The Battle Of The Second Punic War

The Battle Of The Second Punic War
Carthage and the Roman Republic fought the second Punic War for control of the lands bordering the Mediterranean Sea, considered the entire civilized
world at the time. The battles of the second Punic War show Hannibal Barca to be not only the greatest military leader of his age, but perhaps one of the
greatest generals of all time. By examining one of Hannibal's most spectacular victories, the paradigm for a battle of annihilation, military professionals
can learn how the Roman commanders might have defeated Carthage's General. In conducting an analysis of the Battle of Cannae, I will postulate an
alternate outcome by introducing intelligence utilization that would have turned this battle into a victory for Rome.
Battle Analysis
Definition of the Subject
From audacious gambits to canny tactics, leaders scrutinize Hannibal's legacy of strategy even now, almost 2200 years after his death. Dwight D.
Eisenhower wrote (1948) that, "every ground commander seeks the battle of annihilation; so far as conditions permit, he tries to duplicate in modern
war the classic example of Cannae." (p. 325) The Battle of Cannae is eponymous for the village of the same name, part of Apulia in a region of
southern Italy. The generals for the Roman forces were the consuls Gaius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paullus, while Hannibal and his brother
Mago Barcid led the armies of Carthage. On the morning of the August 2, 216 BC, the armies of Rome took the field, in order to finally remove
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Punic Wars Essay
Romans were a very powerful people, and their influence grew and spread very quickly. Through organized armies and great tactics they pushed
themselves up the Italian peninsula, seizing land and territory from the Etruscan League. Rome now owned most of the Italian peninsula except for
what was owned by the Gaelic Tribes. (Barker) They grew into quite the power and all of Europe recognized them as a powerful force. Their influence
grew and spread across the Mediterranean Sea and it forced the meeting of the two greatest forces of the Mediterranean Sea. It is 264 BC and hostilities
between the Carthaginians and the Roman republic are on the rise.
The fate of the island of Sicily hangs in balance. The Romans hunger for power and land, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those who could not afford the expensive equipment served the military as light infantry, who mainly wielded javelins and would hurl them into enemy
lines.
The Carthage army wore very strong armor which included chainmail, bronze or iron greaves, full helmets, and the iconic shield that has been on most
of the battlegrounds of the ancient world, the Hoplon. Hoplons were used by the Greeks for many generations. It is a sturdy shield of ingenious design
with rounded wood covered in bronze. Many Carthaginian soldiers painted religious symbols on their armor and shield, such as the symbol of Tanit.
(Basar)
All of this; however, pales in comparison to their ultimate weapons. Riding into battle the fearsome African war elephants were a sight that would strike
incredible fear into any heart. They were sometimes even armored with chain mail and had men shooting arrows from the tops of them.
The Romans were also a force to be reckoned with. They will, after all, go on to conquer most of the known western world and much of that comes
from good equipment and training. The core of a roman legionary soldier was his armor. Romans wore armor depending on what type of troop they
were. The most common armor of this time period was called Lorica Musculata. This armor was made of strong solid bronze that would fit over the
chest and back of the soldier. These chest plates were made in accordance to a Greek style,

Compare And Contrast The Results Of The Second Punic War
The results of the Second Punic War can really be summed up in terms of control. Both control in terms of territory, and control in terms of dominance
within the territory. At the end of this war, Rome was left with control of all of Italy, Spain, and had began a push into Africa where they had forced a
Carthaginian surrender. The territory itself was important but what Rome had done was more important. Rome had effectively rid themselves of any
and all major external threats. One might list Greece as an exception, but Rome manages to work it's way through Greece and surround the
Mediterranean rather quickly in comparison to the Punic Wars.
Carthage at the end of the Second Punic War is still alive and kicking, and most would agree

How did Rome’s creation myth influence its character? Essay
Rome's creation myth begins with the story of Romulus and Remus, the tragic story of twin brothers who were born into nobility, nearly killed as
newborns, and who ultimately engage in conflict resulting the death of one and the founding of an empire by the other. Rome's creation myth tells the
story of a mythical leader who, against all odds, triumphs, and as he prevails, so does Rome.
Rhea Silvia was a vestal virgin who, it is alleged, was raped by Mars, the God of War. This act resulted in the birth of twin brothers, Romulus and
Remus. The twins, born of noble blood – Rhea's grandfather was ruler at the time – were to be drowned in the Tiber river by order of Rhea's uncle to
prevent potential future challenges to the throne by the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rome's troops were led by poor men, yet they inspired the men more than a rich man ever could. They yelled a great war–cry and soon surrounded the
enemy that surrounded the Roman fort, thereby saving the soldiers inside . As in the creation myth, against the odds, Cincinnatus prevailed, as did
Rome.
Another example of a Romans prevailing against the odds in keeping with the creation myth is in the story of Scipio and the Second Punic War, pitting
the Romans against Hannibal and the Carthaginians who, after the Battle of Cannae in which the Romans were routed, were considered unbeatable in
battle. Hannibal was considered a military genius of his time, having defeated Rome's army in battle where Hannibal was outnumbered two to one at
Cannae. Following Cannae, Rome's army was all but destroyed and, had Hannibal chosen to strike, Rome likely would have fallen. Most expected
Hannibal to destroy Rome while he had the initiative and few believed that Rome had a chance of defending itself, let alone defeating Hannibal and the
Carthaginians. Fortunately for Rome, Hannibal stayed in mainland Italy, not attacking Rome itself.
Scipio was appointed consul and quickly reorganized Rome's troops. Scipio proceeded to conquer Sicily, defeated Carthaginian reinforcements, and
forced Hannibal to flee Italy. Scipio then took the war to Northern Africa, defeating Carthage in its own territory in a series of battles

Hannibal and the Second Punic War
History has given the world many great military minds. In recent times the world has seen such men as Dwight D. Eisenhower, George Patton, Douglas
MacArthur, and Erwin Rommel. From ancient times, schools teach about Alexander the Great, Napoleon Bonaparte, Scipio Africanus, and Germanicus.
But few have accomplished the feats of Hannibal Barca in the Second Punic War. His major accomplishment, marching his army through the Pyrenees
and the Alps and into what is now Italy, is a military accomplishment worth honoring. During his march, Hannibal defeated the Romans in three
decisive battles; Trebia, Trasimene, and his most decisive and well fought victory at Cannae. When Hannibal finally arrived in Italy, he maintained an
Army there for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hannibal, after organizing his troops, then began his march on Rome. His expedition force numbered somewhere around 70,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry,
and included approximately thirty–six war elephants. They set out on a treacherous journey through the Pyrenees Mountains, Gaul, the Alps, and the
Apennine Mountains. Eventually he entered Italy by way of the mouth of the Arno River and marched his army into the region of Etruria. Along the
way, Hannibal battled with tribes along the way, causing significant damages to his numbers. During his march, Hannibal engaged in three significant
battles with the Romans, those of Trebia, Lake Trasimene, and Cannae. Hannibal's first major encounter with Roman troops took place at the River
Trebia on Italian soil. Here he fought against the Consul Tiberius Sempronius Longus, who was eager to engage in battle with Hannibal for various
reasons. One of the major contributing factors to his desire for battle was "...no doubt, the approach of the consular elections." Even against the
warnings of Publius Cornelius Scipio, the other Roman consul who had been wounded in a previous minor skirmish, Sempronius engaged in battle with
the Carthaginians in 218 B.C. Hannibal, camped out on the other side of the river, knew a battle was inevitable. Livy states: "[Hannibal] took every
possible measure to ensure that he should not lose his chance; now was the moment, while the Roman troops were still raw, and the

