This document provides information about food chains and ecological pyramids. It defines key terms like producers, consumers, trophic levels, and decomposers. It explains that food chains transfer energy from producers like plants and phytoplankton through various consumer levels. While most aquatic food chains start with phytoplankton and photosynthesis, some deep sea hydrothermal vent chains start with chemoautotrophic bacteria that use chemical energy. Ecological pyramids illustrate the amount of biomass, numbers, or energy at each trophic level, with these amounts generally decreasing at higher levels due to energy losses between trophic transfers.
The document discusses the relationship between organisms and ecosystems. It explains that ecosystems have both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components that shape how species have adapted. Organisms can occupy different roles in ecosystems as producers, consumers, or decomposers and transfer energy through food webs. Population dynamics depend on birth, death, immigration and emigration rates, which are influenced by both density-dependent and independent factors. This affects population growth and size over time.
Unit 1 part 2 ecology powerpoint (revised2010)mpiskel
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology, including:
1) Ecosystems require matter and energy to function; energy moves through an ecosystem via producers, consumers, and decomposers arranged in food chains, webs, and pyramids.
2) While energy flows linearly, matter cycles through ecosystems via water, carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrient cycles.
3) Organisms exhibit structural and behavioral adaptations that allow them to survive within their ecosystem by solving environmental problems over generations.
1. Energy flows through ecosystems via primary producers, consumers, and decomposers in food chains and webs.
2. Primary producers like plants and algae capture energy from the sun or chemicals and convert it to chemical energy in organic molecules.
3. Consumers acquire energy by eating primary producers or other organisms and decomposers break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients.
This document discusses energy flow through ecosystems. It defines key terms like ecosystem, trophic levels, and pyramids. The main points are:
1) Solar energy powers ecosystems by being converted to chemical energy by producers like plants. This energy then flows to consumers as they eat producers or other consumers.
2) Energy is lost at each trophic level according to the laws of thermodynamics, so pyramids of energy flow must decrease at higher trophic levels.
3) Pyramids are used to represent standing crops, numbers of organisms, or energy/biomass flow, but they simplify the complex food web interactions.
The document discusses the key components and dynamics of ecosystems. It describes how ecosystems have interacting abiotic and biotic factors that are connected by energy, nutrients, and minerals. Energy flows in one direction through ecosystems from the sun to producers to consumers, while nutrients and minerals circulate and recirculate between factors. The main dynamics of ecosystems include energy flow, primary and secondary production through food chains and webs, trophic levels, and biogeochemical cycles.
1) Ecosystems have trophic structures that determine energy flow and nutrient cycling through feeding relationships between species organized into trophic levels.
2) Producers, which include photosynthetic plants, algae, and bacteria, occupy the first trophic level and support all other levels by harnessing solar or chemical energy.
3) Consumers are organisms that feed on producers or other consumers and are ranked according to the trophic level they occupy, such as herbivores on the first level or carnivores on higher levels.
The document is a science quiz about organism interactions and food webs. It contains multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions that test understanding of key concepts like producers, consumers, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, decomposers, trophic levels, energy transfer between levels, and food chains versus food webs. It aims to assess comprehension of the linear feeding process from producers to apex consumers, and the interlocking relationships represented in a food web that shows the precise feeding interactions among populations in an ecological community.
The document discusses food webs and energy transfer between organisms in an ecosystem. It explains that producers, like plants, capture energy from the sun through photosynthesis and provide food for consumers. As organisms eat each other, only about 10% of the energy is transferred from each link in the food chain. Multiple overlapping food chains make up a more complex food web. Energy and matter are recycled through the ecosystem as organisms die and decomposers break down remains.
The document discusses the relationship between organisms and ecosystems. It explains that ecosystems have both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components that shape how species have adapted. Organisms can occupy different roles in ecosystems as producers, consumers, or decomposers and transfer energy through food webs. Population dynamics depend on birth, death, immigration and emigration rates, which are influenced by both density-dependent and independent factors. This affects population growth and size over time.
