.
 Some important groups of glycosides are
mentioned below :
 Anthraquinone Glycosides
 Saponin Glycosides
 Cyanophore Glycosides
 Cardiac Glycosides

10. Anthraquinone Glycosides
 Combination of many Anthracene derivatives with
various sugers
 Used:Laxative and cathartic drug
 Example: senna

11. Saponin Glycosides
 These are steroidal Compounds
 Used: Fish poisions;Glycyrrhizin
which is sweet compound that is 50
times as sweet as suger
 Example:Hecogenin

12. Cyanophore Glycosides
 Possess Hydrocyanic Acid
 used: Flavouring Agent
 Example:Rosaceeae

13. Cardiac Glycosides
 These are steroidal glycoside
 Used: cystolic contraction of
heart mucle.
 Example:Digitalis

14. TANNINS
 Charracteristics:
 Non-crystallisable compound
 Form colloidal solutions with water
Consist of mixtures of Polyphenols

15. There are two types of tannins:
1.Hydrolysable tannins
2.NON-Hydrolysable tannins
*Hydrolysable tannins:
Consists of gallic acid
* NON-Hydrolysable tannins:
Contain only Phenolic nuclei
TANNINS

16. Used: Antiseptic properties
Example: Nutgall
TANNIN
S

17. Lipid
Fixed oils and fats are glyceryl
esters of fatty acids with high
molecular weight .
Used: Emollients and Lubricants
Example: peanuts; olive oil

18. RESINS
Amorphous chemical substances,found in the
ducts and cavities of plant
Volatile oil +Resin = Oleoresins
Gums + Resin = Gum-Resins
Volatile oil + Gums+ Resin =oleogum - Resin
Used: Purgative ;Cathertics
Example: cannabis & ginger

19. BALSAM
The resinous mixtures that contain
cinnamic or benzoic acid or both or
esters of these acids are known as
balsams
Used: purgative ;cathartics

20. VOLATILE OIL
 Volatile oil are colorless, aromatic liquids ;
 has odoriferous principal present .
 Odur and taste of volatile oils determined by
oxygenated group which are soluble in water.
 Prepared aromatic waters;example:rose
water;orange water by shaking volatile oils
with water

21. VOLATILE OIL
Used:
1.Flavouring agent
2.Cosmetic and food product
Example:
1.Pippermint
2.Cinnamon

22. DEFINATION :
ALKALOIDS ARE BASIC NITROGENOUS
COMPOUNDS.

23. 1
Possess a
marked
physiologi
-cal
action
2 3 4
Usually
derived
from
plant
source
Colourless
crystalline
solid
Contain
Carbon,
Hydrogen,
Nitrogen
and
oxygen
Characteristic :

24. Do you take any alkaloids as a
food ?

25. CLASSIFICATION
 On the basis of ring structure alkaloids are
broadly divided into the following major
groups which are describe below :
 Pyridine –Piperdine
 Tropane
 Quinoline
 Isoquinoline
 Indole
 Imidazole
 Steroidal
 Alkaloidal Amines

26. PYRIDINE-PIPERDINE
 Possess a pyrrolidine or pyridine or
piperdine ring
 Uesd: Anthelmintics;respiratory
stimulants
 Example:Ricinus(ricinine)

27. Tropane group
 Condensation of piperidine and N-
methyl pyrrolidine ring
 Used:Spasmolytic and
anticholinergic
 Example: Belladone;Stamonium

28. QUINOLINE
 Contain quinoline as their basic
nucleus
 Used:Treatment of Malaria
 Example:Cinchona

29. ISOQUINOLINE
 POSSESS AN Isoquinoline basic structure
 Used: Anti-Amoebic agents;Skeletal muscle
relaxants
 Example:Opium

30. INDOLE
 Possess an indole ring as part of
their structure
 Used: High blood
pressure;cholinergics
 Example:Rauwolfia

31. IMIDAZOLE
Possess an imidazole
(glyoxaline) ring
Used:Cholinergic
Example:Pilocarpine

32. STEROIDAL
 Presence of a
cyclopentenophenanthrene
 Used: Sedative;anti-dysenteric
agents
 Example:Holarrhena

33. ALKALOIDAL AMINES
Nitrogen atoms occur in
side chain
Used:Cardiac stimulant
Example:Ephedrine

35. “ There is only one element in
plant medicine :Friendship”
by Eliot Cowan