4. Symptoms of Approaching
Parturition
Breeding date and record help in prep
Relaxation of pelvic ligaments (E2,
Relaxin)
Vulva become edematous (x 2- 6
times)
Udder enlargements, teats distension
Cervical seal liquefies
Anorexia, loss of appetite
In mare, “Waxing” is observed 6 to 48
hours before foaling
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11. Stages of Parturition
First stage
Contraction of longitudinal/circular
muscles of uterus
Second stage
Entrance of fetus into dilated birth
canal
Third stage
Expulsion of fetal membrane &
involution of uterus 11
12. Animal
Preparatory
(Stage 1)
Expulsion of
fetus
(Stage 2)
Expulsion
of Placenta
(Stage 3)
Cow 2 – 6 h 30 – 60 min 6 – 12 h
Ewe 2 – 6 h 30 – 120 min 5 – 8 h
Mare 1- 4 h 12 - 30 min 1 h
Woman 8 h 2 h 1 h
Comparative Time (hours) required
for various stages of Parturition
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13. • Active contractions of both the longitudinal
and circular muscle fibers of uterine wall.
•Contractions: frequency and duration ,
longer in primiparous than pluriparous
• Dilation of the cervix.
•In mares, the foal has an active role in its
final positioning, going from dorso-pubic to
dorso-sacral.
First stage
13
14. Second stage
• Characterized by the entrance of the
fetus into the dilated birth canal.
•Contractions: frequency and duration
increase
• Rupture of the allantoic sac.
•Appearance of feet after rupture
•Passage of head, shoulders & hips
through pelvis occurs, max contractions
occur when head is passing
• Expulsion of the fetus through the vulva.
14
15. Expulsion of fetal membranes and
involution of the Uterus
Contractions continue, that help in
expulsion of FM Shrinking of villi and
maternal caruncles and crypts
Suckling promotes increased OT,
enhances the involution
After expulsion cervix tend to seal, in
order to prevent infection
Third stage
15
16. Normal PPP
The normal presentation
in uniparous animal is the
anterior longitudinal,
position is dorso-sacral
with the posture of head
resting on the metacarpal
bones and knees of the
extended fore legs.
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