The Behavioral Theory Of Classical Conditioning And The...

The Behavioral Theory Of Classical Conditioning And The...
Introduction
This study will compare and contrast the behavioral theory of classical conditioning and the cognitive theory of cocial cognitive. Both are theories that
have been well investigated to produce an outcome of effective learning. This study will examine the conditions of learning from both theories and
ague their differences as well as their similarities. Evidence will be present on both sides to support this thesis claims on conditions, similarities and
differences. This study will focus on the two theories assumptions, measurements of learning, and its implications to the field. Classical Conditioning
and Social Cognitive Classical Conditioning was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov in 1903. This theory is also known as the respondent conditioning
(Olson and Fazio, 2001). Pavlov became well–known for this theory through his series of dog experiments that tested the connection the dogs made
with the ringing of the bell and its relation with food (Ormrod, 2012). This is used through stimuli and responses. Social Cognitive came from the root
of Edwin B. Holt and Harold Chapman Brown 's 1931 book "Animal Drive and The Learning Process"(Lent, Steven, Gail, 1994). Although, "American
psychologists Albert Bandura (1986, 1998, 2000) and Walter Mischel
(1973, 1995) are the main architects of social cognitive theory's contemporary version, which Mischel (1973) initially labelled cognitive social learning
theory" (Boyd, Bee, and Johnson, 2006). We
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The Theory Of Classical Conditioning
In this assignment I will be looking at the Behaviourist perspective with Ivan Pavlov's (1902) theory about classical conditioning. I will be discussing
how I have used human development and learning perspectives in my placement to support young people in their personal and social development
with providing a case study about them. I will be writing about how the theory demonstrates effective youth and community work practice including
the five pillars of youth work. Behaviourists look at behaviour as a response to a certain event. They think our behaviour is concluded by our
surroundings which produces stimuli to we respond, and the situations we have been in the past causes us to respond to stimuli in certain ways.
Classical conditioning is one of the varieties of behaviourism. A psychologist calledIvan Pavlov (1902) looked at the way dog salivate when being fed.
He thought that there are some things that dogs do not need to learn and that dogs do not been to salivate whenever they see food. The motion of the
dog salivating was compelled into the dogs mind. A Behaviourist would label this as an unconditional response which is a reaction that required no
form of learning. The unconditioned stimulus is the food and the unconditioned response is when the dog salivates. For humans, there are techniques
that are used that involve classical conditioning. For example, a teacher can make the learning environment positive for a class full of students to let
them overcome their

Classical Processing : The Theory Of Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning was the process of conditioning that was discovered by Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov (Cherry, 2). "Classical conditioning is
a type of learning that had amajor influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism" (Cherry, 2). "Behaviorism is based on the
assumption that all learning occurs through interactions with the environment and the environment shapes behavior" (Cherry, 2). Classical conditioning
involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unlearned, natural stimulus that automatically elicits a reflexive response (Hockenbury, page 184). Special
terms coined by Pavlov were used todescribe each element of the process (Hockenbury, page 184). "The natural stimulus that reflexively ... Show more
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There are two types of reinforcement, positive and negative, and they both affect how people will act in the future (Hockenbury, page 198).
"Positive reinforcement involves that leads to a reinforcing or rewarding event" (Hockenbury, page 198). An example would be, a teacher gives her
students a homework pass for every A they make on a test. "In contrast, negative reinforcement involves behavior that leads to the avoidance of or
escape from an adverse or punishing event"(Hockenbury, page 198). An example would be putting on sunscreen before going out in the sun to avoid
a sunburn. "Punishment is defined as the opposite of reinforcement since it is designed to weaken or eliminate a response rather than increase it"
(McLeod). Just like reinforcement, there is also positive and negative punishment (Hockenbury, page 200). "Positive punishment, also called
punishment by application, involves a response being followed by the presentation of an aversive stimulus" (Hockenbury, page 200). An example
would be a dog jumping up on a visitor's lap, and you swat him with a rolled–up newspaper (Hockenbury, page 201). Negative punishment, also called
punishment by removal, involves the loss or withdrawal of a reinforcing stimulus following behavior (Hockenbury, page

Classical conditioning
The first theory of learning is called classical conditioning and was developed by Ivan Pavlov a Russian physiologist. He started working with
dogs to investigate their digestive system, they were ties to a harness and Pavlov added monitors to their stomachs and mouths to measure the rate of
saliva produced. He found out that when a lab assistant came in to give the dog food before the dog tasting the food it started to produce saliva,
saliva is a reflex response and Pavlov found that unusual because saliva is produced when food touches the tongue but then Pavlov learned that the
dog associated food to the lab assistant and like that the he developed his theory. He learnt that food led to an automatic release of ... Show more content
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Children are taught and are disciplined which is a bit like classical conditioning. When children are praised each time when they do good they are
encouraged to do so all the time this is like classical conditioning.
Operant conditioning and the importance of reinforcement
This is a type of learning that is associated with the theory of Burrhus Fredric Skinner he was an American psychologist who worked with rats and
pigeons to research and discover key principles of learning new behaviours, he used a device called a skinner box which is now a famous device, the
box has a lever that when it has been pressed a food pellet is released therefore reinforcing a lever–pressing behaviour. When the rat is placed in the
box it would run around the box and sniff all the items in the box and then in some time the rat would press the lever that would release a food
pellet and after a while when the rat has to repeat the action of pressing the lever to get a food pellet it would learn this behaviour of pressing the
lever for a food pellet as the food is something the rat likes this increases its probability of repeating its behaviour. There are two types of
reinforcement, the first type is called positive reinforcement ant the second type is called negative reinforcement. Skinner investigated the negative
reinforcement by adding a low electric current on the floor of the box which would be deactivated if the rat would press the lever and this behaviour is
seen in

Classical conditioning was first observed and developed by a Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov who lived from (1927–1960). The concept of classical
conditioning is widely considered to be the most fundamental form of learning. Even before Ivan Pavlov named the process of conditioning, his
work was considered ahead of his time (Feeser, 2002, p. 24). In fact, Pavlov was presented the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Nero Medicine for
his research on the digestion system of dogs (Feeser, 2002, p. 24). To further his digestion research, Pavlov devised a procedure for surgical
procedure implanting a tube, called a fistula, into animals that were still living. This allowed Pavlov to collect digestive secretions, and measure them,
such as those secreted in the stomach or the mouth (Feeser, 2002, p. 24). This was a monumental first, because up until Pavlov 's advancements,
almost everything that was known about physiological processes was revealed from studies involving acute (temporary or sacrificed animals) as
opposed to operatic preparations (long–term and in living animals). Pavlov was always interested mainly in the understanding of reflexive
occurrences when food was placed into the mouth and as it passed through the other parts of the digestive system, including the stomach (Feeser,
2002, p. 27). For example, Professor Pavlov or one of his many personal assistants would put meat into the mouth of a dog or dogs and then measure
the amount of saliva that passed through a salivary

