1. Population
•

2. Agenda of the lesson:
 Population Growth rate
(Birth Rates Versus Death Rates)
 Population Distribution
(Influenced by Physical Environment & Level of
technology)
 Population Density
(High / Low)

3. Questions for the video:
 What is the main message of the video?
 In your opinion, is there anything man can
do to avoid an incoming disaster if there
is?

5. 1 2
Population Population
growth rate distribution
G-D-D =
Population
•Growth
density
•Distribution
•Density
3

6. Birth Rates Death Rates
(BR) (DR)
affect
Population
growth rate
High Low Zero

7. Factors that affect world
population growth rate
 Birth Rates (BR)
This refers to the number of live births per 1000
people every year.
For example, if the birth rates for a country is 21
live birth, this means that for every 1000 people,
21 babies were born that year.

8.  Death Rates (DR)
This refers to the number of deaths per 1000
people per year.
For example, if the death rate is 9 deaths, this
means that for every 1000 people in the country,
9 people died that year.

9.  When there is more births than deaths, there is an increase
in population.
 If thedeath rate is higher than the birth rate, there is a fall in
the population.
 If both the
birth and death rate are equal, we say there is
zero growth rate.

10. 2002 2004 2010
Source: Statistics in New Zealand

11. What is trend now for the
world population growth
rates ? Give evidences
 Reflect and refer back to relevant
newspaper case studies being used so
far.
 Discuss with your partner.
 5 minutes to write down your answers

12. The trend now
 Today, the BR generally exceeds the DR.
 This leads to a rise in the population.
 This is largely due to better medical/health care,
improved hygiene, increased food supply due to
advanced technology.

13. Recap:
1 2
Population Population
growth rate distribution
G-D-D
Population
density
3

14. Recap:
Birth Rates Death Rates
(BR) (DR)
affect
Population
growth rate
High Low Zero

15. Population
Distribution
Level of
technology
Physical Environment
Rural
High Low
Urban

16. Population Distribution
 This is the way people are spread out over an
area of land

17. Factors Influencing population
distribution
Physical environment
People tend to live in areas with fertile soil and
where climate is not extreme.
River deltas usually have large populations due to
the fertile soil. Examples are the Nile Delta in Egypt
and the Ganges River Delta between India and
Bangladesh.
In contrast, fewer people live in mountainous
areas or deserts.

18. Level of technology
Technology refers to the knowledge, skills and tools that
people use to meet their needs.
Improvements in technology means that places initially
unsuitable for living can be made suitable.
For example, Las Vegas is a city built within a desert.

19. Explain how technology and the physical
environment interact to give the population
scenario (density /distribution) in Singapore ?
Refer to Singapore’s population distribution
picture

20. In addition to the level of technology and the
environment, what are the other factors present
which can affect population distribution?
Explain their influence on the population
distribution

21. Summary:
Birth Rates Death Rates
(BR) (DR)
affect
Population
growth rate
High Low Zero

22. Summary:
Population
Distribution
Level of
technology
Physical Environment
Rural
High Low
Urban

23. Recap:
1 2
Population Population
growth rate distribution
G-D-D =
Population
•Growth
density
•Distribution
•Density
3

24. Population
Distribution
Population
Density
Low
High

25. Population density
 This is how many people live in an area of land
Population density=
Number of people in the area/Total land area

26.  Population densityvaries from place to place
 For example, Canada has a population density of 3 people
per sq km. What does this mean?
 Bangladesh has a population density of 1042 people per sq
km. What does this mean?
 However, population density does not tell how many people
are in a country because even within a country, people are
spread out unevenly

27. Does the city or the village
have higher population
density

28. High rate of population growth
 Usually inless developed countries. Can you think of any
examples?
 We can use a population pyramid to show the pattern of
population growth. It shows the percentage/total number of
people in different age groups and the proportion of males
to females in a place

29. Elderly: 60 and above
Working population: 15-59
Young: 0-14

30. Causes of high population
growth rate
Low Death Rate + High Birth Rate

31. Low Death Rate
Better medical and healthcare
Medical care refers to the availability of hospitals,
clinics, nurses, medical knowledge
Health care refers to immunisation, nutritional
knowledge, other measures aimed at improving
quality of life
Better medical and health care leads to more
babies surviving beyond one year old

32.  when few babies die within the first year, we
say the infant mortality rate is low
 Infant mortality rate refers to the number of
deaths among infants under one year of age per
1000 live births per year

33. Better hygiene
People will not fall sick and contract diseases so
easily if living conditions are clean and hygienic
Death rate falls when there is a supply of clean
water and when the environment is clear of
disease-carrying pests

34. High Birth Rate
Lack of family planning
In less developed countries, people are
less educated and have little knowledge on
family planning
They may also have many children due to
traditional beliefs. For example, some Hindu
rituals require sons to perform them .

