The document is an exam for a comparative physiology course that includes multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions about physiology topics like metabolism, thermoregulation, and osmoregulation. It also includes figures to label and questions about the figures. The exam tests students' understanding of physiological adaptations in aquatic and terrestrial organisms.
1. 1
Biology 451 – Comparative Physiology – Exam 2
Pledge: In recognition of and in the spirit of the honor code, I c
ertify that I have neither given nor
received aid on this examination.
(Signature) ______________________________________
Name, printed) __________________________________Studen
t I.D. Number______________
Equations of interest:
Multiple choice: Write the letter of the correct answer in the bla
nk at the left side of each question (2
points per question)
1) ______ The amount of heat produced for each liter of oxygen
used in metabolism of fat is (a. much
greater than; b. much less than; c. approximately equal to) the
amount of heat produced for each liter
of oxygen used in the metabolism of protein.
2) ______ The energy derived from the oxidation of 1 gram of c
arbohydrate is (a. greater than; b. less
than; c. equal to) the energy derived from the oxidation of 1 gr
am of fat.
3) ______ The isocaloric weight of fat is (a. greater than; b. les
2. s than; c. equal to) that of glycogen.
4) ______ The myoglobin concentration in the muscle of aquati
c mammals is generally (a. greater than;
b. less than; c. equal to) that of the terrestrial mammals.
5) ______ Marine mammals such as sea lions probably meet mo
st of their water requirements by (a.
drinking sea water; b. from their food; c. from metabolism of fat
& carbohydrate).
6) ______ The activity of the contractile vacuoles in a sponge pl
aced in mildly brackish water is likely to
(a. increase; b. stay the same; c. decrease) when compared to th
e same sponge in fresh water.
7) ______ The amount of oxygen dissolved in the body water of
deep‐diving marine mammals would be
expected to be (a. greater than; b. less than; c. approximately e
qual to) that of terrestrial mammals.
8) ______ Suppose that a killer whale that was at rest in cold w
ater begins swimming rapidly in pursuit
of yummy seal snacks. You predict that the blood flow though t
he countercurrent heat exchanger in the
blood supply to the flukes would (a. increase; b. decrease; c. r
emain unchanged).
9) ______ You compare the water loss rates of the similar size a
nimals from the Sonoran desert – which
of them will require the least amount of water per 100g of body
mass? (a. gila monster [a reptile]; b.
roadrunner [a bird]; c. kangaroo rat [a mammal])
10) ______ The actual oxygen debt accrued during the dive of a
diving marine mammal is (a. greater
than; b. less than; c. equal to) the predicted oxygen debt (base
d on normal metabolic rate).
11) ______ The endurance time for a large mammal is (a. greate
r than; b. less than; c. equal to) that of
a small mammal.
12) ______ The absorptivity of an object is (a. greater than; b.
less than; c. equal to) its emissivity at a
3. given wavelength.
13) ______ The temperature of the skin surface (i.e., at the base
of the fur) of a raccoon in cold air is (a.
warmer than; b. cooler than; c. approximately the same as) the
ambient air temperature.
14) ______ The temperature of the skin surface of a whale that i
s attempting to conserve heat in cold
water is (a. warmer than; b. cooler than; c. approximately the s
ame as) the ambient water
temperature.
15) ______ Suppose that the ambient temperature is higher than
the body temperature, and the body
temperature of a mammal is constant. All heat loss must occur
by (a. conduction; b. radiation; c.
evaporation).
2
16) ______ You measure the urine production of a fish in its nat
ural habitat and find that it produced
almost 10% of its body weight in urine over the course of a day.
This fish is probably a (a. marine
teleost; b. coelacanth; c. freshwater teleost).
17) ______ The osmotic work required to maintain ion concentr
ations in freshwater invertebrates
amounts to (a. less than 5%; b. between 5 and 10%; c. more than
10%) of basal metabolic rate for these
animals.
18) ______ Marine iguanas eliminate excess ions via (a. their ur
ine; b. specialized salt glands; c. their
gills).