The Second Punic War Analysis
Jack O'Sullivan November 4 Personal Piece 2 The Second Punic War By 216 B.C., Rome was already on edge about its losses during the Second Punic
War. It had lost several battles and a successful invading army near the city itself. However, after the battle of Cannae, where the entire remaining
Roman army in Italy of 80,000 men was destroyed, the situation became truly desperate. It seemed as though the rising Roman Republic was doomed
to be conquered by Hannibal, the thus far invincible general from the Roaman's rival republic, Carthage. However, when the dust came to settle in the
war in 201 B.C., it was the Romans who were still standing, and the Carthaginians vanquished. Though Carthage would live on forever through its
battlefield ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They never gave up and kept sending men to fight while still continuing to make armies. The romans chose not to surrender, they chose to die in the
city or die in the war, no other empire did this. The Romans never gave up hope even when it looked desolate. This was a very powerful strategy and in
the end it worked out for Rome as a whole. From there on, the Romans finally found a general who could win battles. His name was Scipio Africanus
and Rome used him as their strong point. They sent him to attack Spain where Hannibal's supplies and soldiers were. He took out much of the supplies
and many of the soldiers where he won the battles of Baecula and Ilipa and captured the new city of new carthage. After winning the two battles they
cut off all the supplies and men and in the end he gained new allied soldiers from Spain. After that, Scipio then invaded Africa, the carthaginian
homeland and defeated every carthaginian commander sent to defeat him. Nothing stood in his way from there on. He captured cities and caused
destruction to all of the carthaginian soldiers. In the end, Scipio won because he caused carthage to call back Hannibal which ended the invasion of

Second Punic War Essay
The Punic Wars were a series of wars between the two most powerful forces in the Mediterranean at the time, Rome and Carthage. The First Punic war
started over a group of Italian pirates conquering Sicily (which was controlled by Carthage), and they turned to Rome to help them get rid of
Carthaginian rule. The war lasted 20 years and cost one–fifth of the male population in Rome. In total, there were one million soldiers involved in the
war, a feat that wouldn't happen again for hundreds of years. The war was a back and forth with Carthage slowly losing on land while Rome managed
to carry out a series of naval engagements. This was Rome's first experience with a navy, but once they started winning battles, Carthage surrendered.
The Second Punic War started with a treaty between Carthage and Rome, stating that the border between the two was the Ebro River. A Greek city
under Roman protection was on the Carthaginian side of the river. Hamilcar's son, Hannibal, attacked the city and rebuked the Roman embassies. The
citizens of the city pleaded for Rome's help, but none ever arrived. The Romans sent an emissary to Rome to tell the Carthaginians, "Surrender
Hannibal to Rome or face war." The Carthaginian leader replied, "Choose what you will." The emissary chose war, and the Second Punic War had
begun. The war began with Hannibal and his troops crossing ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This changed when Quintus Fabius Maximus was elected dictator. He shadowed Hannibal's movements, limiting him and picking off foraging parties
and scouts. This strategy became known as Fabian Tactics, and it has been used by generals such as George Washington and Barclay de Tolly to pull
victory from what looks like certain defeat. Electing Fabius dictator was one of the most important decisions of the war because it saved Rome from
many possible defeats. After his time was up, he gave the power back to the

Carthage And The Punic Wars Essay
Carthage was first founded as a trading post in the year of 814 BC.
Carthage was founded by the Phoenician Princess Elyssa–Dido on a peninsula from Africa which extends into the Mediterranean Sea. According to
legend
Elyssa_Dido fled from her brother Pygmalion, the king of Tyre, after he killed her husband. The post benefited from the vast market for the goods that
it traded and grew in importance quickly. It first had warehouses in which raw metals and finished metal products which the Phoenicians used and had
made were stored. Carthage then started making metal products for Spain. These products were cheap due to they traded these cheap goods to Spain for
the raw metals. Carthage soon became a huge trading empire, containing much of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This began the Punic wars. There were three Punic wars. Rome and Carthage were the two strongest contenders of the central Mediterranean Sea of
that time. In each of these wars Carthage lost. These wars lasted off and on from 246 BC to 149 BC, with Carthage eventually being destroyed.
The First Punic War started in 264 BC and lasted to 241 BC. In the first half of the 3rd century BC Carthage held many territories that made it easy to
control and dominate the western Mediterranean Sea. However, when they conquered Messana on the north eastern tip of Sicily, in 263, they faced the
Romans for ware for the first time. The people of Messana requested aid from
Rome and Rome came to aid. The fear of a powerful neighbor was only one out of several motivations, next to the promise of glory that got Rome to
aid in the fight. This war was fought mainly at sea around Sicily, and Carthage was by far the strongest of the two in this field. This superiority was met
by a large scale Roman construction of the navel fleet after their land forces captured one of the Carthaginian ships. Soon this was reflected in the
fightings, and in 256 Carthage was besieged, but the Romans were defeated. Then for some years Carthage was the most successful who was
commanded by Hamilcar. However, at the battle at the Aegates Islands in 241, the Carthaginians were beaten so badly that they requested peace. This
agreement involved leaving

The Second Punic War Essay
he Second Punic War (218–201 B.C.) was born out the growing rivalry between the empires of Rome and Carthage (Morey, 1901, p. 64). When the
Carthaginian territory in Spain began to extend northward, Rome became concerned that an attack was imminent. This concern prompted Rome to seek
a treaty with Carthage establishing a border along the Iberus river in norther Spain. Carthage respected the treaty until the death of Hasdrubal.
Afterward the son of Hamilcar Barca, named Hannibal immediately broke the treaty by capturing the city of Saguntum. A Roman envoy was sent to
Carthage to demand the surrender of Hannibal. Carthage refused and the Second Punic War began (Morey, 1901, p. 64).
Over the next seventeen years Rome fought off the invasion of Hannibal's army in Italy. Hannibal had gained many allies in the Italian peninsula
including the Apulians, the Samnites, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Carthage would withdraw from Spain entirely, as well as the islands between Italy and Africa. These islands included Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia.
Masinissa, was recognized as the king of Numidia. Masinissa had assisted Scipio when the Roman forces landed in Africa. His title had been disputed
by a Carthaginian ally named Syphax (Morey, 1901, p.70). The restoration of his royal title was repayment for his allegiance to Rome. Carthage was
not absorbed into the empire, nor reduced to a province, rather it was considered a dependent state and was required to pay a tribute of 200 talents for
fifty years. Lastly, Carthage would require permission from Rome in order to wage war (Morey, 1901, p. 71).
In addition to the peace agreement there were other outcomes of the Second Punic War. Syracuse was added to the province of Sicily and the Spanish
territory was divided into two new provinces, Hither and Farther. Finally, the conflict had opened the door to hostility with Philip V of Macedonia
(Morey, 1901, p.