Ivan Pavlov 's Theory Of Classical Conditioning Essay
Ivan Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in Ryazan Russia. He was a Russian physiologist, and his work lead to the development of the first
experimental model of learning: classical conditioning. He began his studies as a theology major, and changed throughout the years to physiology at
the University of St. Petersburg. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 (Psychology History). Ivan Pavlov was a very
intelligent man. He was known for working on and experimenting with animals (dogs specifically). Pavlov 's theory of classical conditioning consisted
of a dog, a bell, food, and salivation. He conducted his experiment in 1890 (Wikipedia).
Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born on March 20, 1904 in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. Skinner was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author,
inventor, and a social philosopher. Skinner is known for his discovery of the theory of operant conditioning (Wikipedia). Skinner was a graduate from
Harvard University. Although he understood the importance of classical conditioning, he noted that, "principles of classical conditioning account for
only a small portion of learned behaviors" (Woolfolk 250). Skinner expressed that through operant conditioning, behavior is strengthened or weakened
by antecedents or consequences. Both theorists' work have a major influence on learning/behavioral concepts.
Classical Conditioning and Learning
Although classical and operant conditioning both deal with learning and the shaping of

The Classical Liberalism Theory
Introduction
The Classical liberalism theory mainly emphasis is sited on shielding the freedom of the individual by restricting the power of the government.
Classical liberalism is a wide philosophy of politics, economics, and human society that upholds individual freedom and the acknowledgement of
universal human dignity. The most important features of The classical liberalism theory is consist of the following beliefs: All human beings have
intrinsic dignity and worth, all individuals have intrinsic natural rights; including right to live, liberty, pursuit of happiness, and property ownership,
social arrangements and governments are human constructs; their justification is the establishment of order, to promulgate justice, and to guard ... Show
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The Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence is one of the clearest statements of the Classical Liberalism philosophy. At that time majority of
people believed that rights come from government and they believed that those who rule and govern can determine our rights. But John Locke the
British philosopher argue that it is the other way around people have natural right which is inherent or you born with; hence, he argue that people can
create and dissolve governments and the aim to have government is to protect these rights (Alvey, October 2004 ).
Additionally, Classical liberals in the present day tend to have the basic vision of rights and task of government which Thomas Jefferson and his
colleagues had. Moreover, they do not tend to make any significant distinction between civil liberties and economic liberties. On the squint of the
political spectrum, things are more complex. The most important distinction between Nineteenth century liberals and twentieth century liberals is that
the previous believed in economic liberties and the latter did not. The 20th century liberals believed that it is not a violation of any fundamental right
for government to rule and regulate public sphere where people work, the wages they work for, when they work, what they can pay money for, what
they can sell, the price they can sell it for and so on. In the economic realm, then, roughly anything goes. At the same time, the twentieth century liberals

Ivan Pavlov a Russian physiologist who lived from (1927–1960) first observed and conceived the concept of Classical conditioning. The concept of
classical conditioning is widely distinguished and understood as the most basic form of cognitive learning. Even before Ivan Pavlov named the
process of conditioning, his work was considered ahead of his time (Feeser, 2002, p. 24). In fact, Pavlov was presented a Nobel Prize in
Physiology and Nero Medicine for his research on the digestion system of dogs (Feeser, 2002, p. 24). To further his digestion research, Pavlov
devised a medical procedure for implanting a tube, called a fistula, into animals that were still alive. This allowed Pavlov to collect digestive
secretions, and measure them, such as those secreted in a dog's stomach or the mouth (Feeser, 2002, p. 24). This was a dramatic first, because before
Pavlov 's advancements, almost everything that was understood or known about physiological processes was revealed from studies involving severe
(temporary or sacrificed animals) as opposed to operatic preparations (long–term and in living animals). Pavlov was always interested mainly in the
understanding of reflexive occurrences when food was placed in the dog's mouth and as it passed through the other parts of the digestive system,
including the stomach (Feeser, 2002, p. 27). For example, Professor Pavlov or one of his many personal assistants would put meat into the mouth of a
dog or dogs and then measure the amount of saliva

Pavlov's Theory Of Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a multiple procedure that initially involves presenting an unconditional stimuli which elicits an unconditioned response
(course outline page 79 2016). The theory of classical conditioning was an experiment done by Ivan Pavlov which focused on behaviourism... The
main key concepts that will be discussed in the essay will include Conditioned stimulus (CS) and Conditional Response (CR). As well as, Extinction,
Spontaneous recovery, Stimulus generalization, higher order and second order conditioning. The essay will also explain the theory behind Pavlov's
classical conditioning and how it can be used in a classroom with examples to give further detail, as Pavlov's theory has become the basis of modern
day learning/ teaching. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Classical conditioning can be used to developing good habits by associating with an object such as having a picture associated in what you are
trying to get the children in the classroom to learn, an example would be having a picture of a dog and having learners spell out the word. In my
understanding of classical conditioning by repeating the process the process over and over learners will be able spell the word just by looking at
the picture. Another example, in my opinion would be having a stick as the CS that is dedicated to keeping learners quiet when raised up in the air
in the classroom. When the CS is raised up the CR would be the learners keeping quiet and giving the teacher the opportunity to speak/teach. When
the learners get used to the stick being used to instil silence in the classroom it may become easier to control and also when the practice is being done
throughout the whole year. The stick would be put up in the air and they would be able to recognise that the teacher wants to move on and carry on
with a new

Discussion 5
1.Define:
Classical Conditioning is learning theory based on the assumption that the learning process occurs due to associations between an environmental
stimulus and a natural occurring stimulus, as indicated in our textbook. This learning theory was developed by John Watson. He proposed that this
theory is able to explain human behavior. Watson also assumed that our environment shapes our personality as a whole. His ideas were influenced by
the findings of Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist. He is well–known as the Father of behaviorism, due to the fact, that his theories and experiments
greatly influenced this school of psychology. One of his famous quotes suggested that one can take any human being, regardless their race, academic
background, or culture and train him to be anything one can chose. Operant Conditioning was developed by the behaviorist B.F. Skinner, who was
convinced that any action followed by reinforcement becomes a learning experience and will occur again and again. Some people called it Instrumental
Conditioning, because is a learning approach that uses rewards and punishment to reach its goals. According to this learning theory, the consequences
of our actions are the ones that weaken or reinforce new occurrences. Therefore, the operant conditioning implies that an association is made between a
behavior and the consequence that follows that behavior.
Observational Learning was coined by Albert Bandura. It is a learning theory is

