Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes

1. Prof. M.R.Ezhilkumar
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology
Coimbatore
ezhilkumar@skcet.ac.in
I only feel angry when I see waste.
When I see people throwing away things
we could use. – Mother Teresa
1
17CE413
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS
WASTE MANAGEMENT
1.2 – Generation and Estimation

2. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 2
☼ Define Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
☼ MSW generation and estimation
☼ MSW – Current scenario (Local and Regional)
1.2 – Generation and Estimation
Learning Outcomes

3. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 3
Video Session 1

4. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 4
Video Session 2

5. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 5
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE (MSW)
MSW Rules (2000)
Definition
Includes commercial and residential wastes generated in a municipal or notified
areas in either solid or semi-solid form excluding industrial hazardous wastes but
including treated bio-medical wastes.
Population growth and
Urbanization are the key causes
of increase in MSW

6. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 6
MSW Generation
►Wastes generation is significant due to discarding of unwanted materials away
for disposal.
►It is a continuous activity which is not very controllable.
►Huge quantities MSW are generated in all the megacities of the world.
►Rate of generation varies with the lifestyle of the people.
America 4000 times
Western Europe 1000 times
India 150 times
Average
human
body weight
62 Kg

7. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 7
MSW Generation
Material Flow through Society
Source: Worrell et al., Soild Waste Engineering, Second
Edition, Cengage Learning, 2012.
A – Raw material input
B – Material return to the environment
There are large benefits at both A and B
♦ High rate of employment
♦ Cheaper raw material
♦ Low manufacturing cost
But equal detrimental effects
♦ No sustainable practice
♦ Exploitation of natural resources
♦ Large waste generation

8. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 8
MSW Generation
Material flow chart showing the ENERGY – WASTE – RESOURCE Nexus in
each process
Source:
Tchobanoglous G and Kreith F,
Handbook of Solid Waste
Management, McGraw-Hill,
DOI: 10.1036/0071356231.

9. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 9
MSW Generation rate
► Estimation of solid waste is important to obtain data for the following,
 Quantification of waste
 Composition of waste
 Subsequent waste management
► It is necessary to have some statistical analysis during estimation. The standard
methodology is adopted from Standard Test for Determination of the Composition of
Unprocessed Municipal Solid Waste (ASTM designation D 5231-92).
► Expression for generation
 Domestic and Commercial – Kg per capita pre day (Kg/c/d)
 Agriculture – Kg per hectare per year (Kg/ha/yr)

10. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 10
MSW Generation rate
►Methods to determine generation rate
►Load count analysis – Involves counting of individual loads over a
specified time period. Weighing the load will be significant if done.
►Weight Volume analysis – Measuring the volume of the truck and weight
of each load will given an exhaustive data.
►Per capita analysis – The product of the determined total number of
containers, their volumes, and the average density of the solid waste,
divided by the product of the determined average number of days required
to fill a container and the population of the study area, gave the per capita
generation rate.

11. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 11
MSW Generation rate
►A typical generation rate is found by conducting a large survey in
representation of a nation, state or locality (ULBs – Urban Local Bodies)
Factors affecting generation rates
☺ Geographical location
☺ Season of the year
☺ Frequency of collection
☺ Characteristics of population
☺ Extent of salvage and recycling
☺ Legislation
☺ Public attitude

12. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 12
MSW Estimates (Current status of India)
►In many cities, municipal solid waste (MSW) contains human and animal
excrement as well as hazardous chemical pollutants and sharps.
►This facilitates diseases and injury who are employed / involved in handling
and management of MSW.
Indian cities and towns:
►Per capita waste generation – 0.2 to 0.6 kg/day (CPHEEO)
►1,00,000 metric tons per day or 35 million metric tons annually in 2000 urban
locations (Hanrahan, Srivastava, and Ramakrishna 2006, World Bank Publication)

13. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 13
MSW Estimates (Current status of India)
Regional MSW generation rate
Region / City MSW (Mt/day)
Metros 51,402
Other cities 2,723
East India 380
North India 6,835
South India 2,343
West India 380
Overall urban India 1,30,000
Source: Sharma (2019)
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001490

14. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 14
MSW Estimates (Current status of India)
Source: Central Pollution
Control Board

15. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 15
MSW Estimates Current status of Tamil Nadu)
Generation
rate of MSW
for the
Corporation
with respect to
MSW rules in
the state of
Tamil Nadu
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Chennai
Coimbatore
Dindigul
Erode
Madurai
Salem
Thanjavur
Thoothukudi
Tirunelveli
Tiruppur
Trichy
Vellore
Population in Lakhs
56%
10%
1%
3% 8%
4%
1%
2%
2%
6%
5%
2%
15%
MSW Generated (TPD)
Chennai
Coimbatore
Dindigul
Erode
Madurai
Salem
Thanjavur
Thoothukudi
Tirunelveli
Tiruppur
Trichy
Vellore
Source: TNPCB-
Annual Statement
2014-2015

16. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 16
MSW Estimates (Global View)
Source: Kawai and Tasaki, 2016.
DOI: 10.1007/s10163-015-0355-1

17. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 17
MSW Estimates (Global View)
Source: Kawai and Tasaki, 2016.
DOI: 10.1007/s10163-015-0355-1

18. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 18
MSW Estimates
A residential area consisting of 1500 houses has an average of four
residents per house. For estimating the quantity of solid waste generated,
the following observations were made at disposal site for a period of one
week. Determine the unit rate of solid waste generation.
Type of Vehicle Number of trips
Volume
(m3)
Specific Weight
(kg/m3)
I 10 15 300
II 8 2 150
III 25 0.50 100

19. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 19
MSW Estimates
Answer:
Using the given data, the total weight of the solid waste generated during one
week may be calculate as,
Type of Vehicle
Number of
trips
Volume
(m3)
Specific
Weight (kg/m3)
Total Weight
(Kg)
I 10 15 300 45,000
II 8 2 150 2,400
III 25 0.50 100 1,250
Total (Kg/week) 48,650

20. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 20
MSW Estimates
Answer: Continued…
The unit generation rate,
=
Total quantity of wastes
No. of houses X Residents per House X Days
=
48,650
1500 X 4 X 7
= 1.1583 Kg/capita/day

21. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 21
MSW Estimates
Imagine a town where 10,000 households each fill one 350 liter container of
refuse per week. What volume would this refuse occupy in a landfill?
Assume that 10% of the volume is occupied by the cover dirt. Assume the
density of the refuse when collected is 120 Kg/m3 and is 700 Kg/m3 in the
landfill.
Answer:
The problem can be solved using a mass balance concept. Imagine the landfill as
a black box, and the refuse goes from the households to the landfill.

22. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 22
MSW Estimates
Answer: Continued…
Mass out = Mass in
VL . DL = VP . DP
Where V and D are the volume and density of the refuse, and L and P denotes
loose and packed refuse. Assume the density of the refuse when collected is 120
Kg/m3 and is 700 Kg/m3 in the landfill.
VL . DL = VP . DP
((10,000 households) (350
lit/household) (0.0245 m3/lit)) (120
Kg/m3)
= VP. (700 Kg/m3)

23. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 23
MSW Estimates
Answer: Continued…
VP = 14,700 m3
If 10% of the total volume occupied is taken up by the cover dirt, then the total
landfill volume necessary to dispose of this waste is
T = 14,700 + 0.10T (where T is the total volume)
T = 16,170 m3.

24. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 24
Assessment Time
Review
Question Investigate and report the approximate composition of solid
waste produced at your institute? Indicate your estimates.
Make sure your answers sum to 100 percent.
Submit a table showing the fraction of each component.

25. SHWM – Module 1 – Characteristics and Sources of Municipal Solid Wastes  Mr.M.R.Ezhilkumar 25