Session VI Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Kenya, with frequent outbreaks. Understanding socioeconomic drivers affecting disease control within Kenya’s livestock systems, and the cost-effectiveness of control options, are important components of designing an FMD control programme. This study aimed to integrate quantitative economic analysis with qualitative data to provide recommendations for disease control.

1. Polly Compston, Wyckliff Ngetich, Evalyne Chepkirui Bett, Grace Mania,
Sheillah Orono, Christopher Auma, Harry Oyas, Nicholas Lyons, Joshua
Onono, Abraham Sangula, Donald King, Georgina Limon, Barbara Häsler
EuFMD Open Session October 2020
Identifying and addressing the barriers to
effective foot-and-mouth disease
vaccination in Nakuru County, Kenya
Digitalization and innovation applied to the prevention and control of
foot-and-mouth and similar transboundary animal diseases (FAST)
OS22

2. Everyone in Kenya: Geffrey Dane, Samson Kosgey,
Dickson Machira, Christopher Auma at Nakuru County
DVS and the SCVOs, Farming Systems Kenya
And many more…..
Funding
• RVC
• The Pirbright Institute
• EuFMD
Acknowledgements

4. Key informant
interviews
March 2020 - March 2022
65 participants
• National, county & subcounty
government vets & paravets
• Large & small scale farmers
• Private veterinarians
• Intergovernmental
organisations
• Agrovets & dairy cooperatives
• Professional bodies
Data collection and analysis
Cross-sectional
questionnaire survey
November - December 2020
159 smallholder dairy
households
• 99 experienced FMD in the last
12 months
Dataanalysis
Qualitative data
• Vaccine value chain description
• Qualitative thematic analysis
Quantitative data
• Multiple component analysis
• Partial budget analysis
• Cost benefit evaluation

5. Economic analysis: vaccination
Nakuru County Dairy sector
• Public vaccination
• 10-year programme
• 3 vaccinations a year
• Stochastic model
Benefit cost ratio
= 4.05 (IQR 3.40-4.72)

6. Household level analysis
Gross margin
Economic analysis: vaccination
• Profile 1 (48%) : 3-8 cattle, zero or
private grazing
• Profile 2 (41%): 3-9 cattle,
important source of household
income
• Profile 3 (11%): 5-87 cattle in low-
input systems

7. •Relationship between surveillance and vaccination
Vaccine delivery
Communicating problems with the vaccine
Unclear processes and roles
Devolution
Vaccine production
Understanding of disease control and vaccination strategies
Lack of
epidemiological
understanding
of FMD reduces
ability to plan
or monitor
vaccination
Decreased trust
and motivation
in farmers to
participate in
vaccination
campaigns
Vaccination
strategy is
suboptimal
Cannot monitor
vaccination or
vaccine
programme
implementation
Insufficient
integration
of private
sector
Cannot fund
appropriate
vaccination
Multiple challenges in the vaccine value chain

8. •Relationship between surveillance and vaccination
Vaccine delivery
Communicating problems with the vaccine
Unclear processes and roles
Devolution
Vaccine production
Understanding of disease control and vaccination strategies
Multiple challenges in the vaccine value chain
Lack of
epidemiological
understanding
of FMD reduces
ability to plan
or monitor
vaccination
Decreased trust
and motivation
in farmers to
participate in
vaccination
campaigns
Vaccination
strategy is
suboptimal
Cannot monitor
vaccination or
vaccine
programme
implementation
Insufficient
integration
of private
sector
Cannot fund
appropriate
vaccination

9. •Relationship between surveillance and vaccination
Vaccine delivery
Communicating problems with the vaccine
Unclear processes and roles
Devolution
Vaccine production
Understanding of disease control and vaccination strategies
Multiple challenges in the vaccine value chain
Lack of
epidemiological
understanding
of FMD reduces
ability to plan
or monitor
vaccination
Decreased trust
and motivation
in farmers to
participate in
vaccination
campaigns
Vaccination
strategy is
suboptimal
Cannot monitor
vaccination or
vaccine
programme
implementation
Insufficient
integration
of private
sector
Cannot fund
appropriate
vaccination

10. •Relationship between surveillance and vaccination
Vaccine delivery
Communicating problems with the vaccine
Unclear processes and roles
Devolution
Vaccine production
Understanding of disease control and vaccination strategies
Multiple challenges in the vaccine value chain
Lack of
epidemiological
understanding
of FMD reduces
ability to plan
or monitor
vaccination
Decreased trust
and motivation
in farmers to
participate in
vaccination
campaigns
Vaccination
strategy is
suboptimal
Cannot monitor
vaccination or
vaccine
programme
implementation
Insufficient
integration
of private
sector
Cannot fund
appropriate
vaccination

11. •Relationship between surveillance and vaccination
Vaccine delivery
Communicating problems with the vaccine
Unclear processes and roles
Devolution
Vaccine production
Understanding of disease control and vaccination strategies
Multiple challenges in the vaccine value chain
Lack of
epidemiological
understanding
of FMD reduces
ability to plan
or monitor
vaccination
Decreased trust
and motivation
in farmers to
participate in
vaccination
campaigns
Vaccination
strategy is
suboptimal
Cannot monitor
vaccination or
vaccine
programme
implementation
Insufficient
integration
of private
sector
Cannot fund
appropriate
vaccination

12. Discussion
• Vaccination programmes have beneficial impacts for farmers
• At least for some farmers….
• Economic analysis isn’t enough: for this benefit to occur requires
transformational change
• Budgets: consolidate and align to strategies
• Coordination: vaccination across geographical areas
• Align disease information with vaccination: provide relevant data
to farmers and primary veterinarians
• Transparency: build into communication mechanisms, clear roles
and responsibilities