Fst can be used to measure the number of migrants per gegenetration .pdf

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Fst can be used to measure the number of migrants per gegenetration by measuring the balance between the effects of two causes of evolution. Name the two causes AND effects they have on variation within AND amongst the population #1 Cause: _____ Effect within population on genetic variation: ______ Effect between population on genetic variation: ______ #2 Cause: _____ Effect within population on genetic variation: ______ Effect between population on genetic variation: ______ Solution 1. cause:DRIFT Effect within population on genetic variation:The people within population are less Effect between population on genetic variation:The number of people affected are more as they disperse 2.cause: MIGRATION Effect within population on genetic variation:The genes decrease over a period of time. Effect between population on genetic variation:The genes moving are increasing with time..

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Population ecology is a field of scientific research that examines the dynamics of populations of living organisms within a given environment. It involves the study of various aspects of populations, including their growth, distribution, density, age structure, and the factors that affect these attributes. Key components of population ecology include: Population Dynamics: Population ecologists study how the size of a population changes over time. This involves examining birth rates (natality), death rates (mortality), immigration, and emigration. Population Distribution: Understanding how individuals in a population are spatially distributed is essential. Populations can be clumped, evenly dispersed, or randomly distributed in a habitat. Population Density: This refers to the number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume of habitat. Population density can have significant ecological and environmental implications. Age Structure: The age distribution within a population can provide insights into its growth potential and reproductive capacity. It can help in predicting future population trends. Population Growth Models: Population ecologists use mathematical models to describe and predict population growth, such as exponential and logistic growth models. Limiting Factors: Population growth is limited by various factors, including availability of resources, predation, competition, disease, and environmental conditions. Population ecologists study how these factors influence population dynamics. Carrying Capacity: The carrying capacity of an environment is the maximum population size that can be sustained by available resources without causing environmental degradation or resource depletion. Interactions: Populations do not exist in isolation. Interactions with other species, such as predation, competition, and mutualism, are essential considerations in population ecology. Conservation and Management: Population ecology plays a critical role in the conservation and management of endangered species and ecosystems. It helps in making informed decisions to protect and sustainably manage populations. Research Methods: Population ecologists employ various field and laboratory techniques, including population censuses, mark and recapture studies, and modeling, to gather data and understand population dynamics.

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what is a natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow? would two small, geographically isolated populations in very different environments be likely to evolve in a similar way? explain. Solution natural selection is a process, by which organisam get better adaptation to enviroment for survival and produce more offespring . another defination is process by which the forms of organism in a population that are the best adapted to environment increase in frequency relatively to less adapted forms over a number of generations. this theory was given by Charles Darwin,natural selection is a comosite of all the force that cause differential survival & diffrential reproduction among the genetic variant.natural selection is nonrandom process by which biological traits become more or less common in population, there genetic drift-the random change in allele frequencies caused by sampling error across generations in final population is called genetic drift, drift can be major driving force for changing alleles frequencies in small population , however the key element of genetic drift is that which individuals survive and reproduce is random( unrelated to their phenotype and genotype). drift cause fixation of alleles in population. genetic drift is a random, directionaless process, it act to eliminate genetic variation over a time.drift lead in increase homozygosity for diploid organism and cause increase in inbreeding coefficient, and resulting in facilitate speciation(creating new species) Gene flow-gene flow is transfer of allele and genes from one population to another.through reproduction in same species.gene flow is also non as gene migration, geographically isolated populations in very different environments be likely to evolve in a similar way- speciation is a lineage splitting evolutionary process that produce two or more species, means creation of new and distinct biological species by branching off form ancestral population. occure when gene flow is reduce sufficiently between sister population, and this play critical role in speciation. mode of speciation are often classified as allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation allopatric speciation-geographical isolation between population, and increase genetic divergen by either genetic drift or selection, selection for increase reproduction isolation, and speciation completed. sympatric speciation-does not require geographical isoloation, this reproductive isolation depend on number of factor- like, competition for resources,disruptive selection,sexual selection.

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RESEARCH ARTICLE Will "Combined Prevention" Eliminate Racial/ Ethnic Disparities in HIV Infection among Persons Who Inject Drugs in New York City? Don Des Jarlais1*, Kamyar Arasteh1, Courtney McKnight1, Jonathan Feelemyer1, Holly Hagan2, Hannah Cooper3, Aimee Campbell4, Susan Tross4, David Perlman1 1 The Baron Edmond de Rothschild Chemical Dependency Institute, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York, United States of America, 2 College of Nursing, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America, 3 Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, 4 Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America * [email protected] Abstract It has not been determined whether implementation of combined prevention programming for persons who inject drugs reduce racial/ethnic disparities in HIV infection. We examine racial/ethnic disparities in New York City among persons who inject drugs after implementation of the New York City Condom Social Marketing Program in 2007. Quantitative inter- views and HIV testing were conducted among persons who inject drugs entering Mount Sinai Beth Israel drug treatment (2007–2014). 703 persons who inject drugs who began in- jecting after implementation of large-scale syringe exchange were included in the analyses. Factors independently associated with being HIV seropositive were identified and a pub- lished model was used to estimate HIV infections due to sexual transmission. Overall HIV prevalence was 4%; Whites 1%, African-Americans 17%, and Hispanics 4%. Adjusted odds ratios were 21.0 (95% CI 5.7, 77.5) for African-Americans to Whites and 4.5 (95% CI 1.3, 16.3) for Hispanics to Whites. There was an overall significant trend towards reduced HIV prevalence over time (adjusted odd ratio = 0.7 per year, 95% confidence interval (0.6– 0.8). An estimated 75% or more of the HIV infections were due to sexual transmission. Ra- cial/ethnic disparities among persons who inject drugs were not significantly different from previous disparities. Reducing these persistent disparities may require new interventions (treatment as prevention, pre-exposure prophylaxis) for all racial/ethnic groups. Introduction Significant racial/ethnic disparities in HIV infection among persons who inject drugs (PWID) have been observed in many countries, with ethnic minority group members [1] and females [2] typically having higher HIV prevalence. There are effective interventions to reduce HIV transmission among PWID, and the logic of “combined” prevention programming is that PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0126180 May 12, 2015 1 / 11 OPEN ACCESS Citation: Des Jarlais D, Arasteh K, McKnight C, Feelemyer J, Hagan H, Cooper H, et al. (2015) Will "Combined Prevention" Eliminate Racial/Ethnic Disparities in HIV Infection among Persons Who Inject Drugs in New York City? PLoS ONE 10(5): e0126180. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126 ...

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How many pairs of wires are in a standard Ethernet cable? Defend or dispute this statement. Ethernet is the most common network media because it is a superior technology. Solution Answer: Four pairs of copper wires are in a standard ethernet cable. Reason: 1.Ethernet cables provide perfomance moderately. 2.they are used in home reticulums and also by the travelers. 3.these ethernet cables are developed to attach a computer with a router or switch..

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