The Development And Development Of The Greek And Greek Empire
The Roman Republic and Empire was one of the largest civilisations in the world. A significant question posed is how and why did the Roman
Republic and Empire develop in the ways they did and interact with the Persian and Greek/Hellenic Empires? At the height of the Roman Empire it
spanned across western Europe, and encompassed the entire Mediterranean. Lasting and developing through thousands of years, the Romans
encountered and interacted with the Persian and Greek/Hellenic Empires. This included trading, co–existing, and going to war with one another.
Although, originally the Roman Republic and Empire was first founded by the Etruscan people. Established in 753 BCE by a Etruscan colony on the
River Tiber in Italy, the city was controlled by Etruscan Kings until 509 BCE. Whence the people rose up against the monarchy to establish the Roman
Republic, and fought for control of central Italy for the next 30 years. (Dr David Lundberg, 2017, pp.6–7) Thus the Roman Republic became a
contending force in Western Europe, and across the Mediterranean for the next 450 years. (J.M.Roberts & Odd Arne Westad, 2013, p.218) Instead of a
king, two consuls and an assembly of elected magistrates were installed to rule the Roman Republic. Before a new set of consuls, and new magistrates
were elected by the citizens each year. Additionally, legislative and consultative bodies were elected as Tribunes of the people, who managed the affairs
of the government and managed conflicts that arose

Why The Romans Won The Second Punic War?
The Second Punic War (between the Romans and the Carthaginians) contained some of the worst bloodshed in history. All of this loss of life, for some,
was not in vain. This war took place during a time when the fate of Rome and Europe was to be decided (Morey, 1901). This war resulted in at least
two major outcomes.
First and foremost, the Romans won the war. "When the Romans heard that Hannibal was coming, they kept one half of their big army in Italy to fight
Hannibal, and they sent the other half of their army to Spain, to take over the silver mines there so the Carthaginians would not be able to pay their
soldiers" (Carr, 2015). This military strategy was carried out against the military genius Hannibal, who was the son of Hamilcar and the "idol of the
army" (Morey, 1901). Morey (1901) states that Hannibal was said to have "sworn an eternal hostility to Rome" in his youth, in my ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This very fact resulted in another outcome: that Rome was now a major dominating empire in Europe. Before long, the Romans took over all of Italy,
Africa, Spain and Greece. "The defeat of Carthage transformed the Roman Republic from a growing regional power into the super–powered Empire of
the Mediterranean" ("Results of the Second Punic War", 2017). The Second Punic War was what started this series of conquests.
References:
Carr, Dr. Karen. (10 May, 2015). Second Punic Wars. History for Kids. Retrieved 10 May, 2015, from:
http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/romans/history/secondpunic.htm
Morey, William C. (1901). Outlines of Roman History. Chapter XV: The Second Punic War. Retrieved 10 May, 2015, from:
http://www.forumromanum.org/history/morey15.html
Results of the Second Punic War. (2017). UNRV History. Retrieved May 8, 2017 from

Rome And Carthage In The Second Punic War
Introduction
The first things we can look at about Rome and Carthage is Rome's citizens and Carthage's wealth. We can draw conclusions from these and begin to
compare both. One of the prominent things about Rome was its "hand–to–hand combat" skills of its soldiers. Rome was not originally a navy, but had
to become a naval power to take on Carthage. Before Rome ever faced Hannibal in the second Punic war (B.C.218–201) it faced Carthage in the first
Punic war (B.C. 264–241) and had fewer losses than it did in the Second Punic war. We can examine what Carthage's advantages were, and what
Rome's disadvantages were (Morey, 1901).
I
Rome had to build a navy to be equal to Carthage in the First Punic war (B.C. 264–241). There was an event that Carthage was using the sea to make its
business with other cities. Rome was not a naval power like Carthage. Rome did not have that access to the sea that would guarantee supremacy. That's
why the Romans decided not to surrender to the circumstances so they could pursue Carthage and make an impact on its sea business ventures.
Carthage was the world's first naval power, according to (Morey,1901) and Rome was its rival. Rome ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rome was good at making comebacks. Carthage was good at staying in the lead. They both were respected by other cities. They could both use the
cities to their advantage. Why would they not want to face off as they were threatening to one another? I believe it was Rome who was threatened by
Carthage especially. (Morey,1901) Declares that "Rome was alarmed as she saw Carthage's territory extending north, Rome's rival". Most importantly,
it was the conquests of the Carthaginians that made Rome stay on track and keep pace with them. They wanted what Carthage was doing. Carthage was
conquering. Carthage was becoming greater. Rome decided to pursue their victories over Carthage the only way it could in the First Punic wars (B.C.

Hannibal And The Second Punic War Essay
Hannibal and the Second Punic War
Hannibal Barca, lived around 247–182 B.C. As the son of Hamlicar Barca, the general of the Carthage army, and empire builder during the first Punic
war, Hannibal was trained and mentored by his father. Hannibal was considered to be one of the world's greatest military strategists. This great
strategist at twenty–five years of age was the general of the Carthaginian Empire that reached across the northern tip of Africa. His career as the top
military leader of Carthage began at the beginning of the second Punic war where Carthage fought against the Roman republic.
The second Punic war was between 218–202 B.C. It started when Carthage attacked Spanish Saguntum. Hannibal's overall objectives were to expand
his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even with his fast cavalry and strong infantry Hannibal knew that he did not have resources like Rome. In fact, he was always outnumbered in every
battle. Yet despite of being outnumbered, his strategies helped the Carthaginians win most of the battles in the second Punic war. For example, in the
battle of Lake Trasimene, Hannibal trapped the Romans in an ambush without an escape route. What he did was to draw the Romans in close ranks,
then sneak attack them with his infantry, and block the way out with his fast cavalry. This lead to the death of 30,000 Roman soldiers plus a high
ranking Roman general named Flaminius. In this battle, the casualties of Hannibal's forces were only 2,500 soldiers.
Another battle that shows the great military mind of Hannibal was at Cannae. At this particular battle Hannibal, used his great military cleverness to
split up the Roman forces. By doing so he attacked them from many different angles. This strategy called for another stunning victory for Hannibal. As
a matter of fact, his forces killed as many as 44,000 Roman soldiers. These events are some of the reasons that made Hannibal one of the greatest
military minds of all

The Most Significant Outcome Of The Second Punic War
Introduction
The Punic Wars were a defining moment in the expansion of the Roman Republic, with the Second Punic War (218 – 201 BC (Grant, 1960)) playing
the part of a corner stone in the bridge to create the powerful Roman Empire. Moreover, this was the first time that Rome had expanded into territories
outside of Italy which was pivotal in the development of the Roman Republic, and furthermore the Rome Empire, as it marks the beginning of an
imperial Roman power (Rickard, 2001). Accordingly, this war has captured great interest as it triggered a number of significant modifications to the
Roman Republic.
This war between the Romans and their most powerful enemies, the Carthaginians, incurred devastating losses on both sides, with the Romans
eventually rising to victory. Following their victory, the Roman Republic was almost geographically unrecognisable and had been moulded by the
Second Punic War into the "super–powered Empire of the Mediterranean" (UNRV History, Results of the Second Punic War, 2015).
This investigation aims to explore to what extent the most significant outcome of the Second Punic War was the changes in social hierarchy within the
Roman army. In order to examine whether the impact on the Roman army following the Second Punic War was the most significant outcome, other key
outcomes must also be assessed, such as peace treaties, territorial gains and the destruction of Rome's greatest enemy: Carthage.
At the onset of the war, however, a Carthaginian