Unit 1 part 2 ecology powerpoint (revised2010)mpiskel
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology, including:
1) Ecosystems require matter and energy to function; energy moves through an ecosystem via producers, consumers, and decomposers arranged in food chains, webs, and pyramids.
2) While energy flows linearly, matter cycles through ecosystems via water, carbon, nitrogen, and other nutrient cycles.
3) Organisms exhibit structural and behavioral adaptations that allow them to survive within their ecosystem by solving environmental problems over generations.
1. Energy flows through ecosystems via primary producers, consumers, and decomposers in food chains and webs.
2. Primary producers like plants and algae capture energy from the sun or chemicals and convert it to chemical energy in organic molecules.
3. Consumers acquire energy by eating primary producers or other organisms and decomposers break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients.
This document discusses energy flow through ecosystems. It defines key terms like ecosystem, trophic levels, and pyramids. The main points are:
1) Solar energy powers ecosystems by being converted to chemical energy by producers like plants. This energy then flows to consumers as they eat producers or other consumers.
2) Energy is lost at each trophic level according to the laws of thermodynamics, so pyramids of energy flow must decrease at higher trophic levels.
3) Pyramids are used to represent standing crops, numbers of organisms, or energy/biomass flow, but they simplify the complex food web interactions.
The document discusses the key components and dynamics of ecosystems. It describes how ecosystems have interacting abiotic and biotic factors that are connected by energy, nutrients, and minerals. Energy flows in one direction through ecosystems from the sun to producers to consumers, while nutrients and minerals circulate and recirculate between factors. The main dynamics of ecosystems include energy flow, primary and secondary production through food chains and webs, trophic levels, and biogeochemical cycles.
1) Ecosystems have trophic structures that determine energy flow and nutrient cycling through feeding relationships between species organized into trophic levels.
2) Producers, which include photosynthetic plants, algae, and bacteria, occupy the first trophic level and support all other levels by harnessing solar or chemical energy.
3) Consumers are organisms that feed on producers or other consumers and are ranked according to the trophic level they occupy, such as herbivores on the first level or carnivores on higher levels.
The document is a science quiz about organism interactions and food webs. It contains multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions that test understanding of key concepts like producers, consumers, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, decomposers, trophic levels, energy transfer between levels, and food chains versus food webs. It aims to assess comprehension of the linear feeding process from producers to apex consumers, and the interlocking relationships represented in a food web that shows the precise feeding interactions among populations in an ecological community.
The document discusses food webs and energy transfer between organisms in an ecosystem. It explains that producers, like plants, capture energy from the sun through photosynthesis and provide food for consumers. As organisms eat each other, only about 10% of the energy is transferred from each link in the food chain. Multiple overlapping food chains make up a more complex food web. Energy and matter are recycled through the ecosystem as organisms die and decomposers break down remains.
The document discusses the key components and dynamics of an ecosystem. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Ecosystems are made up of interacting abiotic and biotic factors that exchange energy, nutrients, and minerals through food chains, webs, and biogeochemical cycles.
2. Energy enters from the sun and is converted to chemical energy by producers through photosynthesis, with about 10-20% transferred to secondary consumers.
3. Nutrients and minerals circulate through the ecosystem, being used and reused, while energy flows in one direction from producers to consumers at different trophic levels.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology, including levels of ecological organization (species, population, community, ecosystem, biome), ecological methods, energy flow through ecosystems, and nutrient cycles. It defines important terms like producers, consumers, trophic levels, and decomposers. Food chains and webs are described along with ecological pyramids showing the transfer of numbers and biomass up the trophic levels. The water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles are also summarized in the document.
Ns 5 lecture 2 and 3 energy flows and productivity 2010Marilen Parungao
This document discusses the flow of energy through ecosystems. It defines energy and its different forms. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form. The second law states that systems tend toward entropy, or a less ordered state. Producers like plants capture solar energy through photosynthesis and store it as chemical energy in sugars. Consumers eat producers or other organisms to obtain energy. As energy moves between trophic levels, about 90% is lost as heat. This trophic transfer limits the number of organisms at higher levels, forming an ecological pyramid. Methods to measure ecosystem productivity include direct biomass measurements and indirect methods involving gas exchange, leaf area, or chlorophyll content.
