Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes

1. Prof. M.R.Ezhilkumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology
Coimbatore
ezhilkumar@skcet.ac.in 1
17CE413
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS
WASTE MANAGEMENT
1.6 – Integrated Waste Management
I only feel angry when I see waste.
When I see people throwing away things
we could use. – Mother Teresa

2. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 2
☼ Integrated Waste Management (IWM)
☼ Hierarchy in IWM
☼ Sustainable IWM models
1.6 – Integrated Waste Management
Learning Outcomes

3. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 3
Video Session 1

4. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 4
Video Session 2

5. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 5
Integrated Solid Waste Management
Municipal Solid Waste Management involves the application of principle of
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) to municipal waste.
ISWM is the application of suitable techniques, technologies and
management programs covering all types of solid wastes from all sources to
achieve the twin objectives of (a) waste reduction and (b) effective management
of waste still produced after waste reduction.

6. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 6
Integrated Solid Waste Management
Integrated Solid Waste Management:
 A set of plans to manage solid waste
 Adopted by many governments
 A means of achieving sustainability
► Planning is the first step in designing or
improving a waste management system.
► Waste management planners should,
take into consideration institutional,
social, financial, economic, technical,
and environmental factors.
► These factors vary from place to place.

7. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 7
Integrated Solid Waste Management
Importance of IWM
ᴥCertain problems can be more easily resolved in combination with other
aspects of the waste system than on their own.
ᴥIntegration allows for capacity or resources to be optimised and, thus, fully
utilized.
ᴥAn integrated approach allows for participation of public, private, and informal
sector participants, in roles appropriate for each.

8. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 8
Integrated Solid Waste Management
Importance of IWM
ᴥSome waste management practices are more costly than others, and
integrated approaches facilitate the identification and selection of low-cost
solutions.
ᴥSome waste management activities cannot bear any charges, some will always
be net expenses, while others may produce an income.
ᴥAn integrated system can result in a range of practices that complement each
other in this regard.

9. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 9
Integrated Solid Waste Management
ISWM is closely linked to the 3R approach (reduce, reuse, and recycle),
which also preliminarily emphasises the importance of waste reduction, reuse,
and recycling over other forms of waste processing or management.
The major ISWM activities are waste prevention, recycling and
composting, and combustion and disposal in properly designed, constructed, and
managed landfills.
Each of these activities requires careful planning, financing, collection, and
transport.

10. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 10
Integrated Solid Waste Management
The integrated solid waste management (ISWM) system is based on the
waste management hierarchy, with an aim to reduce the amount of waste being
disposed while maximizing resource recovery and efficiency.
The ISWM hierarchy ranks waste management strategies according to
their environmental benefits.
Based on this waste management hierarchy, an assessment of local needs
and conditions should lead to the selection of an appropriate mix of processes
and technologies.

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Integrated Solid Waste Management
Source:

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Integrated Solid Waste Management
At source reduction and reuse:
۞The most preferred option for waste management in the ISWM hierarchy is to
prevent the generation of waste at various stages including in the design,
production, packaging, use, and reuse of products.
۞Waste prevention helps to reduce handling, treatment, and disposal costs and
various environmental impacts such as leachate, air emissions, and generation
of greenhouse gases (GHG).
۞Minimisation of waste generation at source and reuse of products are the most
preferred waste prevention strategies.

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Integrated Solid Waste Management
Waste recycling:
۞The next preferred option for waste management in the ISWM hierarchy is
recycling of waste to recover material resources through segregation,
collection, and re-processing to create new products.
۞In the waste management hierarchy, composting is considered as an organic
material recovery process and is often considered at the same hierarchical
level as inorganic waste recycling.

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Integrated Solid Waste Management
Waste to energy:
۞Where material recovery from waste is not possible, energy recovery from
waste through production of heat, electricity, or fuel is preferred.
۞Biomethanation, waste incineration, production of refuse derived fuel (RDF),
co-processing of combustible nonbiodegradable dry fraction from MSW in
cement kilns and pyrolysis or gasification are some waste-to-energy
technologies.

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Integrated Solid Waste Management
Waste disposal:
۞Residual inert wastes at the end of the hierarchy are to be disposed in sanitary
lined landfills, which are constructed in accordance with stipulations prescribed
in SWM Rules, 2016.
۞All over the world, landfills which integrate the capture and use of methane are
preferred over landfills which do not capture the landfill gas.
۞As per the hierarchy, the least preferred option is the disposal of waste in open
dumpsites.

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Integrated Solid Waste Management
The ISWM concept is also aimed at optimising MSW management from all
the waste-generating sectors (households, commercial and institutional
establishments, parks and gardens, construction and demolition, urban
agriculture, and safety and healthcare facilities) and involving all the
stakeholders (waste generators, service providers, informal sector, regulators,
government, and community or neighbourhoods).
The adoption of the 3R concept helps to minimize the amount of waste to
be handled by the municipal authority, minimising the public health and
environmental risks associated with it.