Essay about Punic Wars
Discuss the Roman Punic Wars, in terms of their circumstances and overall effect on Rome's economic and social development Also discuss the
ensuing "Gracchan turbulence" from the same perspective.
The circumstance for the Roman Punic Wars towards Rome was a simple human
reaction. If an outsider such as Italy, Carthage, or Greece make threats towards Rome,
Rome will simply fight. The Punic Wars lasted in 3 stages, all resulting to the obsessive
pride and higher standings of Rome. Rome's initial desire of expansion was only for
farming land. Romans believed like anyone else that victory brought them honor as well
as a strong, political career. Rome strongly had their victory of Italy due to their military
discipline. Cowards ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Seleucid monarchy, the Ptolemiac monarchy, the kingdom of
Macedonia, Carthage, and the Roman–dominated Italian Confederation. Without ever
planning it, Rome acquired an overseas Empire.
The first Punic War began due to Rome's fear of Messena. Carthage's strong
commercial center with a monopoly in trading of Western Mediterranean and aong the
west coasts of Africa and Europe. Rome feared that Carthage would attack or interfere
with their trade. Rome suffered sever losses such as losing an army in North Africa as
well as the destruction of hundreds of naval ships in battles. Rome however was still
dedicated to victory and nothing less. Eventually Rome utilized their allies throughout
Italy and defeated Carthage. Carthage lost Sicily, Sardinia, and the Islands of Corisca.
Slowly Rome was developing into an empire, yet still in fear of being
overpowered by their allies. Carthage expanded into Spain, who was at the time rich in
metal. Carthage obtained manpower and had their army led by the great "military
genius" Hannibal. Hannibal used elephants in his battles which the Romans were not
familiar with. Rome was losing power through Hannibal's Army, rapidly taking back
Italy. In the battle of Cannae, the great Hannibal destroyed a Roman army of 60,000
soldiers. This was the largest single force ever placed by Rome. Another concern for
Rome was their reign of loyalty being lost in mostly Southern

Outcomes From The Second Punic War
Outcomes from the Second Punic War
The second Púnic war (herein after referred to as, "the War") came to a close in 201 BCE, following Scípio's victory over Hánnibal at the battle of
Záma. After seventeen years of warfare, and at a great loss of life on both sides, Rome defeated Cárthage and came out on top as the new superpower in
the Mediterránean region. The outcome of this war brought consequences to Cárthage and created opportunities for Rome (Morey, 1901).
The Cost to Cárthage
Economic
Cárthage suffered from economic and territorial losses, political corruption and the loss of autonomy. As the victors, Rome imposed war reparations on
Cárthage. This included an annual tribute of two hundred talents (an ancient measurement of weight) of silver for fifty years. I was curious what this
might represent in U.S. dollars today. My initial research was inconclusive regarding the specific weight of a talent in today's metric or English
measurement systems. Digging deeper, I also came to learn that it's more difficult to compare present day economic values with ancient Rome, then
with the last few hundred years. Using Chris Butler's suggestion of sixty–six pounds (29.9 Kilograms) per talent, Rome received over a half–million
pounds of silver from the Carthagínians (2007a). However this value might be calculated, it was a steep penalty.
Geopolitical
Following the War, Cárthage lost its territorial claims in Spain, Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica (it was allowed to keep its

Second Punic War Analysis
The Second Punic War (218–201 B.C) is known as one of the most strategic and remarkable wars in history. Both Rome and Carthage were
constructing physical and governmental boundaries between the two countries. They were economically stable, as they were both dependent on trade
and imported goods. Their lifestyles resembled the traditional hierarchy based on gender and wealth meaning the wealthy men led the countries and
their military. The success of this war would be dependent upon whether their leaders could critically analyze the physical environment, obtain the
necessary resources, utilize time efficiently, and establish rapport with the citizens of the opposing force to turn them against their country. Through the
operational variables ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Roman forces were solely civilian–soldiers. The structure of their army was determined by age classes. The skirmishers, also known as, velites,
were the youngest and poorest troops on the battlefield. These individuals were equipped with small shields, javelins, swords, and helmets and they
were the first ones to engage in the fight (THFE Productions, 2014). The heavy infantry, the core of the Roman Army, had three subcategories: Hastati,
who were in their early twenties, Principes, they were in their late twenties, and Triari, who happened to be the oldest and most experienced in battle.
The heavy infantry carried a scutum, an oval–shaped shield, and a gladius. Finally, the cavalry comprised of the wealthy, upper–class Romans and they
were equipped with a shield, a helmet, grieves, a breastplate, and a lance (THFE Productions, 2014). The commanders of their forces were their
consuls, or government officials, which is vastly different from the way Carthage led their troops. Allowing the consuls to be in charge of the forces led
to some difficulty for the Romans throughout the war. For instance, they lacked a unity of command, during the Battle of Cannae. The consuls Gaius
Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paullus alternated leadership every day, and this ultimately caused problems with continuity, strategy, and

Causes of the Second Punic War
WORD COUNT: 1650 The two biggest powers of the Mediterranean where always destined to come head to head once again after the First Punic War
(264 to 241 BC). There was no clear victor and the terms set by the Romans were extremely harsh. Even though the main cause of the second war was
the war on Saguntum you must go back all the way to the ending of the First War. The war on Saguntum was seen by Polybius to be just the first
incident in the war. In this essay I will look into the causes of the Second Punic War with the intention of backing up Polybius argument that the war on
Saguntum was just the first incident and not a cause as Livy views it. I will be doing this with close analysis of our ancient sources. Three main causes
will be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All this plus having to give up more than one piece of land was a huge blow to Carthaginian pride. As Livy put it; "mutual hatred was hardly less sharp
a weapon than the sword" in the led up to war. This just helps to reinforce the argument that war was unavoidable one way or another and therefore the
war on Saguntum was just an incident which led to a war which would eventually decide the dominant power in the Mediterranean.
The success the Barca family had in the Spanish Peninsula was another huge factor which contributed to the war. It affected both Rome and Carthage.
We must first look into what caused the expansion of Carthage into the Spanish Peninsula. When Hamilcar Barca had to give up Sicily and Sardinia he
took a huge blow to his pride. And as Livy mentions "he was a proud man" and therefore the taking of Sicily which "had been surrendered too soon"
and the fact that he was tricked into giving up Sardinia made Hamilcar determined to something about it. The Punic population also felt the same way
as Hamilcar did towards the Romans. They despised the "tyrannical attitude of their conquerors" and therefore there was hardly any dispute when they
had to decide whether to go to war or not. After the First Punic War, Hamilcar went to Spain with the purpose of building a power base to use against
Rome. Not in order to be able pay their debts back as he told the Romans. Livy states that Carthage expansion in Spain was just a step in Hamilcar

Second Punic War Essay
The outcome of the second Punic War turned Rome into the single most powerful force in the western Mediterranean. Indirectly, it also forced Rome to
grow politically and militarily as it learned to deal with acquisitions and powerful opponents beyond the Italian peninsula.
Direct Consequence of the Second Punic War (218–201)
(Morey, 1901a, Par. Battle of Zama and End of the War)
1. Carthage became a dependent state, loosing it's right to declare war without permission of Rome.
2. Carthage lost all lands in Spain, and was split up into the two Roman provinces of Hither and Farther Spain which was then governed by a Roman
praetor.
3. Carthage lost claim to all Mediterranean islands between Carthage and Italy.
4. Carthage was saddled with tribute of 200 talents payable for fifty fifty.
5. Masinissa was recognized as King of Numidia, and became a staunch ally of Rome.
6. Syracuse lost it's independence, and became a part of the Sicilian province.
Indirect Impacts of the War
Military Advances
Rome gained a brilliant General by the name of Publius Scipio Africanus, who who subdued Spain, and changed the Roman Strategies by attacking
Carthage directly, thus forcing Hannibal (an offensive genius) to return to Africa and fight a defense war (Morey ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In Masinissa, Scipio gained the Numidians as allies in defeating Carthage and became Romes staunchest allies in Africa (Morey 1901a, par The War
carried into Africa). Macedonian, however, exposed herself as an enemy to be dealt with in future campaigns (Morey, 1901a, Par. Hannibal's New
Allies). A peripheral threat, not immediately identified, was the influx of slaves, which would later spawn a revolt in Sicily (Morey, 1901a, Par. The
Servile War in Sicily). Finally, a pattern of punishing disloyal states such as Capua (Morey, 1901a, Par. Recovery of Capua), was established, which
would be utilized in future