1. Energy from the sun is stored by producers like plants through photosynthesis and stored as glucose. Producers are then eaten by primary consumers like herbivores. Higher-level consumers like carnivores eat those primary consumers.
2. Food chains and food webs show the transfer of energy between organisms in an ecosystem. Food chains show a single pathway while food webs show the complex interconnected feeding relationships.
3. Energy pyramids illustrate that only about 10% of energy is transferred between trophic levels, so the amount of energy decreases at each higher level. Producers form the base and consumers occupy higher levels.
1) Energy from the sun is absorbed by producers like plants through photosynthesis and converted into chemical energy in sugars. 2) Consumers obtain this energy by eating producers or other consumers. 3) Decomposers break down dead organisms, releasing nutrients back into the environment and completing the energy cycle.
What are food chains and food webs in an ecosystem?bintetariq8
This document discusses food chains and food webs. It defines producers as organisms that produce their own food, typically through photosynthesis, and consumers as organisms that eat other organisms for food. Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat other animals, and omnivores eat both plants and animals. Decomposers break down dead organic matter. Food chains show the transfer of energy as organisms eat each other, moving through trophic levels from producers to primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers. Most ecosystems involve complex food webs rather than simple food chains, as most organisms eat more than one type of other organism.
Solar energy enters ecosystems through photosynthesis by plants. Approximately 1% of solar energy is converted to chemical energy by plants through photosynthesis. Herbivores then consume plants to obtain this chemical energy, but approximately 90% is lost as heat or other forms of energy at each trophic level. There are several models that describe energy flow, including single channel models where energy moves in one direction from producers to consumers, and Y-shaped models where energy moves through both grazing food chains and detritus food chains.
1. Energy from the sun is stored through photosynthesis in plants. This energy is then transferred to primary consumers like herbivores that eat the plants. Higher-level consumers that eat other animals also obtain this energy, though less is available at each level.
2. Food chains and food webs show the transfer of energy between organisms in an ecosystem, with producers at the bottom and different consumer levels above. Only about 10% of the energy is transferred between levels, which is illustrated in an energy pyramid.
Ecological pyramids are graphical representations used to show biomass or productivity at different trophic levels in an ecosystem. There are three main types of ecological pyramids: energy pyramids show energy transfer between levels, number pyramids show the number of organisms, and biomass pyramids show the total living biomass. Energy and number pyramids are usually upright with more organisms at lower trophic levels, while biomass pyramids can be upright or inverted depending on the ecosystem. Ecological pyramids provide insight into feeding relationships and energy flow within ecosystems.
This document summarizes key concepts in ecology, including energy flow and nutrient cycling within ecosystems. It discusses how photosynthesis by autotrophs fixes energy from the sun, which is then transferred through food chains and webs to heterotrophs in a trophic pyramid. Most energy is lost at each transfer, limiting food chain length. Decomposition recycles nutrients, which are taken up by producers to continue ecosystem functioning.
All ecosystems depend on energy from the sun which is converted to chemical energy by producers like plants through photosynthesis. This energy is transferred between trophic levels in a food chain or food web, but around 90% is lost at each level. The inefficiency of energy transfer means longer food chains are less viable as more energy is lost, limiting the productivity of the ecosystem.
Cape biology unit 2 -_matter_and_energy_flow__recycling_in_the_environmentHilton Ritch
The document discusses energy and matter, food chains, and material and nutrient cycles in ecosystems. It defines key terms like producers, consumers, trophic levels, and decomposers. It explains that energy enters ecosystems from the sun and is either passed up food chains, stored in detritus, or lost as heat. Matter cycles between biotic and abiotic parts of ecosystems, with producers taking in simple molecules like CO2 and releasing complex organic molecules, and decomposers breaking these down and releasing simple molecules. Microbes play major roles in nutrient cycles like carbon and nitrogen.