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Integrated Solid Waste Management
ISWM also reflects the following aspects:
1) Municipal solid waste and climate change
2) Gender equity aspects
3) Informal sector integration in Municipal Solid Waste Management

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Integrated Solid Waste Management
1) Municipal solid waste and climate change
MSW is related to climate change in several ways:
(i) ISWM reduces the emissions of greenhouse gases mainly methane. Waste
minimisation, waste recycling, waste to energy strategies, and landfill gas capture
and use are reduction strategies for greenhouse gases, either directly (landfill
gas capture) or by better use of energy and resources inherent in products and
materials (climate footprint).
(ii) MSWM should also reflect needs for adaptation to future impacts of climate
change. An example is site selection and design of landfills, which might have
to reflect changing groundwater tables or rainfall patterns.

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Integrated Solid Waste Management
2) Gender equity aspects
♂ Women are involved in and affected by MSWM in multiple ways.
♂ They work in ULBs (e.g., many street sweepers and doorstep collectors are
also women) and also in the informal sector.
♂ This requires interventions to protect women from the harmful effects of
unhygienic practices which also affect their social functions in childcare and
family food supply.

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Integrated Solid Waste Management
2) Gender equity aspects
♂ Moreover, they are often the first customers of any MSW collection service and
engage in segregation of waste at source at the household level.
♂ The MSWM system design should therefore consider the health and safety
concerns of women.
♂ The MSWM system should also engage in a social impact assessment to bring
gender gaps to the forefront for systematic analysis and corrective and
appropriate responses.

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Integrated Solid Waste Management
3) Informal sector integration in Municipal Solid Waste Management
ᴥAn implication of the comprehensive understanding of ISWM is that it will
involve various stakeholders, going far beyond a merely public task for the
ULB. Important groups include the private sector and the informal sector.
ᴥThe informal sector plays an important role in the MSWM value chain by
recovering valuable material from waste.
ᴥIt includes both the “kabadi” system or scrap dealers and waste pickers
that help reduce environmental impacts by improving resource recovery and
reducing waste quantities for disposal.

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Integrated Solid Waste Management
3) Informal sector integration in Municipal Solid Waste Management
ᴥThe integration of the informal sector into the formal MSWM system through
resident welfare associations (RWAs), community-based organizations (CBOs),
non-government organizations (NGOs), self-help groups (SHGs), and private
sector will contribute to the reduction of the overall MSWM costs, provide
support to the local recycling industry, and create new job opportunities.

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Integrated Solid Waste Management
Extended Producer Responsibility
Extended producer responsibility (EPR) is a policy approach wherein a
producer is held responsible for the post-consumer stage of a product.
 Collection (e.g., for e-waste or hazardous waste components),
 Reuse (e.g., disposal-refund systems for bottles),
 Recycling (e.g., for used cars), and storage and treatment (e.g., for
batteries).
EPR programs are commonly made mandatory through legislation, but can also
be adopted voluntarily (i.e., retail take-back programs).

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Integrated Solid Waste Management
Decentralised / Community level Waste Management Systems
Decentralised community level waste management systems are
preferred to centralised waste management solutions under certain
circumstances.
 Reduce the burden of handling large volumes of MSW at a centralised location.
 Reduction in costs of transportation and intermediate storage.

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Integrated Solid Waste Management
Some of the advantages of decentralised waste management include the
following:
» Decentralised systems allow for lower level of mechanisation than the
centralised solutions, and provide job opportunities for informal workers and
small entrepreneurs.
» Decentralised options can be tailor made for the local waste stream, climate,
social, and economic conditions.
» Decentralised systems reduce the cost incurred for the collection,
transportation, and disposal of waste by the ULBs.

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Integrated Solid Waste Management
However, ULBs should be aware of some of the limitations of
decentralised waste management such as the following:
» Difficulty in obtaining land in many urban areas
» Difficulty in maintaining scientific and hygienic conditions due to lack of
sufficient space and training and capacity of workers
» Uncertain quality of end products
» Difficulty in ensuring economic viability of the system, especially when qualified
staff is required

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Integrated Solid Waste Management
Overview of Developing a Municipal solid waste management Plan in an
Urban Local Body
1 POLICIES, PROGRAMMES AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
2
ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT SITUATION AND GAP
ANALYSIS
3
STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION FOR MSWM
PLANNING
4 PREPARATION OF DRAFT MSWM PLAN
5 SCHEDULE FOR IMPLEMENTATION
6
STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION FOR MSWM PLAN
VALIDATION
7
Municipal COUNCIL APPROVAL FOR MSWM PLAN and
PLAN IMPLEMENTATION INCLUDING PPP

28. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 28
Integrated Solid Waste Management
Source: Municipal Solid Waste
Management Manual (2016),
CPHEEO, Swachh Baharat Mission,
MoUD, GoI

29. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 29
Integrated Solid Waste Management
Source: Municipal Solid Waste
Management Manual (2016),
CPHEEO, Swachh Baharat Mission,
MoUD, GoI

30. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 30
Integrated Solid Waste Management
Source: Municipal Solid Waste
Management Manual (2016),
CPHEEO, Swachh Baharat Mission,
MoUD, GoI

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Integrated Solid Waste Management
Source: Ramachandra TV (2011),
Chapter 30 - Integrated
management of municipal solid
waste.
Integrated solid waste management using
1. Geographic Information System (GIS)
2. Management Information System (MIS)
3. Global Positioning System (GPS)

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Integrated Solid Waste Management
Source: Sharma et al., (2019), DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001490.

33. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 33
Assessment Time
Review
Question Propose an Integrated Waste Management system for an
educational institution with a sustainable practices.

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