Hannibal and the Second Punic War Essay
Hannibal, son of Hamilcar, was a Carthaginian military commander and tactician who is popularly credited as one of the most talented military
commander in history. In his early life he was made to swear oath of hatred against Rome, which lead him into starting the Second Punic war. During
this time he transformed Carthage from being a lowly place into a military superpower. Although he lost the war, his tactics were far beyond any other
person at the time, which had won him many battles even when the odds were stacked against him. Hannibal was born in 247 BCE in Carthage, located
in North Africa. When he was born, Carthage was about to lose The first Punic War. "His father Hamilcar Barca was the leading Carthaginian
commander during the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hannibal assembled a massive army, including as many as 90,000 infantry, 12,000 cavalry and 40 elephants. "Hannibal was soldier enough to know
that numbers are of less importance than homogeneity, and was willing to carry with him no soldier whose fidelity was not questioned"(Dodge 174).
Hannibal's army included only those who were truly on the side of Carthage and was willing to sacrifice themselves for the well being of their country.
With the army assembled they proceeded to march over 1,000 miles through the Pyrenees, across the Rhone River and the Alps, and finally into the
heart of Italy.
Hannibal's Alps crossing was a remarkable military achievement at this time because the weather seemed to extreme and thus impassable. In addition to
the severe climate, Hannibal's army faced surprise attacks from local tribes who would roll heavy stones across their path, delaying Hannibal's march
through Italy. On the 15th day of the crossing, and more than five months away from Cartagena, Hannibal finally exited the Alps with just 20,000
infantry, 6,000 cavalry and only one of the elephants. Even with his forces diminished by the harsh Alpine crossing, Hannibal met the powerful army
with the Roman general Publius Scipio on the plains west of the Ticino River.
Hannibal had devised a plan to defeat the Roman army, winning him the battle, and severely wounding Scipio in the

Second Punic War Research Paper
From Rome's perspective the outcome of the Second Punic war can only be described as bittersweet. On the one hand Rome became master of the
Mediterranean, with secure lands encircling the entire sea and new resource rich territory in Hispania (Morey, 1901). On the other hand, much of the
fertile areas of the Italian homeland were destroyed completely (Morey, 1901). From the perspective of Carthage the outcome of the Second Punic war
was less uncertain.
The Second Punic War is better thought of as the Era of the Second Punic War, the thing occurred over the span of about 17 years from 218 to 201
BCE. This was the final showdown between Carthage and Rome for control of the Mediterranean and the era of heroes and battles whose names we
still know today, Hannibal, War Elephants, the Scipios, the battle of Cannae are the most famous (Morey, 1901)
The overall arc of the Second Punic War was Carthage, led by Hannibal, invading the Italian peninsula from the North. Hannibal runs roughshod across
Italy becoming a literal boogeyman to the Roman people, winning battles and destroying pretty much everything (Gabriel, 2016). ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Hispania is rich in natural resources, Numidia provided much needed additional armies and added cavalry to Rome's war chest. Rome was now an
empire, and even though her losses were substantial, the spoils were greater (Morey, 1901). Not everything was great for Rome though, huge tracts of
the central and southern Italian peninsula were destroyed, interrupting food and resource production for a generation (Morey, 1901). In spite of the cost
to Rome, the foothold in Hispania permitted the gradual gain of the entire Iberian Peninsula, and the additional population, riches and resources gave
Rome what it needed to expand to the east (morey

The Samnite Wars
The Romans, having had their phalanxes decimated and their most experienced soldiers exhausted and killed first, quickly understood the inefficiency
of such a method of organization. Their next system of placement, inherited from the Samnites, the Romans' peninsular neighbors, during the Samnite
Wars, followed a three–line pattern documented by the Roman historian Polybius and referred to as both the 'Polybian' and manipular legion, in which
the middle class citizens of approximately 20 years of age formed the front line, called hastati. The 20–30 year olds in the legion were grouped in the
second line, and were called principes. The key difference in this formation is in the third line, composed of the oldest and most experienced of the
Roman infantry, armed with spears and called triarii, described by Polybius as "always the same" in number across legions (Polybius 2.33). This
placement was born of the Gauls' rapid wearing down of the Romans' key soldiers, and the new system was designed so that the more expendable and
greater in number ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Roman navy, prior to the Punic wars, was mostly a patrolling force, meant to defend against piracy and to supervise tributary states and Greek
allies. With the construction of the Roman navy, some of these Greek allies, called, along with Italian noncitizens, Socii, were appointed as lower
officers of the Roman ships, underneath a Roman magistrate. Much of Greece possessed a history of excellence at sea, beginning with the powerhouse
city–state of Athens, and were no stranger to the Mediterranean (Saddington in Erdkamp, 201–205). The Greek Socii provided the Romans with a
source of naval and sailing expertise that led them to victory in the First Punic War. From this, they were able to annex the islands of Sicily and, after a
Carthaginian civil war, Corsica, and their dependence on a navy only increased with the need to defend their Mediterranean

Consequences Of The Second Punic War
What were the outcomes of the second Punic War?
Study showcased by Morey, William C. (1901), stated that the Carthage was angered that the Numidians had been permitted to encroach upon their
country, and in return, Carthage brought together a small a military group to attack Numidia without Roman authorization. Prior to that, it was the
opportunity Romans was waiting for. In spite of the fact that most Roman senators wanted a good rationalization for face–to–face meeting, they
couldn't reject the fact that Carthage had broken the agreement. This was the purpose for war that they wanted. When Rome attained awareness of this
unauthorized violence, they started the building the predominant military of ancient times. The primary and most significant reason of what is known as
the "Second Punic War," was this international treaty made 50 years prior, and that the Romans having a firm conviction that the Carthaginians had
broken it.
The most incredible war of ancient times was Hannibal Barca, considered Rome's greatest enemy. Hannibal was the son of the commander Hamilcar
Barca, a prominent military leader in the first of the three ancient conflicts. As a young boy, Hannibal swore ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The Second Punic War, fought between the Romans and the Carthaginians is no exception. Actually, for Rome, most of their support came from a
united people. When on the other hand with the Carthaginians, their generals for the war was a military genius. Morey, William C. (1901) stated that the
story was told that Quintus Fabius, the chief Roman envoy, lifted up a fold of his toga and said to the Carthaginian senate, "Here we bring you peace
and war; which do you choose?" the they replied, "Give us either." Following their response, then Quintus Fabius replied "I offer you war." "And this
we accept," shouted the