Essay on Classical Liberal Theory
Classical Liberal Theory
Classical liberalism is a very interesting political theory. The underlying belief is that what makes a person human is freedom from the dependence on
the will of others. It is complete freedom from any relations with others, except those entered voluntarily. Another main point of classicalliberalism is
that the individual is the owner of his person and his capacities, for which he owes nothing to society. The individual, although free, has no power to
limit anyone else's freedom. Classical liberalism includes the following: an ethical emphasis on the individual as a rights–bearer prior to the existence
of any state, community, or society, the support of the right of property carried to its economic... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Equality leads to isolation of individuals. This is just what despotism requires. "Equality places men side by side, unconnected by any common tie;
despotism raises barriers to keep them asunder; the former predisposes them not to consider their fellow–creatures, the latter makes general indifference
a sort of public virtue." (Vol2, Book2, Chap4) As Tocqueville wrote, "No sooner does agovernment attempt to go beyond its political sphere and to
enter upon this new track, than it exercises, even unintentionally, an insupportable tyranny; for a government can only dictate strict rules, the opinions
which it favors are rigidly enforced, and it is never easy to discriminate between its advice and its commands."(Vol2,book2,chap5) The principles which
despotism produces are precisely those which equality fosters. These two things mutually complete and assist each other. Equality places men side by
side, unconnected by any common tie; despotism raises barriers to keep them this way. Equality predisposes them not to consider their
fellow–creatures, and despotism makes general indifference as far as society is concerned. The best way citizens can protect themselves from a
despotic overthrow is to be aware of what is going on around them. They must not become so caught up in their individualism that they lose site of their
neighbors. Tocqueville stated that it is getting involved in local affairs that bring

Classical Management Theory And The Classical Theory
The Classical Management Theory entered the business world in the early nineteenth century, with an emphasis on increasing worker productivity.
Developed by Frederick Taylor, the classical theory of management advocated a scientific study of tasks and the workers responsible for them. It was
the foundation of many modern management theories and it aimed to improve operations within an organization. The Classical Management Theory
was broken into three schools of thinking: Scientific management, which looked at 'the best way ' to do a job; Bureaucratic management, which
focused on rules and procedures, and Administrative management, which emphasized om the flow of information within the organization. One theorist,
Henri Fayol, was an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fayol was the first to identify the five functions of a manager and the fourteen principles of management. Fayol thought it was essential for managers to
have a set of principles to guide their management. Fayol 's ideas about administrative management have become a universal part of the modern
management concepts and are still the basis of management thoughts and actions.
The primary purpose of the administrative management theory was to find a balance between the structure of the administration and the mission of the
organization. It also emphasized on the importance of organizational effectiveness. According to this theory, administrative efficiency was improved
when defined lines of authority are present and those at the top of administration had the most responsibility for the organization. Administrative
efficiency was correlated with departments being divided by a clear separation of labor and administrators with the most responsibilities serving as
organizational authority figures. According to Fayol, five functions were incorporated into management. The first was "planning," which was
predicting future events/trends that influenced the organization and utilized this information to impact the organization's action plan. It involved
effectively using resources to meet the organizational objectives. The next function, "organizing," incorporated both material and human structural
components. It involved aspects such as establishing a hierarchy or

Classical Theory Vs Strain Theory Essay
Key Characteristics
Both classical theory and strain theory are widely known and established theories that although have similar goals are vastly difference in terms of their
key characteristics. Classical theory was developed in the 18th century during the enlightenment era and is the foundation of the classical school of
criminology (Clinard and Meier, 2008, p65–67). Classical theory is the theory that individuals are self–seeking rational actors who under their own free
will commit crimes after weighing up to pros and cons of the situation (Loughran et al. 2016, para 4; White, Haines and Asquith, 2012, p28–31). This
theory takes an individualist approach to explaining CCB that sees individuals as rights–holders who have the equal capacity to make rational choices
and focuses on the criminal act rather than the offender (White, Haines and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The theory believes the most appropriate response to crime is through swift and punitive punishment based on the pleasure–pain principle and see
punishment as the key mechanism to preventing crime, arguing that if punishment is swift, just and certain both the individual (specific deterrence)
and society members (general deterrence) will be deterred from committing crime (Akers, 1990, p654–659). Strain theory, on the other hand, is an
adaption of Durkheim's anomie theory and branches off sociological positivism (Brezina, 2011, p99–103). Strain theory is the theory that society
pressures individuals to achieve socially acceptable goals (SAG), and when individuals cannot reach these goals due to lack of means (e.g. poverty),
individuals experience a strain and turns to crime (White, Haines and Asquith, 2012, p67–71; Walters, 2010, p316). This theory takes a sociological
approach to explaining CCB that sees social strains and inadequate structural opportunities to blame for crime and highlights that individuals are not
equal in their capacity to make rational choices (Clinard and

Ivan Pavlov was the first to introduce the idea of classical conditioning after doing many experiments on dogs and the way they salivated. After
Pavlov, an experiment by Watson was done on baby Albert. Skinner was one of the first to introduce the idea of operant conditioning while doing
experiments with pigeons, cats, rats, and dogs. Both of these ways to condition are used in every day life, whether we know it or not. Often times, we
are conditioned to actions that we had no clue about.
Classical conditioning is involuntary learning that involves linking two different types of stimuli and the anticipation for events caused by those stimuli
to happen in the future. The unconditioned stimulus (US) is a stimulus that occurs naturally without any conscious thought. The unconditioned
stimulus (US) triggers an unconditioned response (UR), which also occurs automatically and naturally. The conditioned stimulus (CS) is associated
with the unconditioned response (UR) to trigger a response. This response is called a conditioned response (CR) because it is a learned response even
though it was a neutral response before.
An example of classical conditioning would be picking up a dog leash and the dog thinking they are going for a walk. Before the conditioning, the leash
didn't mean anything to the dog. When the owner would open the door (unconditioned stimulus), the dog would get excited (unconditioned response)
because he got to go outside and walk around. During the conditioning,

Behaviorism Theory Of Classical Conditioning
Behaviorism is a theory that behavior can be altered through conditioning. Behaviorism does not focus on thoughts or feelings of the subject, just their
behavior. Ivan Pavlov was a major part of this movement of behaviorism with his theory of classical conditioning. The most important part of classical
conditioning is that it is done through repetition. In his experiment he began with noticing that an unconditioned stimulus like dog food causes an
unconditioned response like salivation. He then noticed that if there was a neutral stimulus like the blowing of a whistle, there would be no
conditioned response like the dog not salivating. Then he began to condition the dogs. He would blow the whistle and then send food out to the dog,
causing them to salivate. Because this was done repeatedly, when the dogs heard the whistle they knew food was coming and began to salivate
(Slavin, pg 102). This meant he conditioned the dogs so that a conditioned stimulus like a whistle caused the dogs to have a conditioned response of
salivation. Another example of behaviorism is B.F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning. Skinner discovered that peoples' behavior is based off
consequences. He noticed that there are positive reinforcements, negative reinforcements, positive punishments, and negative punishments. He
discovered that if someone wants to encourage a behavior, they can provide a positive reinforcement which is adding a stimulus to increase the
frequency of that good behavior.