The document discusses key concepts in ecosystems including abiotic and biotic factors, trophic levels, food chains and webs, and energy pyramids. It explains that abiotic factors are non-living elements that affect organisms, while biotic factors are living components. It outlines the trophic levels of primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers. Food chains represent the transfer of energy between trophic levels, while food webs show a more complex network of interactions. Energy and biomass pyramids illustrate how the amount of energy and matter decreases at higher trophic levels due to inefficiencies in energy transfer between levels.
All ecosystems depend on energy from the sun which is converted to chemical energy by producers like plants through photosynthesis. This energy is transferred between trophic levels in a food chain or food web, but around 90% is lost at each level. The inefficiency of energy transfer means longer food chains are less viable as more energy is lost, limiting the productivity of the ecosystem.
This Presentation is about the various types of ecosystem which is present in our environment.....It is also for students who are interested in this topic
The document discusses energy flow through ecosystems and food webs. It provides several field notes describing relationships between different organisms, such as plants being eaten by herbivores or smaller organisms being eaten by larger predators. It then explains that as energy moves through food chains and webs, the vast majority (around 90%) is lost as heat, so there is only about 10% of the original energy available at each trophic level. This pattern can be represented through an energy pyramid diagram.
Ecology is the study of organisms and their interactions with their environment. There are several key components and cycles in an ecosystem. Producers, like plants, capture energy through photosynthesis. Consumers, like herbivores and carnivores, consume other organisms for food. Decomposers, like bacteria and fungi, break down dead organic matter and release nutrients. Energy and nutrients cycle through the ecosystem - energy flows from producers to consumers in a one-way path, while nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycle continuously between organisms and the environment.
This document provides an overview of feeding relationships in ecosystems through food chains and webs. It begins by defining objectives and key concepts like producers, consumers, autotrophs and heterotrophs. Examples of food chains show how energy and matter pass from plants to primary and secondary consumers. Food webs illustrate how organisms can be involved in multiple feeding relationships. The document suggests that removing any population, like hawks in one example, can disrupt an ecosystem's food web and affect other species.
Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy through autotrophs. This process of energy fixation through photosynthesis provides energy for all organisms. Autotrophs include photoautotrophs that use light energy and chemoautotrophs that use inorganic molecules. Heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming other organisms, including herbivores that eat plants, carnivores that eat animals, and omnivores that eat both. Saprotrophs obtain nutrients by decomposing dead and decaying matter. Primary productivity is a measure of the energy converted by autotrophs, while net primary productivity accounts for energy lost to respiration and is available to primary consumers. Energy flows from producers to consumers to decomposers and is
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
The document discusses the key components and dynamics of an ecosystem. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Ecosystems are made up of interacting abiotic and biotic factors that exchange energy, nutrients, and minerals through food chains, webs, and biogeochemical cycles.
2. Energy enters from the sun and is converted to chemical energy by producers through photosynthesis, with about 10-20% transferred to secondary consumers.
3. Nutrients and minerals circulate through the ecosystem, being used and reused, while energy flows in one direction from producers to consumers at different trophic levels.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology, including levels of ecological organization (species, population, community, ecosystem, biome), ecological methods, energy flow through ecosystems, and nutrient cycles. It defines important terms like producers, consumers, trophic levels, and decomposers. Food chains and webs are described along with ecological pyramids showing the transfer of numbers and biomass up the trophic levels. The water, carbon, and nitrogen cycles are also summarized in the document.
Ns 5 lecture 2 and 3 energy flows and productivity 2010Marilen Parungao
This document discusses the flow of energy through ecosystems. It defines energy and its different forms. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form. The second law states that systems tend toward entropy, or a less ordered state. Producers like plants capture solar energy through photosynthesis and store it as chemical energy in sugars. Consumers eat producers or other organisms to obtain energy. As energy moves between trophic levels, about 90% is lost as heat. This trophic transfer limits the number of organisms at higher levels, forming an ecological pyramid. Methods to measure ecosystem productivity include direct biomass measurements and indirect methods involving gas exchange, leaf area, or chlorophyll content.
1. Energy from the sun is stored by producers like plants through photosynthesis and stored as glucose. Producers are then eaten by primary consumers like herbivores. Higher-level consumers like carnivores eat those primary consumers.