Hannibal's Second Punic War
According to (www.forumromanum.org),1as a result of second Punic War, Carthage was abridged to the rank of a client state losing all the power of
endorsing its own diplomacy and treaties. Carthage was forced to recompense a tribute of 10,000 and all the warships. Carthage was also prohibited to
raise an army unless given permission by Rome. Reparations and Grain for lost deliveries similarly had to be delivered to Rome together with the
responsibility of collecting slaves and returning them.
Masinissa, as an incentive for his exceptional service to Rome, was made the King of greater Numidia, the king permitted nearly free sovereignty in his
territory. He also took advantage of Carthaginian lack of strength and seized much land from the city in the outcome of its downfall. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Regardless of the treaty passed in 201 BC, Hannibal was permitted to remain at liberty in Carthage.During 196 BC, he was made the chief magistrate.
Before long he transformed many corrupt rules within the regime of Carthage and made endeavors to fortify its internal political system. However due
to In–fighting, Hannibal flee to the east and joined with Antiochus III who together fought Romans once

Second Punic War Research Paper
Operational Variables of the Second Punic War The Second Punic War took place from 218–201 B.C. The war was the second of three wars that
centered on the power struggle between the powers of Carthage and Rome throughout the eastern and western Mediterranean. Carthage's goal was to
regain status lost during the First Punic War and replace Rome as the power in western Mediterranean (Cartwright). While Hannibal's forces
strategically defeated the Romans in several battles, the war ultimately concluded with a Roman victory and absolute control of the western
Mediterranean. By studying the operational environment, the battle can be analyzed using PMESII–PT variables in order to better understand the
outcome of the Second Punic War.
BACKGROUND ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Carthage became the wealthiest city in the region by 265 B.C. and possessed the leading naval power (Punic Wars). While some clashes erupted
between Carthage and other powers in the area, the relations between the city and the Romans remained generally peaceful. However, the relationship
changed in 264 B.C. when Rome intervened in a dispute between the cities of Syracuse and Messina on the island of Sicily (Punic Wars). Rome
supported Messina, while Carthage sided with Syracuse. The interactions between Carthage, Rome, and the two cities led to a direct conflict between
Rome and Carthage (Punic Wars).
Over the following 20 years, around 264–244 B.C., Rome quickly built its naval power in order to destroy the Carthaginian forces during a period of
turmoil and war known as the First Punic War (Punic Wars). After several battles, the Romans were able to achieve a decisive victory against the
legendary navy in 241 B.C. The war concluded with Sicily becoming Rome's first overseas province (Punic

Causes Of The Second Punic War
The main result of the second Punic war was the complete hegemony of the Romans Republic over the Carthaginian Empire and the Western
Mediterranean as a whole. The Second Punic wars lasted for 17 years, from 218 – 201 BC. Rome declared war on Carthage when Carthage refused to
recall the General, Hannibal after his capture of Saguntum, on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC (Morey, 1901). The Carthaginian
General Hannibal took an offensive approach and marched through the alps (because Rome controlled the sea) with his 20,000 infantry and 6,000
infantry and won battles on the Roman homeland. The Roman army were outmatched by Hannibal's ingenuity, thus Hannibal and his army were
established in Nothern Italy. Hannibal was restricted

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Puninic War
Introduction
Carthage was a commercial empire which capital was located at the North of Africa where now is the country of Tunisia. The territory of the
Carthaginian Empire included islands of the Mediterranean like parts of Sicily and territories in Spain, making it a threat to the Roman ambitious of
conquering the Mediterranean. Although both countries were comparable in military power and economic strength the two nations had different
military advantages: Carthage had a strong naval power while Rome had almost no naval power, but had a stronger ground force. This situation led to
an inevitably conflict between Rome and Carthage which spanned three wars (called Punic Wars). The First Punic War started around 264 BC and
ended at 241 BC, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Second Punic War started by an attack of Hannibal, the commander of Carthage at the time, against one of Roman allies in Spain. At that time the
Roman government was already worried about the recent expansion of Carthage territory in Europe, mostly in Spain. The Second Punic War almost led
Rome to ruins, but in the end they managed to win the war and defeat Carthage. The result was an expanded empire and the defeat of the former great
power Carthage. Winning the Second Punic War was decisive to enable Rome to further expand its territory. It made them the hegemonic power in
Mediterranean and neutralized Carthage to the point that they were not even a threat to Rome anymore. The Third Punic War was short and consisted of
the conquest of the remaining lands of Carthage and the enslavement of the entire Carthaginian population.
Conclusion
At the time of the First Punic War the two nations were almost equals in military and economic strength.
Their armies had different advantages: Carthage was a naval power and Rome was stronger in land battles. This war caused the Roman Empire to
invest in their navy in order to defeat Carthage, which was important to assure the Roman dominion and hegemony in the Mediterranean. The Rome
was succeeded in defeating Carthage in this war and annexed the island of Sicily. However, the hostilities between the two nations did not end there.
Carthage was still a powerful empire and it was necessary

The Battle Of The Punic Wars
The Punic Wars, a century–long conflict between Rome and Carthage started in 264 B.C. and continued until 146 B.C. when Carthage gets destroyed.
Carthage, a Phoenician colony, came to be a superpower of the Mediterranean and posed a threat to the Romans. The First Punic War focuses on
gaining control over the islands of Sicily and Corsica. The two powerful countries entered into a dispute between the Sicilian cities of Messana and
Syracuse and established their presence on the island. Neither superpower would quickly hand over Sicily, so this local conflict transformed into a 23–
year war that concluded with Rome gaining the advantage at sea forcing Carthage to admit defeat. Rome did not quit after gaining control over Sicily;
they eventually forced the Carthaginians to surrender Sardinia. After their defeat in the First Punic War, Carthage started to harvest hatred for the
Romans and this hostility for Rome would lead to General Hannibal, the leader of the Punic forces, to begin a campaign of vengeance. Hannibal
marched his troops across the Alps in the most treacherous conditions in order to conduct a surprise attack on the Romans and invade Italy, which
would be a starting factor of the Second Punic War in 218 B.C. The Carthaginians swept through the Romans in Ticinus, Trebia, and Lake Trasimene
and Hannibal's reputation grew as did his army. At this point in the war, he dictated the rules. This chain of events led to the Battle of Cannae in 216
B.C. (History.com, 2009).

The Punicic Wars: The Second Punic War
The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. In a period of 120 years, there were three big
fights between the two hyper powers in the ancient time. The two powers in question were the Romans and the Carthaginians, two forces that really
wanted to control the lands and seas of the Mediterranean. These battles are known as the first, the second and the third Punic war. "This war started as
the Romans moved over the sea and marched on Sicily to gain lands there," (Peter Fitzgerald, nd).according to the same sources, the second Punic War
was a bit shorter. This war held from 218 BC and 201 BC. It is to notice from that war the Carthaginian leader; Hannibal caused the serious damages to
the Romans. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Again from it we could see the offensive force of the Romans. It is also this battle that marked the end of the Carthage Empire. It is clearly stated that
The Carthage Empire surrendered after only a few years and handed up weapons and men as prisoners, the Romans were not content with this and
wanted to raise Carthage to the ground. In fact in this discussion, the focus is going to be on the second Punic war.
The second Punic war has seen the Carthaginian leader Hannibal's crossing of the Alps. His army invaded Italy from the north and completely defeated
the Roman army in several battles; however, they never achieved the most important goal of causing a political break between Rome and its allies.
With three dozen elephants, Hannibal was able to defeat the roman army through the Alps. One their biggest challenge was that they lost almost all of
their elephant in the icy mountains in their way back. As such, he could defeat the Romans in the field, but not in the strategically crucial city of Rome
itself, thus leaving him unable to win the war (Wikipedia, nd). The two powers fought three major battles that cost their