Two Theories Of Economics: Classical And Keynesian Economics
As interesting as the subject of economics is, it's a subject that isn't easily understood. In order to grasp the subject you have to really understand the
concepts. And it's not like riding a bike, once you know how to do it you will always have it engraved in your head. I will attempt to highlight the key
factors of the two theories of economics: classical economics and Keynesian economics.
Since Classical Economics is considered to be the first school of economics. I will start to explain this concept first. In the 18th and 19th centuries,
there was a group of economists that worked together to develop theories to explain how market to market relationship work between each other. The
most important contributor to the classical school of economics was the great economist Adam smith, whom is considered the founder. Adam Smith
stated in an excerpt from 'An Inquiry into The Nature and Causes of The Wealth of Nations'. "By pursing his own interest, he (man) frequently
promotes that (good) of the society more effectively than when he really intends to promote it. I (Adam Smith) have never known much good done by
those who affected to trade for the public good." You will understand that from those thoughts Adam Smith created the foundation of classical
economics.
It is key to point out the basic structure or assumptions that form classical economics. The three theories that sticks out to me are: Say's Law: Say's law
suggests that aggregate production in an economy generates

Classical Theory And Classical Management Theory
Classical Management Theory originated in the late 19th century however it became widely popular in the first half of the 20th century. During this
period, business and organizations were trying to solve issues such as reducing costs, worker relations, and increase productivity and efficiency.
Additionally, many businesses and organization found themselves trying to deal with employees who did not speak English. You can say this theory
came about as a means to try and find the "best" solution or way to preform and manage tasks. This theory is designed in a structural hierarchy with
three (3) levels of management; top–level management such as board of directors, middle management who assist with establishing the goings–on of
the supervisors and the lowest level would be the supervisors who are responsible for getting the job and tasks completed. Classical Management
Theory
The classical management theory could be defined as the theory that relies on the management principals of balancing authority and responsibility, the
separation of labor, and the interactions between managers and subordinates. The classical management theory, was established during the Industrial
Revolution around the time from 1900 's to the mid–1930. Throughout this period, the classical theories of organization started to materialize. This
theory believes that employees have simply economical and physical needs, and their social needs and job–satisfaction moreover do not exist or are

The Theory Of Classical Conditioning And Behaviorism
The paper explores the life and the theory of a Russian scientist, physiologist call Ivan Pavlov, who was born in Russia in September 23, 1849 and
died in February 27, 1936. His theory has delivered a tremendous awakening in Psychology, which was rooted by quite an accidental experiment of
how dog salivate before and after conditioning. His fundamental study was based on digestion and behaviors that are evoked during an event and an
anticipate response. Yet, his experiment awoke the twentieth century by a different type of learning calledClassical conditioning, which is a compulsory
or unconditional type of learning from one stimulus to another through a response.
The master of classical conditioning and behaviorism
For many centuries ago, various studies have been conducted in psychology and medicine in order to determine how humans and animals' brain react
before an event and consequences it brings after. There are always two classifications, which might be either conditional (stimulus or response) or
unconditional (stimulus or response). In the early twentieth century, a Russian scientist physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, who was born in Ryazan
Russia on September 23, 1849 and died on February 27, 1936 in Saint Petersburg Russia. At his young, Ivan decided to follow his father's religious
belief, so he attended a theological seminary church where he serve for almost ten years.
In 1870, he abandoned his religious belief to pursue his studies in

Paavlovian Prodition And Unconditioned Rating : Classical...
Pavlovian conditioning, also known as classical conditioning, was a theory developed by John Watson (1913). The theory included learning a new
behavior through association. In other words, two stimuli are connected together to create a new response within an animal or a person. Pavlovian
conditioning consisted of conditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned stimulus (UCS), condition response (CR) and unconditioned response (UCR). In
Pavlov's (1902) case, food was UCS and salivation was UCR. Then later on when he associated food with a bell, the dog began to salivate. In the end,
every time the bell was rung, the dog began to salivate without seeing any kind of food. As long as the two stimuli are presented in a short amount of
time, in this... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As for instrumental conditioning, a rat has to voluntarily work to receive the reward, almost as if it's a motivation. If a Pavlovian conditioned
stimulus is associated with a reward, it will enhance instrumental responding towards the same reward or different. A basic PIT procedure was
performed by Estes (1948), which included one positive conditioned stimulus and one lever press. Previous research on transfer was complicated
due to lever press training done first. So Estes (1948) decided to train the Pavlovian acquisition before allowing the rats to lever press. In the
beginning the rats were reward during each tone (CS), then lever press was required to receive a reward. At the end, there was a greater increase of
lever pressing by the rats when the tone was present, versus when it was silent. However, the research done by Estes (1948) only included reward and no
extinction. Azrin and Hake (1969) revealed the phenomenon of conditioned suppression in which the rate of response is reduced due to stimulus being
paired with a non–contingent shock. However, this study used a non contingent reinforce rather than an aversive shock. When the rats pressed the
lever, they were reinforced with food or water. During this time, a stimulus was presented with a non–contingent positive reinforce, which was either
food, water or brain stimulation. For the rats that were trained with water, were now given food instead and vice versa. However, the rats were placed
in an open