2. Food chains and food webs show the transfer of energy between organisms in an ecosystem. Food chains show a single pathway while food webs show the complex interconnected feeding relationships.
3. Energy pyramids illustrate that only about 10% of energy is transferred between trophic levels, so the amount of energy decreases at each higher level. Producers form the base and consumers occupy higher levels.
1) Energy from the sun is absorbed by producers like plants through photosynthesis and converted into chemical energy in sugars. 2) Consumers obtain this energy by eating producers or other consumers. 3) Decomposers break down dead organisms, releasing nutrients back into the environment and completing the energy cycle.
What are food chains and food webs in an ecosystem?bintetariq8
This document discusses food chains and food webs. It defines producers as organisms that produce their own food, typically through photosynthesis, and consumers as organisms that eat other organisms for food. Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat other animals, and omnivores eat both plants and animals. Decomposers break down dead organic matter. Food chains show the transfer of energy as organisms eat each other, moving through trophic levels from producers to primary, secondary, and tertiary consumers. Most ecosystems involve complex food webs rather than simple food chains, as most organisms eat more than one type of other organism.
Solar energy enters ecosystems through photosynthesis by plants. Approximately 1% of solar energy is converted to chemical energy by plants through photosynthesis. Herbivores then consume plants to obtain this chemical energy, but approximately 90% is lost as heat or other forms of energy at each trophic level. There are several models that describe energy flow, including single channel models where energy moves in one direction from producers to consumers, and Y-shaped models where energy moves through both grazing food chains and detritus food chains.
1. Energy from the sun is stored through photosynthesis in plants. This energy is then transferred to primary consumers like herbivores that eat the plants. Higher-level consumers that eat other animals also obtain this energy, though less is available at each level.
2. Food chains and food webs show the transfer of energy between organisms in an ecosystem, with producers at the bottom and different consumer levels above. Only about 10% of the energy is transferred between levels, which is illustrated in an energy pyramid.
Ecological pyramids are graphical representations used to show biomass or productivity at different trophic levels in an ecosystem. There are three main types of ecological pyramids: energy pyramids show energy transfer between levels, number pyramids show the number of organisms, and biomass pyramids show the total living biomass. Energy and number pyramids are usually upright with more organisms at lower trophic levels, while biomass pyramids can be upright or inverted depending on the ecosystem. Ecological pyramids provide insight into feeding relationships and energy flow within ecosystems.
This document summarizes key concepts in ecology, including energy flow and nutrient cycling within ecosystems. It discusses how photosynthesis by autotrophs fixes energy from the sun, which is then transferred through food chains and webs to heterotrophs in a trophic pyramid. Most energy is lost at each transfer, limiting food chain length. Decomposition recycles nutrients, which are taken up by producers to continue ecosystem functioning.
All ecosystems depend on energy from the sun which is converted to chemical energy by producers like plants through photosynthesis. This energy is transferred between trophic levels in a food chain or food web, but around 90% is lost at each level. The inefficiency of energy transfer means longer food chains are less viable as more energy is lost, limiting the productivity of the ecosystem.
Cape biology unit 2 -_matter_and_energy_flow__recycling_in_the_environmentHilton Ritch
The document discusses energy and matter, food chains, and material and nutrient cycles in ecosystems. It defines key terms like producers, consumers, trophic levels, and decomposers. It explains that energy enters ecosystems from the sun and is either passed up food chains, stored in detritus, or lost as heat. Matter cycles between biotic and abiotic parts of ecosystems, with producers taking in simple molecules like CO2 and releasing complex organic molecules, and decomposers breaking these down and releasing simple molecules. Microbes play major roles in nutrient cycles like carbon and nitrogen.
The document discusses key concepts in ecosystems including abiotic and biotic factors, trophic levels, food chains and webs, and energy pyramids. It explains that abiotic factors are non-living elements that affect organisms, while biotic factors are living components. It outlines the trophic levels of primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers. Food chains represent the transfer of energy between trophic levels, while food webs show a more complex network of interactions. Energy and biomass pyramids illustrate how the amount of energy and matter decreases at higher trophic levels due to inefficiencies in energy transfer between levels.