19) ______ The skin of a marine teleost (a. has hormonally cont
rolled permeability; b. is impermeable; c.
4. is permeable) to Cl
‐
ions.
20) ______ Suppose we were to compare the cost of locomotion
(kcal kg
‐1
km
‐1
) for a tuna, an eagle, and
a raccoon (all the same body mass). The cost of locomotion wo
uld be highest in the (a. tuna; b. eagle;
c. raccoon).
21) ______ The thin waxy layer on the cuticle of most terrestria
l insects affects the evaporation rate
equation by changing the value of (a. K; b. J; c. WVPs)?
22) ______ Which of these groups of animals has solved the big
gest water balance problem facing
terrestrial animals (a. earthworms; b. slugs; c. snails)?
23) ______ Animals meeting their caloric and water needs meta
bolically should (a. metabolize only fat;
b. metabolize only carbohydrate; c. metabolize fat or carbohydr
ate).
24) ______ The cost of running (kcal kg
‐1
km
‐1
) for a deer would be (a. greater than; b. less than; c.
equal to) that for a small dog.
25) ______ You collect a marine invertebrate from the brackish
5. water of a tide pool and inject inulin into
its body. You later collect urine from the animal and find that i
nulin is present in the urine. You
conclude that the animal must use (a. active transport; b. ion ex
cretion; c. ultrafiltration) as part of its
excretory process.
26) ______ When osmoconforming following a transition from s
ea water to brackish water, the
concentration of serine in the body fluids of a marine invertebra
te is likely to (a. decrease; b. increase;
c. stay the same).
Fill in the blank:
27) If the Q10 of a physiological process is 4, then an increase i
n temperature from 15°C to 45°C will
cause the rate of the process to increase by a factor of ________
______________________.
28) Some desert mammals use ___________________________
____ heat exchangers to cool the air
leaving their lungs.
29) & 30) After acclimation to a higher temperature, a fish spec
ies shows an oxygen consumption that is
equal to that observed at the lower temperature. This is called _
________________________________.
A related species, however, shows an oxygen consumption after
acclimation at the higher temperature
that is greater than that at the lower temperature but less than th
at predicted by the Q10 . This is called
_______________________________________.
31) The body fluids of a typical marine invertebrate living in its
6. natural environment will have an
osmolarity of approximately ___________________________ m
Osm.
3
32) & 33) Animals living in the absence of oxygen obtain energ
y through the process of glycolysis, which
involves the breakdown of ______________________________
_________ into
________________________________.
34) If the reflectivity of the fur of an animal is 36% of incident
radiation at a particular wavelength, its
absorptivity is ______% of the incident radiation at that wavele
ngth.
35) Many freeze‐susceptible insects have a compound in their bl
ood called
_________________________________ that lowers the freezing
point and the supercooling point.
36) Deep diving marine mammals often have smaller relative lu
ng volumes compared with terrestrial
mammals. In addition, they are observed to exhale immediately
before the dive. Why might this be so?
_____________________________________________________
________
37) The _______________________________________is the te
mperature range within which
7. metabolic heat production is unaffected by temperature change.
38) Unlike most other vertebrates, elasmobranchs can tolerate hi
gh levels of ________________ in their
body fluids, helping them achieve their slightly hyperosmotic st
ate.
39) You measure the Na
+
ion concentration in the body fluids of a shore crab and find th
at it is slightly
less than that of sea water. This could be due to active regulati
on of Na
+
or due to a ______________
equilibrium between Na
+
and charged proteins in the crab.
40) Marine teleosts use __________________ cells in their gills
to help maintain their hypoionic state.
41) Insects remove water from their urine in the rectum by estab
lishing a local ___________________
gradient.
42) & 43) The osmolarity of body fluids is usually measured via
_________________________ reduction
and/or ___________________________ depression, changes to
the physical properties of a solution
brought about by the concentration of dissolved solutes.
8. Figure based questions:
44) Circle the protonephridia which is
most appropriate for a fresh water
animal.
45) Indicate the region on the right‐most
protonephridia which is permeable to
water.