The Theory Of Classical Liberalism
Classical Liberalism is an idea of Liberals limiting the power of the state and maximizing the rights of the individual against arbitrary rule as stated in
the Classical Liberalism powerpoint.
Some classical liberals included Jean–Jacques Rousseau, John Locke, Adam Smith, and Baron de Montesquieu. These men fought for "free markets"
inside and between countries as well as a limitation on the all–powerful state. The argument for a powerful government was that it would maintain
peace and security. Their tenets, or philosophies, consist of 8 basic principles. The first principle of classicalliberalism is individual liberty. Individual
liberty relates to limiting or restrain all institutions that endanger our liberties such as government and church. These social institutions enforce rules
and restrictions that act as "negative freedom" as stated in the powerpoint. The second principle relates to human nature. It states that "man is born
ignorant but not wicked" Stating basically that man is influenced negatively by his surrounds such as government which stated by Thomas Paine is a
"necessary evil". By combining the third and fourth principle you have reason and progress. By using reasoning to solve problems instead of
demanding obedience you are more likely to achieve progress. Progress is defined as expansion of knowledge, improvement of conditions, and the
overall advancement of mankind. Principles five and six are equality and universalism which are also related. When

Classical Vs. Neoclassical Theory
Value is a concept that has played a major role in the development of political economy and mainstream economics, however, in today's context it is
not often discussed. This being true, the debate surrounding value and how to define it remains an important one for today's society. The debate when
looked at from the classical and neoclassical perspective centres on whether value is inherent or whether it is an outcome of human desires, comparing
Ricardo's labour theory of value and Smith's adding up theory with the neoclassical school's focus on demand and supply, marginal utility and
equilibrium price given maximising individuals. The classical model, especially with its focus on scarcity is strong, however, it is the neoclassical
argument that is most relevant today as it complements the highly globalised and technological economy of the present day.
Classical Political Economic theory can be traced back to the late seventeenth century, when demand for commodity production was rapidly
increasing. Following 1670, Sir William Perry came close to defining the "exchange value of a commodity by the amount of labour needed to produce
it." Richard Cantillon went beyond this by separating the intrinsic value of a commodity, being the labour and land needed to produce it from its
market price. This resulted in the foundation for Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations where he developed three distinct methods for determining a
commodity's true value. The First, reflected Petty's

Famous theorists in psychology have determined that an individual's actions and their personality are affected by the people around them and the
environment. Each and every scientist made their name by discovering each one. One of the scientists found that the personality of each individual
learned at infant stage would reflect them in adulthood. This is by Harry Harlow and his monkey experiment. Their attitude and behavior grows into
what they have experienced. Although Harlow has found this theory, Ivan Pavlov experimented with dogs and discoveredclassical conditioning.
Classical conditioning can show how attitudes are formed and changed, how and when attitudes influence behavior, and how we change attitudes and
behavior.
Classical conditioning is basically learning through association, which induces involuntary or automatic responses to certain stimuli. A famous
example is Pavlov's dogs, before conditioning the dogs would salivate (UCR) when meat powder (UCS) was placed in their mouths, and did not
respond to the ringing of the bell (neutral). Then, Pavlov would ring a bell every time before placing meat powder in the dogs mouth, and soon the
dogs began to associate the ringing of the bell to being given the meat powder. And as a result, they would salivate (CR) as soon as the bell was rung
(CS). Pavlov was able to gain an automatic response to a stimulus that was previously neutral. The term attitude is used by social psychologists to refer
to people's evaluation of

Jasmine Hatten
PSY 362–02
September 15, 2016
Discussion 1: Watson and Rayner– "Little Albert"
Watson and Rayner claim, "These experiments would seem to show conclusively that directly conditioned emotional responses as well as those
conditioned by transfer persist, although with a certain loss in the intensity of the reaction, for a longer period than one month." The data reported in
this paper definitely supports this conclusion. The purpose of this experiment was to test the theory of classical conditioning as well as transfer (stimulus
generalization); and to see if they would be able to successfully condition an emotional response of fear.
When this experiment began, Little Albert was 11 months and 3 days old. Watson and Rayner exposed Little Albert to various forms of stimuli
–a white
rat, a rabbit, toy blocks, a dog, fur coat, etc. Throughout different time frames, they took note of his reaction to each stimuli alone and paired with the
striking of a steel bar to produce a loud sound. On the first day, Little Albert reached out to touch the white rat (no fear), however, when they struck the
bar, he jumped in fear. This initial activity eliminated Albert's receptiveness to the rat. For the first few trials, as the white rat and sound were presented
simultaneously, his reaction changed from being surprised to completely afraid and crying. Then, when the rat was shown alone, Little Albert had a
very negative reaction to it.
One week later, the tests showed that the

Adam Smith's Theory Of Classical Theory And Natural Law
These forms of natural law laid the foundation for later economic principles and helped to shape and define the concepts of wealth and utility in later
works. In this section, I will explore the different relationship of natural law with Classical thought, specifically in relation to wealth and utility. I
assert that the division of labor acted as a form of natural law for this period. Beginning with Adam Smith, his work Wealth of Nations, this division of
labor arises "Not due to human wisdom, but the necessary slow and gradual consequence of the propensity of human nature to barter and exchange one
thing for another. It is by barter and treaty and purchase that we obtain from one another mutual goods that we are in need of (Smith, 175). ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This refers to the marginal utility theory of value. On a daily basis, a person will derive greater utility or value in a diamond. Of course, in rare and
dangerous situations, water may be of more use in value to a person.
In regards to wealth, Smith notes man's drive for such aspects. "The jurisdiction of man within is in the desire of praise–worthiness and in the aversion
to blame–worthiness. We are driven by possessing the qualities and actions that we love and admire in others. Further, we are driven by the dread of
possessing undesirable qualities and actions that we see in others" (Smith, Excerpts Theory of Moral Sentiments) Guided by the division of labor, we
are driven towards notions of accumulating wealth based on admiration of others with this trait and fear of others that lack this trait. In the text, Smith
discusses the example of how a person cares more about "his little finger" than "the ruin of a hundred millions of his brethren" (Smith, Excerpts
Theory of Moral Sentiments). As a result, this reflects the notions of wealth and utility based on market values in the division of labor. While not
using the term, Smith incorporates the concept of alienation as a result of man's drive for wealth, as an expense of workers in the division of labor.
In comparison, David Ricardo believed that it was appropriate to use an expanded definition of utility to generate

Classical Scientific Management Theory And Human Relations...
This paper will be expressing a few of the different theoretical perspectives. This paper will be discussing the Scientific Management, Cultural
Perspective, Political–Economic Theory, and Human Relations Theory. It will also be discussing each of the key concepts that are associated within
each theoretical perspective. I will state some of the strengths and some of the weaknesses of each theory that was mentioned above. Lastly, my
opinion for each of these theories would be provided to give you a look on how they are run in the society. I hope to give the reader and inside look
on how these organizations are being run.
Classical Scientific Management Theory Organizations have a variety of people, but each person handles work differently.... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Conflict could resolve in losing employees due to how they are being treated within their work environment. Management would be without employees
and there would be a loss of productivity.
Some of the strengths would be that the workers were experienced and know how to do their job/tasks correctly. This is a strength because you have
trustworthy professionals who know what they are doing with that certain task. A weakness would be how the employees were silenced and
overworked (Kirst–Ashman, 2014). This is a weakness because I know how being silenced can be. At my old job, we didn't have much of a say and
work became irritating to the point that I left. Not being heard on ideas does have consequences. And in the scientific management theory, there is no
communication with management.
Cultural Theory This cultural perspective is a theory that is being used all the time and will not change. The cultural perspective on organizations
believes that each of the organizations establish a distinctive mixture of values, standards, presumptions, and practices about how things should be done
that eventually becomes a habit (Kirst–Ashman, 2014). The cultural theory is to go on with their tradition in what they are used to do. If it ain't broke,
don't fix it (Kirst–Ashman, 2014). Because of how much they are used to their way working, it becomes a norm, a routine, and will not take new ideas
into thought. With this kind of mind, it helps employees to focus on a certain way,

The Classical Expected Utility Theory And The Dual Theory...
INTRODUCTION:
Identifying, defining risks (market risks as well as non–market risks), presenting and justifying a unified framework for the analysis, construction and
implementation of risk measures are important components of insurance pricing.
According to the Oxford's advanced learners dictionary, risk can be defined as the possibility that something uncertain (not predictable) and unpleasant
will happen. Both financial and insurance organisations are therefore faced with this concept of risk in their everyday activities. Financial risk can be
said to be the possibility that the return achieved on an investment will be different from that expected, and also takes into account the size of the
difference. Whereas insurers will define risk as a chance of harm, damage or loss against something which is insured.
Several literatures reveal a good number of different approaches and theories to the price of risk. The two main competing economic theories we shall
consider are the classical expected utility theory, and the dual theory of risk which was developed by Yaari(1987).
They defined the price of an insurance risk excluding other expenses as the risk adjusted premium.
The rest of this paper is structured as follows: section 2 presents the class of distortion operators used in insurance pricing, their properties and an
application of pricing by distortion. Section 3 incorporates a new pricing principle by Wang (2002) and its relevance to natural hedging.
Section 4

In this essay the ways in which classical conditioning principals have been used to treat problem behaviours in humans will be discussed. Firstly the
findings of Ivan Pavlov's research experiment on classical conditioning will be explained. Then a number of his basic principals that include extinction,
spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalisation and acquisition will be explored. Finally, the use of behavioural therapy in treating problem behaviours,
specifically in relation to systematic desensitisation and flooding will be reviewed.
According to Gleitman (2011, p. 264) classical conditioning can be defined as "a form of learning in which one stimulus is paired with another so that
the organism learns a relationship between the stimuli." However it was the study pioneered by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian Born physiologist, which truly
revolutionised the theory of classical conditioning.
Pavlov's initial experiment focused on digestive physiology and in particular, the secretion of saliva in dogs. He was aware that salivation appears
whenever food enters the mouth but during his experiments he discovered that salivation could in fact be triggered by other neutral stimuli including
the sight, smell or recognisation of the individual whom usually provides the food. Pavlov discovered that the dogs were actually altering their
behaviour as a result of learning. He decided to refocus his experiments and established simple patterns that the animal could identify. In order to
describe

Psychodynamic Theories And Discusses Key Elements Of...
Behaviourist Theories
This essay examines behaviourist theories and discusses key elements of classical and operant conditioning. It considers a variety of psychological
theorists and profoundly explores their research.
Behaviourism refers to a psychological approach which explains human development in terms of how they learn from experience rather than a result of
inborn tendencies or higher order thinking. Learning from experience moulds and shapes behaviour and personality. (A2Healthandsocialcarepg84) The
behaviourist movement began in 1913 when John Watson wrote the article 'Psychology as the behaviourist views it. ' Other psychologists such as,
Pavlov, Thorndike and Skinner also worked to develop behavioural theories of learning. (A2Healthandsocialcarepg84) They focused their explanations
solely on behaviour, concerning what people do rather than what may or may not be going on in their minds. Behaviourists suggest that all behaviour
is learned either through classical or operant conditioning. (PsychologyASpg.50)
Thorndike's research offered valuable insights into conditioning. He studied the way animals learn by observing their responses in controlled
conditions. He noticed that animals would often learn by trial and error. For example, a hungry cat would experiment with ways of escaping from a
cage to receive a reward of food. When the cat discovered actions that helped it escape, it would remember them. Thorndike believed any action that
produced a good effect

Stimulus Theory Of Classical Conditioning
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: It is defined as "The use of neutral stimulus, originally paired with one that produce response, to generate a
conditioned response." (Pavlov, 1927)
Classical conditioning works on stimulus–response principle. Behaviorists believed that person emotional and automatic reactions are usually acquired
through the classical conditioning. To explain this phenomenon, we consider a simple example, like the teacher in the classroom instructs the class to
settle down immediately, the class will settle down. But, then he taps the desk, the class will not settle down. He taps the desk and asks the class to
settle down. Now, next time he taps the desk and class will settle down. The student behavior becomes conditioned and... Show more content on
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(Rescorla, 1972)
Stimulus–response theory.
Stimulus–stimulus theory.
Stimulus–response theory: This theory includes the association of unconditioned stimulus to the conditions stimulus within the brain and also says that
there is no role of conscious thinking in this association. This theory says that a person learn to associate a new stimulus with the existing stimulus and
then respond to the new stimulus in the same way as it respond to the pre–existing stimulus. (Rescorla, 1972)
Stimulus–stimulus theory: This theory states that there is some cognitive component that plays an important role classical conditioning and it says that
S–R theory is an inadequate model.
Robert Rescorla Experiment: A psychologist Robert Rescorla explains the concept of S–R and S–S theory by his experiment on rat. He considered loud
noise as the US and light as the CS for rats and the response of the rats was to stop their movement and become freeze. He then raises the question that
what would happen if rats were habituated to the unconditioned stimulus? S–R theory says that they still respond to the conditioned stimulus but S–S
theory says that they would not respond to conditioned stimulus. (Rescorla,

Is it possible to rouse fear from a stimulus that at first caused no such response? Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a response is
produced from combining a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce an unconditioned response. Ivan Pavlov did a famous
study, pairing the sound of a bell with food to produce salivation. After a while, just the sound alone would produce salivation. "Little Albert", an
infant that belonged to a wet nurse at the Harriet Lane Home was experimented on by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner. Watson and Rayner
claim that "Little Albert" was a healthy, unemotional, and stable child. The experiment began with the introduction of a white rat, which alone,
produced no fear response. At 11 months and 3 days, the rat was paired with a loud noise. The loud noise frightened "Little Albert". He began to
associate the fear he experienced with the white rat since it was paired with the loud noise. After several combined events of the white rat and the
loud noise, Watson and Rayner also tested if other furry animals such as a rabbit and a dog also elicited a fear response. They discovered that in fact,
they did. Even a fur coat, cotton, and a Santa Claus mask caused "Little Albert" distress. This study revealed that if a child is conditioned to be afraid
of an animal, this fear can shift to other animals without the distinct conditioning for each animal (Jones, 1960). This concept is known as
generalization, which is the

Classical Theory
Question: (i.) Critically evaluate the classical theory of organization and management in the light of contemporary business environmental changes
facing managers in Nigeria (ii.) How did the neoclassical and contingency theories improve on the imperations of the classical approach?
(i.) Critically evaluate the classical theory of organization and management in the light of contemporary business environmental changes facing
managers in Nigeria Classical organization theories (Taylor, 1947; Weber, 1947; Fayol, 1949) deal with the formal organization and concepts to
increase management efficiency. Taylor presented scientific... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They should also comply with the rules and regulations of the organization. Unity of command: This means taking orders from and being responsible
to only one superior. Unity of direction: Members of the organization should jointly work toward the same goals.
Organization Theory & Behaviour
Page 3
Subordination of individual interest to general interest: The interest of the organization should not become subservient to individual interests or the
interest of a group of employees. Remuneration of personnel: This can be based on diverse factors such as time, job, piece rates, and bonuses,
profitвЂђsharing or nonвЂђfinancial rewards. Centralization: Management should use an appropriate blend of both centralization and deвЂђ
centralization of authority and decision making. Scalar chain: If two members who are on the same level of hierarchy have to work together to
accomplish a project, they need not follow the hierarchy level, but can interact with each other on a 'gang plank' if acceptable to the higher officials.
Order: The organization has a place for everything and everyone who ought to be so engaged. Equity: Fairness, justice and equity should prevail in the
organization. Stability of tenure of personnel: Job security improves performance. An employee requires some time to get used to new work and do it
well. Initiative: This should

Theories Of Classical Political Economy
Economic system in the world is mostly productive in America this is due to the constant unlimited wants of its people and the fact that most people
have high standards of living (Rosefielde, 2008). An individual has different wants and at any particular time an individual can satisfy his or her
wants through purchasing these goods therefore there is an unlimited wants for goods and services. In recent times people consume goods that they
don't produce they sell or provide services then the income they gain from the services they purchase the goods that they want to consume. In this
paper I will discuss the developed theories of the classical political economy developed theories and discuss on their different characteristics. These
theories were mainly concerned with the changing aspects of economic growth in different centuries. Classical political economy is the political
economy during industrial revolution from the 18th century to the 19th century. The theories of classical political economy ask some specific
questions whose answer creates the differences between them. Some of the asked questions are what does the surplus consist of and what defines its
size, what is its origin, to whom is it distributed to, what causes or rather defines its growth over time. In addition the economists also ask what
happens to the relative shares of surplus obtained by the various classes of revenue appropriators as the surplus increases. Lastly how does the
distributive relation impact

Theories Of Classical Conditioning, Psychodynamic,...
There are four theoretical approaches in Psychology. In this essay I will evaluate and analyse the four main approaches which are: Behaviourist,
Psychodynamic, Cognitive and Humanistic.
Behaviourists believe that everyone is born as a 'blank slate' and that all behaviours are learned through interaction with the environment around you.
They believe that we learn new behaviour through classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning theory.
Classical conditioning occurs when two stimuli form together to produce a new learned response. Psychologist Ivan Pavlov was the first to describe
classical conditioning, which began with his study of dogs and what triggers them to salivate. He ran a study ringing a bell every time he ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The five main areas of study in cognitive psychology are: perception, memory, attention, language and idiographic techniques. Cognitive psychology
revolves around the idea that in order to analyse someone's behaviour, you have to know exactly what's going on in their minds. Behaviourists believe
that the cognitive approach can't be studied as we can't see what's happening in someone's mind, therefore we can't measure the internal behaviour.
However, the cognitive approach argue that the internal behaviour can be studied using a range of experiments. The cognitive approach can be easily
combined with other approaches to bring out positive results. For example, Cognitive–Behavioural Therapy is a successful form of treatment for many
issues including sleep disorders and phobias.
Psychologist Lev Vygotsky believed that a child's sociocultural environment has an important impact on how they develop cognitively. He believed that
as children started to develop and improve their language, engage in their culture, they start to engage in private speech. These circumstances all create
an impact, leading to them eventually controlling themselves and learning how to behave by giving themselves instructions. Those who support the
cognitive approach believe that everything is focused on just the cognitive process itself. However, they don't take into

Classical conditioning is a form of learning that is taught to us through experiences we encounter in our lives. It involves outside stimuli to trigger
the condition we have learned to expect. For example, the sound of a lunch bell would trigger our stomach to start growling soon after hearing the
bell ring. The expectation of food to come soon after hearing the bell and satisfy our hunger is what makes our stomach growl. This is something
learned over time. Expectations can be both good and bad. Sometimes these negative experiences cause us to have certain behaviors when we are
reminded of such an event.
For example, Antonio's visit to the hospital with a bad case of the flue is a perfect example of a bad expectation in classical ... Show more content on
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Therefore, the association between Antonio's bad flue experience and hospital is what Antonio learned to feel after a bad experience in the hospital
where he was treated for the flue.
I experienced similar circumstances such as Antonio's but I learned by operant conditioning. As a boy I loved playing outside with my army of toys.
One of my rewards for behaving as a child was eating all my food at the dinner table to allow me to be able to go outside and play in the front yard.
This was great but with one condition, I was told by my mother never to leave the yard. We lived in a big yard but for a young 12–year–old boy the
park across the street with the playground and basketball court was very appealing. So naturally, I disobeyed my mother and ran across the street to
play in the park without her knowing. First time she caught me at the park without her permission was a 2–day punishment that included not being able
to play outside at all. After a few days and serving my punishment, I ate all my dinner and was able to once again play in our yard. But I still was not
allowed to leave it. The second time she caught me at the park without her permission was a 4–day punishment without going outside at all. I did not
like spending all day inside so after being punished for not following my mother's rules, I learned to stay within my boundaries and enjoy the