All ecosystems depend on energy from the sun which is converted to chemical energy by producers like plants through photosynthesis. This energy is transferred between trophic levels in a food chain or food web, but around 90% is lost at each level. The inefficiency of energy transfer means longer food chains are less viable as more energy is lost, limiting the productivity of the ecosystem.
This Presentation is about the various types of ecosystem which is present in our environment.....It is also for students who are interested in this topic
The document discusses energy flow through ecosystems and food webs. It provides several field notes describing relationships between different organisms, such as plants being eaten by herbivores or smaller organisms being eaten by larger predators. It then explains that as energy moves through food chains and webs, the vast majority (around 90%) is lost as heat, so there is only about 10% of the original energy available at each trophic level. This pattern can be represented through an energy pyramid diagram.
Ecology is the study of organisms and their interactions with their environment. There are several key components and cycles in an ecosystem. Producers, like plants, capture energy through photosynthesis. Consumers, like herbivores and carnivores, consume other organisms for food. Decomposers, like bacteria and fungi, break down dead organic matter and release nutrients. Energy and nutrients cycle through the ecosystem - energy flows from producers to consumers in a one-way path, while nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycle continuously between organisms and the environment.
This document provides an overview of feeding relationships in ecosystems through food chains and webs. It begins by defining objectives and key concepts like producers, consumers, autotrophs and heterotrophs. Examples of food chains show how energy and matter pass from plants to primary and secondary consumers. Food webs illustrate how organisms can be involved in multiple feeding relationships. The document suggests that removing any population, like hawks in one example, can disrupt an ecosystem's food web and affect other species.
Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy through autotrophs. This process of energy fixation through photosynthesis provides energy for all organisms. Autotrophs include photoautotrophs that use light energy and chemoautotrophs that use inorganic molecules. Heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming other organisms, including herbivores that eat plants, carnivores that eat animals, and omnivores that eat both. Saprotrophs obtain nutrients by decomposing dead and decaying matter. Primary productivity is a measure of the energy converted by autotrophs, while net primary productivity accounts for energy lost to respiration and is available to primary consumers. Energy flows from producers to consumers to decomposers and is
Similar to C2T2 Microorganisms and decay.pptx (20)
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptxgoluk9330
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
2. CONCEPTS EXPLORED IN THIS LESSON
1) Introduction to Food Chains
2) Food Chains
3) Humans and Food Chains
4) Food Webs
5) Trophic Levels
6) Ecological Pyramids
3. The ____ is the ______________ for
food chains.
is a sequence of feeding relationships describing ______
___________________.
source of energy
Food Chain:
grass
grass-
hopper
frog
snake
eagle
Keep in mind that the
arrow tip always points
towards the “eater”.
food
eater
which
organism eats another
Sun
INTRODUCTION TO FOOD CHAINS
4. they must
eat or “________” other
organisms.
grass
grass-
hopper
frog
snake
eagle
They use the energy in
_______ to make their
own food
They form the _____ of all
________ food chains.
Since they _______ make
their own food,
sunlight
cannot
consume
basis
terrestrial
through a process
called _____________.
photosynthesis
INTRODUCTION TO FOOD CHAINS
5. It’s at the ___
of its food chain.
FOOD CHAINS
primary consumer
tertiary consumer
quaternary consumer
secondary consumer
grass
grass-
hopper
frog
snake
eagle
The ___ consumer in a food chain.
It eats _________.
The ___ consumer in a food chain.
It eats ________________.
The ___ consumer in a food chain.
It eats __________________.
The ___ consumer in a food chain.
It eats ________________.
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
producers
primary consumers
secondary consumers
tertiary consumers
any organism that is
__________ by any other.
not hunted top
There are different
levels of consumers…..
Top carnivore:
6. FOOD CHAINS
grass
grass-
hopper
frog
snake
eagle
All organisms eventually die and decompose.
detritus
decomposers
nutrients
are substances
needed for an organism’s
______ and _____.
Nutrients:
is the ___________
of living organisms and the
_______ of dead organisms.
Detritus:
are
organisms that ___
_______ and break
it down into
________.
Decomposers:
waste matter
remains
eat
nutrients
detritus
growth repair
The cycle restarts.