35. Early Marriages
Couples who marry early tend to have more
children
This is because the number of years that women
who marry early have for childbearing is higher
For example in some parts of India, couples marry
young and birth rates tend to be high

36. Preference for sons
Some societies in India and China favour
sons because they are seen as capable of
carrying the family name when they marry
Daughters move away from the family after
marriage.

37. Need for farm labour
People in less developed countries rely heavily on
farming
They have more children to labour on the farm

38. Consequences of High
population growth rate
Higher demand for resources
Population increase means that more
people are competing for resources and this
could lead to shortages

39. Higher demand for housing
A larger population means that more people will
be competing for housing.
In some cities in India, people live in temporary
shelters made from cardboard or wooden planks

40. Higher demand for education
Larger population means that there must be
sufficient schools and teachers to educate the
young
Less developed countries may not have enough
money to build enough schools and not everyone
can be assured an education

41. Higher demand for jobs
A larger population means that more people will
be competing for jobs

42. Environmental Problems
A larger population means more wastage
generated and less developed countries may not
have the means to dispose the waste properly
This can lead to land and water pollution

43. Actions to Control High
Population Growth Rate
Education on family planning
Family planning agencies in less developed
countries have been sent to rural areas to educate
people and give advice on family planning

44. Incentives and penalties
Rewards in the form of monetary incentives can
be given to couples who have fewer children
Those with more children could be fined

45. Example
 China uses both incentives and penalties to slow
population growth.
 The “one-child policy” allowed each couple to
have only one child. Incentives for housing and
education were given to these couples.
 Couples with more than one child had to pay a
fine.

46.  However, in recent times, couples who are each
an only child are allowed to two children to
prevent an imbalance in the population.
 With so few babies born, there may be less
people to take care of the old in future

47. Low population growth rate
 Usuallyin developed countries. Can you think of
any such countries?
Low DR + Low BR

48. Causes of low Death Rate
Higher standards of hygiene
 High standards of hygiene leads to clean food,
water and air.
 People are less prone to contracting diseases

49. Better nutrition
In developed countries, people earn more income and can
afford to buy sufficient food and water

50. Better medical and healthcare
Leads to longer, healthier lives
Vaccinations that are readily available can stop
diseases from spreading
In Singapore, world-class hospitals enable people
to enjoy better medical care

51. Causes of low Birth rate
Later marriages
More people marrying late.
Women who marry late have fewer years left to
have babies

52. Fewer marriages
Fewer marriages equals fewer births
This leads to a fall in population

53. Preference for smaller families
People in developed countries prefer smaller
families
An increasing number of working women also
choose to have fewer children in order to balance
work
Cost of raising children has increased

54. Consequences of Low
population Growth Rate
Ageing population
This refers to the population that is more than 60
years old
Heavier burden on the working population

55. Higher taxes
Taxes are collected from the working population
Hence, a smaller working population means that
taxes will be increased
Smaller talent pool
Fewer people to lead and serve the country
These countries must turn to foreign talent

56. Managing Low Population
Growth
Encouraging marriage and childbearing
The government can encourage married couples
to have more kids
Singapore government gives tax rebates to
women who have children when they are younger
More child care centres also set up

57. Meeting the needs of the elderly
Special facilities built to support the ageing
population
Building special facilities
More clinics, hospitals that cater to the elderly
have to be built

58. Help the elderly keep healthy
Exercise classes and courses are constantly
organised for the elderly in Singapore
Healthy living is promoted through posters and
television

59. Encourage families to look after the elderly
Family ties are promoted through various
privileges and tax subsidies for families that look
after the elderly

60. Extended working life
Raise the retirement age
Japan’s retirement age is 65 years old
Singapore’s retirement age is now 62 years old

61. Encourage financial planning
The CPF scheme in Singapore forces working
people to save and this allows them to be self-
sufficient when they are old

62. Summary
 The population growth rate of a country is
influenced by its birth and death rates.
 The population distribution of a country
is influenced by its physical conditions
and level of technology.
 The population density of a country is
influenced by its population distribution.