4
10
-2
10
0
10
2
10
4
10
6
10. (m
ill
ili
te
rs
)
Water use per day among a variety of terrestrial animals
46) Label the lines for birds,
mammals and reptiles on this graph
of water use per day for animals of
different body sizes. The lines do
include the entire size range for
each group.
11. A plot of metabolic rate (normalized) versus ambient temperatur
e for two mammalian species is shown
above. One species is tropical and the other lives in the Antarct
ic
47) Species __________ is tropical.
48) The temperature indicated by “A” is equal to the _________
_________ for species 1.
49) The slope of the plots is a measure of the _______________
________________.
50) The temperature indicated by “B” is equal to the ________
___________________.
B A
Metabolic Rate
(Normalized)
12. Air Temperature (°C)
Species 1 Species 2
CE262
Branching and Looping
1.Watch videos entitled “Module 4 – Introduction” and “Module
4 – Branching and Looping”
2.Using the microprocessor simulator, open the program
02light.asm.
3.Step through its execution to understand its current operation.
4.Complete the table in the Ports section of the lab to determine
the appropriate Hexadecimal values to use to control the traffic
lights.
5.Modify the program to step the lights through a realistic
sequence. Include conditional statements that ensure that
assembly program only executes for 10 times.
6.Include all of the following in a Word document entitled
“Lab4_StudentID”. Where your student id is substituted in the
file name. a.A screenshot of the modified assembly code
b.The values of the Ports table to control the traffic lights
c.A few screenshots that show the traffic lights on Port 1 as the
program is stepped through
7.Upload file “Lab4_StudentID”.
; _____ THE REALISTIC TRAFFIC LIGHTS
_____________________________
CLO ; close unwanted windows
start:
MOV BL,10 ; Start BL register at 10
; Turn off all traffic lights
MOV AL,10 ; Copy 00000000 into the AL register
OUT 01 ; Send AL to port one
13. MOV BL,0A ; BL=TEN
LOOP:
; Turn red lights on
MOV AL,90 ; Copy 10010000 into the AL
register
OUT 01 ; Send AL to port one
MOV AL,10 ; Delay
; Turn on amber lights
MOV AL,48 ; Copy 01001000 into the AL
register
OUT 01 ; Send AL to port one
MOV AL,10 ; Delay
; Turn on green lights
MOV AL,24 ; Copy 00100100 into AL register
OUT 01 ; Send AL to port one
MOV AL,10 ; Delay
DEC BL ; Subtract one from BL
JNZ LOOP ; Jump back to loop if BL was not
zero
END ; Program ends
; ----- Time Delay Procedure Stored At Address [30] -------------
ORG 30 ; Generate machine code from address [30]
PUSH AL ; Save AL on the stack.
PUSHF ; Save the CPU flags on the stack.
Rep:
DEC AL ; Subtract one from AL.
JNZ REP ; Jump back to Rep if AL was not Zero.
POPF ; Restore the CPU flags from the stack.
14. POP AL ; Restore AL from the stack.
RET ; Return from the procedure.
; ---------------------------------------------------------------
END
; ---------------------------------------------------------------
Site Logo
Example - 06proc.asm - Procedures
Example - 06proc.asm
; ---------------------------------------------------------------
; A general purpose time delay procedure.
; The delay is controlled by the value in AL.
; When the procedure terminates, the CPU registers are
; restored to the same values that were present before
; the procedure was called. Push, Pop, Pushf and Popf
; are used to achieve this. In this example one procedure
; is re-used three times. This re-use is one of the main
15. ; advantages of using procedures.
;------ The Main Program ----------------------------------------
Start:
MOV AL,8; A short delay.
CALL 30 ; Call the procedure at address [30]
MOV AL,10 ; A middle sized delay.
CALL 30 ; Call the procedure at address [30]
MOV AL,20 ; A Longer delay.
CALL 30 ; Call the procedure at address [30]
JMP Start ; Jump back to the start.
; ----- Time Delay Procedure Stored At Address [30] -------------
ORG 30 ; Generate machine code from address [30]
PUSH AL ; Save AL on the stack.
PUSHF ; Save the CPU flags on the stack.
Rep:
DEC AL ; Subtract one from AL.
JNZ REP ; Jump back to Rep if AL was not Zero.
POPF ; Restore the CPU flags from the stack.
POP AL ; Restore AL from the stack.
RET ; Return from the procedure.
; ---------------------------------------------------------------
END
; ---------------------------------------------------------------
TASK
15) Re-do the traffic lights program and use this procedure
to set up realistic time delays. 02tlight.asm
16. 16) Re-do the text input and display program with procedures.
Use one procedure to input the text and one to display it.
; ---------------------------------------------------------------
You can copy this example program from the help page and
paste it into the source code editor.
MOV AL,8
A value is placed into the AL register before calling the time
delay procedure. This value determines the length of the delay.
CALL 30
Call the procedure at address [30]. This alters the instruction
pointer IP to [30] and the program continues to run from that
address. When the CPU reaches the RET command it returns to
the address that it came from. This return address is saved on
the stack.
Stack
This is a region in memory where values are saved and restored.
The stack uses the Last In First Out rule. LIFO. The CALL
command saves the return address on the stack. The RET
command gets the saved value from the stack and jumps to that
address by setting IP.
ORG 30
Origin at address [30]. ORG specifies at what RAM address
17. machine code should be generated. The time delay procedure is
stored at address [30].
PUSH AL
Save the value of AL onto the stack. The CPU stack pointer SP
points to the next free stack location. The push command saves
a value at this position. SP is then moved back one place to the
next free position. In this simulator, the stack grows towards
address Zero. A stack overflow occurs if the stack tries to fill
more than the available memory. A stack underflow occurs if
you try to pop an empty stack.
PUSHF
Save the CPU flags in the status register SR onto the stack. This
ensures that the flags can be put back as they were when the
procedure completes. The stack pointer is moved back one
place. See the Push command. NOTE: Items must be popped in
the reverse order they were pushed.
DEC AL
Subtract one from AL. This command sets the Z flag if the
answer was Zero or the S flag if the answer was negative.
JNZ REP
Jump Not Zero to the address that Rep marks. Jump if the Z flag
is not set.
POPF
Restore the CPU flags from the stack. Increase the stack pointer
by one.
![s than; c. equal to) that of glycogen.
4) ______ The myoglobin concentration in the muscle of aquati
c mammals is generally (a. greater than;
b. less than; c. equal to) that of the terrestrial mammals.
5) ______ Marine mammals such as sea lions probably meet mo
st of their water requirements by (a.
drinking sea water; b. from their food; c. from metabolism of fat
& carbohydrate).
6) ______ The activity of the contractile vacuoles in a sponge pl
aced in mildly brackish water is likely to
(a. increase; b. stay the same; c. decrease) when compared to th
e same sponge in fresh water.
7) ______ The amount of oxygen dissolved in the body water of
deep‐diving marine mammals would be
expected to be (a. greater than; b. less than; c. approximately e
qual to) that of terrestrial mammals.
8) ______ Suppose that a killer whale that was at rest in cold w
ater begins swimming rapidly in pursuit
of yummy seal snacks. You predict that the blood flow though t
he countercurrent heat exchanger in the
blood supply to the flukes would (a. increase; b. decrease; c. r
emain unchanged).
9) ______ You compare the water loss rates of the similar size a
nimals from the Sonoran desert – which
of them will require the least amount of water per 100g of body
mass? (a. gila monster [a reptile]; b.
roadrunner [a bird]; c. kangaroo rat [a mammal])
10) ______ The actual oxygen debt accrued during the dive of a
diving marine mammal is (a. greater
than; b. less than; c. equal to) the predicted oxygen debt (base
d on normal metabolic rate).
11) ______ The endurance time for a large mammal is (a. greate
r than; b. less than; c. equal to) that of
a small mammal.
12) ______ The absorptivity of an object is (a. greater than; b.
less than; c. equal to) its emissivity at a](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)