7. that can
perform _____________
to make their own food.
phytoplankton
zooplankton
small fish
larger fish
shark
killer whale
Marine food chains
start with microscopic
aquatic organisms called
_____________
FOOD CHAINS Food chains can occur in _______ ecosystems.
phytoplankton
photosynthesis
aquatic
top carnivore
8. Here they found new types of
_______ that could generate
energy using the _______ found in
the vents.
which were too deep
for _______ to reach.
In the 1970s, scientists discovered
deep sea _________________ in
the ocean
Though most aquatic food chains
start off with photosynthetic
phytoplankton that get their
energy from the sun, there are
exceptions.
FOOD CHAINS Food chains can occur in _______ ecosystems.
sulfides
aquatic
Hydrothermal Vent
How could a food
chain start without sunlight
and photosynthesis?
hydrothermal vents
bacteria
sunlight
9. Here they found new types of
_______ that could generate
energy using the _______ found in
the vents. They didn’t need the
___ for energy.
which were too deep
for _______ to reach.
In the 1970s, scientists discovered
deep sea _________________ in
the ocean
Though most aquatic food chains
start off with photosynthetic
phytoplankton that get their
energy from the sun, there are
exceptions.
FOOD CHAINS Food chains can occur in _______ ecosystems.
sulfides
aquatic
hydrothermal vents
bacteria
sun
sunlight
How could a food
chain start without sunlight
and photosynthesis?
Chemoautotrophic Bacteria
in Hydrothermal Vents
10. Bacteria in these vents form the
basis of vent food chains in the
same way as phytoplankton and
plants do in other ecosystems.
FOOD CHAINS Food chains can occur in _______ ecosystems.
aquatic
Hydrothermal Vent Organisms
octopus
crab
chemo-
autotrophic
bacteria
primary
consumer
secondary
consumer
producer
11. FOOD WEBS
No ecosystem is only
made up of only one
food chain.
Members of one food
chain usually also
belong to another.
When you put all the
_____________ food
chains in an ecosystem
together, you form a
________.
food web
interconnecting
12. On land, the first
trophic level begins
with ______.
Each ___ in the chain represents one trophic level.
In the water, the
first trophic level
begins with
_____________.
TROPHIC LEVELS
grass
grass-
hopper
frog
snake
eagle
Trophic Level: It is the _______ an organism occupies in a food chain.
position
link
phytoplankton
plants
phytoplankton
zooplankton
small fish
larger fish
shark
13. 3rd trophic level
4th trophic level
5th trophic level
1st trophic level
Each ___ in the chain represents one trophic level.
TROPHIC LEVELS
grass
grass-
hopper
frog
snake
eagle
Trophic Level: It is the _______ an organism occupies in a food chain.
position
link
2nd trophic level
phytoplankton
zooplankton
small fish
larger fish
shark
14. This 10 % is used to build _______
However, as energy is moved from
one trophic level to the next, only
___ % of the energy makes it to
the next level.
TROPHIC LEVELS
grass
grass-
hopper
frog
snake
eagle
As organisms eat one another,
______ is transferred up the food
chain.
biomass
energy
10
This means that ___% of the
energy is lost,
1000 kcal
100 kcal
10 kcal
1 kcal
0.1 kcal
- 900 kcal
- 90 kcal
- 9 kcal
- 0.9 kcal
90
as well as to fuel ______________.
bodily functions
mostly in the form
of _______ and as ____ from
metabolic processes.
detritus heat
15. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
These are diagrams that represent each
The amount of energy
always _________ as you
move up trophic levels.
decreases
Ecological Pyramids:
trophic level according to its ______ , _______ or _________.
population
biomass
energy
1) Pyramid of Energy:
This pyramid indicates
the amount of ______
that is present in each
trophic level.
energy
Total energy
present in
tertiary
consumers.
Total energy
present in
secondary
consumers.
Total energy present in
primary consumers.