Essay On Why Rome Won The Second Punic War
The Romans won the Second Punic war for a variety of reasons. These included the role and strategy of the Roman Senate and the failure of the
Carthaginian government to support Hannibal. Rome's strong control of the sea as well as Carthage's failure to rebuild their navy contributed greatly.
The actions of Fabius Maximus and Scipio Africanus brought about the decline of Hannibal's momentum in Italy and his final defeat. Thus, there was
no single reason as to why Rome were victorious against Carthage.
Both the competence of the Roman senate and Carthaginian government's failure to support Hannibal in Italy were crucial factors for Rome's victory in
the second punic war. By 216 BC, Rome had lost successive battles at Trebia, Ticinus, Lake Trasimene and had suffered a devastating loss at Cannae.
Such events ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They swiftly maintained support of the Scipios campaign in Spain as well as re–establishing their dwindling army to 250,000 strong by the end of 216
BC through expanding recruitment. Two urban legions were formed from volones, young men (17) and criminals in addition to allies increasing their
quota of troops. The senate ingeniously payed for such a force by issuing an edict where, for the first time, troops were provided at the expense of
private citizens. Additionally, the senate learnt from their failures of fighting Hannibal in the field and agreed to adopt the once ridiculed 'Fabian
Strategy' to keep Hannibal under control for the next 16 years. The cutting of Hannibal's supply lines and conducting raids and ambushes thinned out
his reach, resulted in the loss of his allied land. Additionally, the Carthaginian Government failed to both maintain reliable manpower and support
Hannibal. Throughout the course of the Second Punic War, "The Carthaginian Government's failure to support Hannibal was extremely costly,
especially considering they

Essay On The Second Punic War
The Second Punic War
The Punic Wars were waged between Rome and Carthage, a city–state founded on the Gulf of Tunis by the Phoenicians in the 9th century BCE (United
Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, 2015). The name Punic Wars comes from the fact that Rome was ultimately the victor and
therefore, the recorders of history. Punic is derived from the Latin Punicus, for an inhabitant of Carthage (Merriam–Webster, 2015). Carthage was a
powerful economic and territorial rival of Rome, with a strong presence in the Western Mediterranean. The Second Punic War, (218–201 BCE), began
when the Carthaginians expanded into the Iberian Peninsula. Hannibal, the commander of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, attacked Saguntum, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2006). Punic Wars: 3rd war, 149–146 BCE, (Image). Retrieved from http://looklex.com/e.o/atlas/h–punic.3_war.htm
Morey, C., W. (1901). The second Punic war (B.C. 218–201). Outlines of Roman History. Retrieved from
http://www.forumromanum.org/history/index.html
Moulton, C. (1998). Punic wars. Ancient Greece and Rome: An Encyclopedia for Students, 13,166. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons. Retrieved
from http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?
id=GALE%7CCX2897200394&v=2.1&u=lirn17237&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=e2316dfbe9fd2b65dfabba8e361bda49
Punic. (2015). In Merriam–Webster dictionary online. Retrieved from http://beta.merriam–webster.com/dictionary/punic
Shelton, D., L., (Ed.). (2005). Carthage. Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference. Retrieved from
http://go.galegroup.com.ezp–01.lirn.net/ps/retrieve.do?
sort=RELEVANCE&inPS=true&prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=lirn17237&tabID=T003&searchId=R1&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSeg
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, (UNESCO). (2015). Archaeological site of Carthage. Retrieved from

Carthage: The Second Punic War
Carthage was founded around 813 BCE by the Phoenician Queen Elissa also known as Dido. Originally the city was called Kart–hadasht, but the
Greeks called it Karchedon and then the Romans changed it to Carthago. The city started off as only a small port on the coast used for short stops,
however over time Carthage became the most powerful city in the Mediterranean before the progression of Rome. After the fall of the Phoenician city
of Tyre in 332 BCE, Carthage became the new center of Phoenician trade with a harbor made up of 220 docks in a semi–circle. The Carthaginians
enslaved and demanded money from native africans in the area and grew the city in size. They also became very successful in trading. In less then one
hundred years Carthage became the richest city in the Mediterranean. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yet when Carthage took Sicily, Rome responded by building 330 ships to fight for their land, starting the First Punic War. Carthage was defeated by
Rome in 241 BCE, and had to give up Sicily. Carthage went to war with Rome again when the Carthaginian general Hannibal attacked the city of
Saguntum, Rome's ally. This was the start of the Second Punic War. Hannibal was defeated at the Battle of Zama, meaning Carthage lost against Rome
once more. The Third Punic War began when Carthage refused Rome's demands to have Carthage dismantled and rebuilt further inland. The Roman
general Scipio Aemilianus surrounded Carthage with armed forces for three years until it fell and the Romans burned it to the ground. Around 122
BCE, Julius Caesar decided to re–build Carthage, and five years after his death, the city rose again. Power and importance shifted back to Carthage,
until the fall of the

Second Punic War Cause And Effect
According to William C. Morey,The second Punic war, also called Second Carthaginian War, second fought between (218–201 bce) which now
followed, was to decide the fate of Rome, and perhaps of Europe. Its real cause was the growing rivalry between the two great powers that were now
struggling for supremacy in the western Mediterranean.
Here is the outcomes of the second Punic War
In the years after the First Punic War, Rome wrested Corsica and Sardinia from Carthage and forced Carthaginians to pay an even greater indemnity
than the payment exacted immediately following the war. Eventually, however, under the leadership of Hamilcar Barca, his son Hannibal, and his son–
in–law Hasdrubal, Carthage acquired a new base in Spain, so that they could

The Second Punic War : The Causes Of The Second Pinic War
The Punic Wars were clashes between titans and were arguably the largest wars of the time period as the two participants were some of the most
powerful nations of the time. The outcome of these wars determined the nation to dominate the Mediterranean for years to come, and the largest of the
wars was the Second Punic War. There were many potential causes of the Second Punic War, but the harsh result of the First Punic War was the most
influential factor in the start of the Second Punic War. Roman aggression, Carthaginian humiliation, and Hamilcar's attempts at redemptions were all
outcomes of the end of the First Punic War. Hamilcar Barca was admiral of the Carthaginian Navy when Carthage was defeated during the First Punic
War. An effective leader, Hamilcar ended the war undefeated in Sicily. His efforts were in vain, however, as Rome proved to be triumphant in the seas.
Hamilcar was a very patriotic man, so when, despite all his successes, Carthage failed to win the war, he swore revenge (Caven). This was the first
event of many that set Hamilcar down on his path. Carthage's navy was devastated after the end of the First Punic War. Also, the mercenaries Carthage
hired in the first war revolted against them. While Carthage was victorious, their military and economy were further crippled. Rome saw this
vulnerability, and took the opportunity to seize the island of Sardinia knowing that the Carthaginian navy would be too weak to mount any sort of
resistance. When Carthage protested this action, Rome threatened the recently defeated state with war. Knowing that they were too weak after the
results of the first war, Carthage was forced to submit. This affront only continued to fuel the rage of the Carthaginian people and, more importantly,
Hamilcar Barca. Revenge was the life goal of Hamilcar, but he knew that Carthage needed more power in order to once again wage war against Rome
(Goldsworth). In order to recover from their losses in the First Punic War, Carthage decided to conquer the Iberian Peninsula. The Treaty of Lutatius,
which ended the First Punic War, had terms that prevented Carthage from expanding past the Ebro River which was situated in Northern Iberia
(Goldsworthy). This expansion was

Second Punic War Causes
This paper will examine the causes and results of the Second Punic War (218–201). It will analyze the defeat of Hannibal and the failure as well as
success of his strategies, the invasion of Rome and their subsequent victory in the second Punic war. The paper will briefly look at the Fabian strategies
used during the war. The analysis of these topics will be based off of accounts left by ancient historians such as Polybius and Livy as well as a range of
modern historian's accounts. The second Punic war was started over Spain. With the Iberian Peninsula already well under Carthaginian power; with the
Iberians fighting in their wars and the use of their resources like gold, silver and other metals to pay for their equipment and the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Second Punic War (218–201) broke out in the land of Italy where the majority of this war was fought. It saw over 120,000 casualties for the
Romans and most of Hannibal's army was also destroyed. The immediate cause for this war was the unprecedented attack by Hannibal and the
Carthaginian army on the city of Saguntum which was considered to be neutral territory between Carthage and Rome; said to be under Roman
protection. This was seen as an act of aggression and Rome declared war on Carthage. Hannibal's famous crossing of the Alps was the starting point of
this war when Hannibal surprised the Roman army by avoiding a naval war and instead found an alternate route to Italy where the first battles of Tredia
and Tresimene were fought in both the Romans suffered high casualties and were crushed by Hannibal's army. In 216 the Romans changed course and
redeemed themselves with various strategic military strategies post battle of Cannae, this when the Romans started using the 'Fabian Strategy', avoiding
direct confrontation with the Carthaginians thereby exhausting their resources and inflicting minor defeats along the way. Much of the Italian land was
also devastated as a result of this war. Finally, with The Romans' resolute attitude coupled with the miscalculated moves by Hannibal and his

Hannibal And Hannibal
When Rome encountered Carthage on the other side of the Mediterranean Sea it found a nation that was nearly equal in military strength and resources.
Surprisingly the two governments were very similar as well. When two great nations need to expand their area of influence in close proximity to each
other war is almost inevitable. Though Rome was the greater power I will attempt to show how Carthage almost became its equal and how this great
century old conflict was the catalyst that turned Rome into a mighty naval power. The rise of Carthage's ability to nearly overcoming Rome and its rise
to power over the region could almost entirely be credited to the heroic efforts of Hannibal.
Carthage had a very similar government to Rome. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"He thus got between the Roman armies and the Roman capital. He knew that Flaminius would be obliged to hasten to Rome to protect the city."
(Morey) When Fmaninius responded Hannibal was once again victorious.
Next Hannibal turned towards southern Italy knowing that he could build an army out of the conquered region. His plan was to use Rome's own people
against them. According to Morrey, "The battle of Cannae convinced the Italian allies that it would be better to have the help, rather than the hostility,
of such a man as Hannibal. The Apulians, the Lucanians, the Samnites, the Bruttians, revolted and put themselves under his protection." (Morey)
Rome had to change its tactics. The Roman empire sent armies to Spain to prevent reinforcements for Hannibal, armies to Sicily so they would not join
Hannibal and a small army to Greece to keep Macedonia from joining the fight as well. These tactics worked in Rome's favor and Hannibal's armies
were eventually crushed. The final battle that ended the second Punic war took place at the battle of Zama. According to Mark, "Fourteen years later, at
the Battle of Zama in 202 BCE, Scipio would use Hannibal's own tricks to defeat him and win the Second PunicWar. Roman skill on the battlefield,
through which they became masters of the world, can be traced directly back to Scipio Africanus and his adaptations of Hannibal's strategies at
Cannae."

Famous Military Commander Of The Carthaginian Army
Hannibal– Famous Military Commander of the Carthaginian Army Hannibal Barca was the greatest military strategist and army general of his time. He
was born in 247 B.C.E. into a military family in Carthage, which is today known as Tunis, in the country of Tunisia. He led the military forces of
Carthage in battles against Rome during the Second Punic War. His most famous achievement was leading the Carthaginian army, along with forty
elephants, across the Alps to attack Rome. Carthage is located long the Mediterranean Sea in northern Africa. The ancient Phoenician Empire
established the city of Carthage in 800 BCE. The people of this ancient Phoenician City State were great sea navigators and traders. Carthage's location
provided a seaport that was protected from sea storms and access to sea trading routes. The people of Carthage built an amazing circular artificial
harbor called the Cothon, which consisted of two connected areas for ships to dock. The rectangular portion docked and protected many sea–trading
ships while the circular part was used to dock as many as 220 warships. Carthage dominated trade in the Mediterranean Sea including the expensive
and sought after purple dye made from the murex shells of Mediterranean sea snails. The area surrounding Carthage also had fertile land for growing
agriculture. The style of clothes, at that time, is believed to resemble the Egyptians, which included long white and purple clothing wrapped over one
shoulder and sandals. The

Hannibal And Rome : The Battle Of The Second Punic War
Rome's main military opposition was Carthage, a kingdom located on the northern coast of Africa. Carthage and Rome fought in a series of three wars
known as the Punic Wars. The second Punic War, fought from 218–202 BC was led by Hannibal on the Carthaginian side and Quintus Fabius Maximus
Verrucosus with Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus on the Roman side. The Battle of Lake Trasimene 217 BC was a major battle in the Second Punic
War. Under Hannibal, the Carthaginian army defeated the Romans, who were lead by the consul Gaius Flaminius. This battle helped the Carthaginians
to bring the Romans close to defeat, Hannibal was able to execute his father Hamilcar's strategy perfectly in this battle. In the Battle of Cannae, the
Carthaginians were just as lucky. Rome's larger army, under Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro, was efficiently and easily defeated by
the Carthaginian forces. Though Carthage surprised Rome with many victories, the Punic War ended in 202 BC with the The Battle of Zama. Scipio
lead the Roman army and defeated the Carthaginian army led by Hannibal. Though Hannibal's army had more men than Scipio's, and he had eighty
elephants, Rome showed their superiority and skill in ending the Second Punic War with this battle. Many years after this, another kingdom of North
Africa, Numidia, fostered a connection with Rome. King Jugurtha of this region was able to benefit from the Roman soldiers through bribery and
connections with them. While there was

Rome During The Second Punic War
In Rome, the Patricians, the wealthy elite, sat at the top of the pyramid. They are followed by the Senators, as mentioned before had political power, but
under the supervision of the consuls. The Equestrian class or equites were determined on a man could maintain a steady income. The freeborn Roman
citizens or the Plebians sat below the equites. The last tier on the pyramid were slaves and soldiers. The Romans practiced both Judaism and
Christianity. The women of both countries had no power of any kind nor were they considered citizens, so they were not allowed to run for office or
serve in the military. Instead, they carried out the traditional family lifestyle of cooking, cleaning, and caring for the children (Cartwright, 2016).
Information ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Rome, their two most important types of infrastructure included their aqueducts and their roads. According to World Rome History, the Romans
build three types of roads: dirt, gravel, and fully paved. The dirt and gravel roads were built for walking and movement of cattle, while the paved roads
could tolerate all types of movement, including heavier objects such as carriages (World Rome History). The Carthaginians utilized these roads as they
tried to invade Rome. The Romans used the roads to maneuver around the Carthaginian forces, as well as, to expand their empire. The aqueducts were
constructed to deal with the water demand issue. Throughout the city of Rome, eleven aqueducts were built, bringing a fresh supply of water to the

The Battle Of The Second Punic War

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Erika Nelson

More from Erika Nelson (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Battle Of The Second Punic War