The Theory Of Classical Conditioning Essay
Classical Conditioning, simply put, is when a neutral stimulus provokes a certain response, due to the fact that it is often associated with another
stimulus that induces the response. There are three stages of Classical Conditioning: Before conditioning, during conditioning, and after conditioning.
Before conditioning, the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) is Renee's classmate who pushed her. As well, the Unconditioned Response (UCR) is feeling
scared and hurt. During and after conditioning, Renee's Conditioned Stimulus (CS) is of attending her physical education class, since it has become a
trigger for her Conditioned Response (CR) of being afraid. Reinforcements are meant to strengthen an object, but they can either evoke a positive effect
or even a negative effect. A classroom example of a positive reinforcement would be praising or rewarding a student with a prize for their exceptional
performance in order to provoke the student in continuing this behavior. However, a classroom example of negative reinforcement would be
threatening to call parents if a desired grade is not obtained. While contacting parents might be necessary at times, using intimidating tactics to improve
student's work studies is not a constructive way to achieve those results. Reinforcements should encourage students in an effective and inspired manner.
Vicarious reinforcement is when a behavior is learned through observing the actions and consequences of others. For example, a student named

Difference Between Classical And Contingency Theories
According to the article published by Booz & Company, Walgreen, an American Pharmacy store chain implemented a huge structural and design
change in order to sustain in the modern business environment. Observing competitive landscape change with new rivals and online players like
Amazon and significant changes in healthcare sector, Walgreen decided to change its old expansion policy "Seven by 10 plan" (i.e. 7000 stores by
2010) to 'improving the customer experience' policy. In order to implement new strategy they had to move from centralization to decentralization, from
tall structure to flatter structure, from authoritative leadership to engaged leadership (Orvis, M.2017). Thus, strategy changes are inevitable in all
organizations leading to structure and designing changes. Along with the changing policies the theories of organizational behaviour keep evolving.
Hence we have traditional classical theories on one hand while modern contingency approaches on other hand. In this essay, I will explore and discuss
classical and contingency theories along with their contributions and limitations with the help of contemporary organizational practices of businesses
like McDonalds and Walgreen. The conclusion will be the result of evaluation of various theories and thus answering the question which is the best
structure and designing approach for an organization? The Classical theories focus on designing "the one best way"– the universal design. Take in
account the well known theory

Theory of Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Introduction
In psychology, there are number of theories and ideas which are used to influence the way someone reacts to particular events. In the case of classical
conditioning, these ideas have been utilized to create short and long term transformations about how someone sees and reacts to the world around
them. To fully understand how this is taking place requires examining these techniques and the way they are influencing behavior. This will be
accomplished by studying the theory of classical conditioning, identifying a scenario where is used and describing it in a chart. Together, these different
elements will explain these techniques and how they can influence the attitudes of an individual over the long term. It is at this point when they will
realize shifts in the way they analyze and react to different events (from the benefits or lack thereof they are receiving).
Describe the theory of classical conditioning.
Classical conditioning is based upon the belief that an individual's behavior is shaped by their environment and mental thoughts (i.e. their feelings and
emotions). This influences how they will react and their underlying mental state. A learning process will take place from associations with the
environment and naturally occurring stimuli. (McLeod, 2012) (Lavond, 2003) (Coon, 2008)
Under this theory, there are several different areas that are focused on to see how someone's behavior is being affected. The most notable include:

Classical Scientific Management Theory And Human Relations...
Introduction
This paper will be expressing a few of the different theoretical perspectives. This paper will be discussing the Scientific Management, Cultural
Perspective, Political–Economic Theory, and Human Relations Theory. It will also be discussing each of the key concepts that are associated within
each theoretical perspective. I will state some of the strengths and some of the weaknesses of each theory that was mentioned above. Lastly, my
opinion for each of these theories would be provided to give you a look on how they are run in the society. I hope to give the reader and inside look
on how these organizations are being run.
Classical Scientific Management Theory Organizations have a variety of people, but each person handles work ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Conflict could resolve in losing employees due to how they are being treated within their work environment. Management would be without employees
and there would be loss of productivity.
Some of the strengths would be that the workers were experienced and know how to do their job/tasks correctly. This is a strength because you have
trustworthy professionals who know what they are doing with that certain task. A weakness would be how the employees were silenced and
overworked (Kirst–Ashman, 2014). This is a weakness because I know how being silenced can be. At my old job, we didn't have much of a say and
work became irritating to the point that I left. Not being heard on ideas does have consequences. And in the scientific management theory there is no
communication with management.
Cultural Theory This cultural perspective is a theory that is being used all the time and will not change. Cultures are seen as structured by two forms of
constrain on individual behavior (Thompson, Ellis, and Wildavsky, 1991). The cultural perspective on organizations believes that each of the
organizations establish a distinctive mixture of values, standards, presumptions, and practices about how things should be done that eventually
becomes a habit (Kirst–Ashman, 2014). The cultural theory is to go on with their tradition on what they are used to do. If it ain't broke, don't fix it
(Kirst–Ashman, 2014). Because of how much they are used to their way working, it becomes

Essay on Fear of Flying and Classical Conditioning Theory
How Lauren may have learned of her Fear of Flying?
How Lauren learned she had a fear in flying? Using the Classical Conditioning theory the possibilities could be endless. Classical conditioning in
simple terms is the method in which one determines why and the cause of a condition as well as what has brought it about. There are many stimulus
both conditioned and unconditioned that can cause fear or other problems, but the major reason for causes regarding the fear of flying has been
mentioned in several articles regarding anxiety disorders.
Fear of flying is created by the unconscious mind as a protective mechanism. When using the neutral stimulus explanation, Lauren may not have had a
relevant response of interest. Lauren may have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After conditioning the neutral stimulus the plane has now become a conditioned stimulus and it produces a conditioned response that is similar to the
unconditioned response. This means that Lauren's fear now starts when she sees the plane, and not when see actually gets on the plane. Summary is
that the neutral stimulus now has a response that it didn't previously have.
Neutral stimulus would have no bearing in Lauren's case if this were only thing involved. Lauren may have experienced an unconditioned stimulus (an
example of this could be from seeing a plane crash on the news, hearing someone talking about their fear to fly or about having a bad experience when
they flew). The unconditioned response to this could have left Lauren with the opinion that it was not the safe to fly, but we do not have enough
information to conclude that this is true or not.
Lauren could have had a condition stimulus (example experiencing problems while flying) and if this were the case it would cause Lauren to develop
a condition response. The condition response would probably be that Lauren has already convinced herself that every other time she has flown she had
had a bad experience and therefore why should it be anything different.
Even though the original onset my have been on or off a plane, the fear can also be triggered by events: reading

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