Total energy present in producers.
16. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
These are diagrams that represent each
Ecological Pyramids:
trophic level according to its ______ , _______ or _________.
population
biomass
energy
1) Pyramid of Energy:
The amount of energy
always _________ as you
move up trophic levels.
decreases
This pyramid indicates
the amount of ______
that is present in each
trophic level.
energy
17. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
These are diagrams that represent each
On land, the amount of
biomass _________ as
you move up trophic
levels.
decreases
Ecological Pyramids:
trophic level according to its ______ , _______ or _________.
population
biomass
energy
2) Pyramid of Biomass:
This pyramid indicates the
amount of _______ that is
present in each trophic
level, in a given area.
biomass
Biomass is the amount of
_________ (without
water) within organisms.
dry matter
Total biomass
present in
tertiary
consumers.
Total biomass
present in
secondary
consumers.
Total biomass present
in primary consumers.
Total biomass present in producers.
18. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
These are diagrams that represent each
Ecological Pyramids:
trophic level according to its ______ , _______ or _________.
population
biomass
energy
2) Pyramid of Biomass:
On land, the amount of
biomass _________ as
you move up trophic
levels.
decreases
This pyramid indicates the
amount of _______ that is
present in each trophic
level, in a given area.
biomass
Biomass is the amount of
_________ (without
water) within organisms.
dry matter
19. In the water, the amount
of biomass ________ as
you move up trophic
levels,
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
These are diagrams that represent each
Ecological Pyramids:
trophic level according to its ______ , _______ or _________.
population
biomass
energy
increases
2) Pyramid of Biomass:
This is only possible
because the reproductive
rate of the organisms
________ as you go down
trophic levels.
increases Total biomass
present in
phytoplankton.
Total biomass present
in primary consumers.
Total biomass present in
secondary consumers.
Total biomass present in
tertiary consumers.
inverted
creating an
_______ pyramid.
20. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
These are diagrams that represent each
Ecological Pyramids:
trophic level according to its ______ , _______ or _________.
population
biomass
energy
2) Pyramid of Biomass:
In the water, the amount
of biomass ________ as
you move up trophic
levels,
increases
This is only possible
because the reproductive
rate of the organisms
________ as you go down
trophic levels.
increases
inverted
creating an
_______ pyramid.
21. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
These are diagrams that represent each
The typical pyramid of
numbers _________ as you
move up trophic levels.
decreases
Ecological Pyramids:
trophic level according to its ______ , _______ or _________.
population
biomass
energy
3) Pyramid of Numbers:
This pyramid indicates the
_________ of individuals
at each trophic level.
population
Total population
of tertiary
consumers.
This occurs when many
_____ and _________
producers feed a ______
number of consumers.
numerous
small
smaller
Total population of
secondary
consumers.
Total population of
primary consumers.
Total population of producers.
22. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
These are diagrams that represent each
Ecological Pyramids:
trophic level according to its ______ , _______ or _________.
population
biomass
energy
The typical pyramid of
numbers _________ as you
move up trophic levels.
decreases
3) Pyramid of Numbers:
This pyramid indicates the
_________ of individuals
at each trophic level.
population
This occurs when many
_____ and _________
producers feed a ______
number of consumers.
numerous
small
smaller
23. and
are _____ in number than
the primary consumers,
However, when the
producers are ____ ,
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
These are diagrams that represent each
Ecological Pyramids:
trophic level according to its ______ , _______ or _________.
population
biomass
energy
Total population
of producers.
Total population
of tertiary
consumers.
large
fewer
Give an example of the
kind of producers that
would result in this
type of pyramid.
Total population of
secondary
consumers.
Total population of
primary consumers.
the pyramid looks like this.
3) Pyramid of Numbers:
24. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
These are diagrams that represent each
Ecological Pyramids:
trophic level according to its ______ , _______ or _________.
population
biomass
energy
Give an example of the
kind of producers that
would result in this
type of pyramid.
and
are _____ in number than
the primary consumers,
However, when the
producers are ____ ,
large
fewer
the pyramid looks like this.
3) Pyramid of Numbers: