Ccna 1 Final Exam

Ccna 1 Final Exam
CCNA1 Final Exam version 4.0 (100/100) – (B) vГ o lГєc 7:55 PM В· 33Share Take Assessment– ENetwork Final Exam – Network Fundamentals
(Version 4.0) Updated March 11th 2009 100/100 1 A PC can not connect to any remote websites, ping its default gateway, or ping a printer that is
functioning properly on the local network segment. Which action will verify that the TCP/IP stack is functioning correctly on this PC? Use the
ipconfig /all command at the hostпїЅs command prompt. X Use the ping 127.0.0.1 command at the command prompt. Use the traceroute command at
the command prompt to identify any failures on the path to the gateway. Use FTP to check for connectivity to remote sites. Download a
troubleshooting tool from the PC... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Flash X NVRAM RAM ROM 14 A routing issue has occurred in you internetwork. Which of the following type of devices should be examined to
isolate this error? access point host hub X router switch 15 Which OSI layer protocol does IP rely on to determine whether packets have been lost and
to request retransmission? application presentation session X transport 16 Due to a security violation, the router passwords must be changed. What
information can be learned from the following configuration entries? (Choose two.) Router(config)# line vty 0 3 Router(config–line)# password c13c0
Router(config–line)# login The entries specify three Telnet lines for remote access. X The entries specify four Telnet lines for remote access. The
entries set the console and Telnet password to "c13c0". Telnet access will be denied because the Telnet configuration is incomplete. X Access will be
permitted for Telnet using "c13c0" as the password. 17 Which prompt represents the appropriate mode used for the copy running–config startup–config
command ? Switch–6J> X Switch–6J# Switch–6J(config)# Switch–6J(config–if)# Switch–6J(config–line)# 18 Which combination of network id
and subnet mask correctly identifies all IP addresses from 172.16.128.0 through 172.16.159.255? 172.16.128.0 255.255.255.224 172.16.128.0
255.255.0.0 172.16.128.0 255.255.192.0 X 172.16.128.0 255.255.224.0 172.16.128.0 255.255.255.192 19 When must a router
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Networks And Standards Of Network
Networks and Standards
In this piece of work I will talk about different network types, topologies, architectures and specify the standards and protocols often related to them.
Furthermore I will discuss network hardware and software required by a PC to join a network and access shared resources. Finally, I will look into
different network services provided by the networks and the Internet.
Network Types
Personal are network
PAN is a computer network which is there to communicate with other computerised networks. This will include things like telephones and personal
assistants. PAN is something that can also be used for communicating between the personal devices themselves or even connecting to a level higher
than that. It is also a wireless network technology which is carried over with such things like a wireless USB or even Bluetooth. Local Area Network
A local area network is something that can be connected to a computer and also devices in such a limited area, some examples of this would be
places like at home and school. Users that is able to have access to the network can file share only as it protected by a password. The LAN is
important for sharing resources that include files, printers and even games. The most common LAN is in my classroom network and my home
network. LANs could be wired, wireless and a mixture of the two. The most common protocols related to wired LANs is the Ethernet (802.3) and
wireless networks are usually linked to Wi–Fi (802.11) standard.

The Network Structure Is Called Learning Beyond
Organization Description
The organization we will be working for to organize and implement their network structure is called Learning Beyond. It is a small educational program
that students can attend after school in place of the after–school child–care. It provides a fun educational environment for students who are in need of
additional tutoring in certain subjects, or who wish to expand their knowledge beyond the school day. As of right now, it is fairly small, but we would
like room for additional growth as the program gains popularity. The basic requirements are two main instructor computers, 10 student laptops, and one
wireless printer. Internet access will be needed for each of these computers as well. An additional building will later be provided at an alternate location
that will need to be connected to this main network. A JuniperRouter will be needed, since the operating system the computers will be running will be
JUNOS. We will configure the network to be run on the IPv6 addressing system, to prevent the need of reconfiguration when the mass crossover to
IPv6 occurs. The network needs to be configured to add any additional devices that will be needed in the future as the program grows.
Configuring IPv6 on a Juniper router A router on the network will provide the ability to connect multiple local area networks (LAN) together in order
for them to communicate. In this case, we will be using a Juniper router to accommodate the JUNOS operation system.

Voice Over Internet Protocol Term Paper
Introduction
Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) is a technology that offers voice communications using the existing Internet protocols. Over the years the Internet
has developed as a very cheap medium that has been used to send electronic mails and files across the globe. VoIP extends this concept and provides
the facility to send voice data between people using the IP framework. Since the Internet is a cheap medium, enabling voice services through it will
effectively cut costs that are normally encountered in making calls through normal telephone lines. This would mean that people across the world can
talk to each other at a fraction of the cost that they could be spending when they use normal telephone lines. This is exactly what makes ... Show more
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How VoIP functions
At the basic level, VoIP functions much like the common Internet services that are available today. Voice data is received at one end of the IP
network and is compressed, digitized, and broken down into data packets with unique serial numbers. A universal lookup table or an IP reference
table helps the server at the call originating end to find out the IP of the receiver to whom the call is placed. Once the IP is resolved, data is sent to
the destination IP much in the same fashion that emails and web data is transferred across the network. The data packets that are received at the
destination end is collected, arranged according to sequence numbers, and converted back to analog signals so that the receiver can hear the voice.
VoIP is possible between two computers, between two telephones that are connected to a network or even between a computer and a telephone. This
means that a person with a PC can originate a call to a landline or vice versa [Jain, 2004]
The advantages of VoIP
В• Voice and Data Integration
VoIP is a definite step towards integration of voice and data; a need that has been increasingly researched since the last few decades. Integration of
voice and data would mean that data transfer can be controlled effectively thereby making data manipulation faster and more secure. VoIP will use a
host of technologies like voice encryption in future to ensure that data transfer across voice sensitive servers happen

Nt1330 Unit 1
1.1A threat is defined as a potential cause of an incident that may cause harm of systems and organisation, or data. A potential and obvious threat is
someone physically stealing hardware, or data. Physical threats are any incident that could result in the loss or physical damage to a computer system,
there are threats that are pretty much unpreventable such as fire, floods, lightening, and earthquakes, and these are all physical threats that are
uncontrollable. The humidity in rooms which computers are in does to an extent need to be controlled, if the room is too hot or cold if could have a
negative effect on a computer system. There are also human threats such as; vandalism, theft, disruption, accidental or intentional errors.
1.2An electronic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The physical protection of information, personnel, software, buildings and other material resources are the first thing that should be assessed when
looking into security, obviously there are unavoidable disasters such as natural disasters, man–made disasters and loss of electricity, air or water but
most issues are preventable, by monitoring who has access to what and how much access they have, by locking rooms and PC's, using person
specific swipe cards, bolting computers to desks, having effective CCTV in place, and by having effective monitoring tools an IT team can keep a
close eye on valuable data and prevent risks. Electronic security systems are designed to protect against unwanted personnel and they provide free
roaming for wanted personnel. An electronic security system is a series of biometric locks, or a single biometric lock. A biometric lock is a
system that can provide control of entry (or exit) within a designated area by the use of an electronic locking facility. The most common biometric
lock is a pin pad system which is a keypad that requires the exact combinations of keys to open the lock, the keys are generally numbers but can be
emphasised as letters, shapes, or sounds. Secondly and commonly are swipe cards which are encoded cards which hold information on the user, there
is normally a swipe slot to enter a facility that have chosen to

The Osi Reference Model Inn A Data Communication Network
Q: 1 (a) explain the data encapsulation process in the OSI reference model inn a data communication network.
Ans:– The way toward going data through the layers of the OSI is called epitome. A convention information unit is a parcel of data made by a PC and
go starting with one layer of the OSI then onto the next.
b). identify the advantages of layered approach of OSI reference model.
1)It is really non–specific model which is considered as a standard model.
2)It backings association situated and also connectionless administrations.
3)This layer takes after reflection rule that is change in one layer does not affect much on other layer.
4)It is more secure and versatile than having all administrations packaged in a solitary layer. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ARP: – : stands for address resolution protocol and it helps to find the hardware address of a host from its recognised ip address. IT facilitates data
exchange between computers on the same network. It is only used for one address request at a time. It operates as a interface between network and data
link layer. DNS: – : stands for domain Name Server. It converts more readily learnt domain names to the numerical IP address required for the purpose
of finding and classifying computer amenities and devices with the essential network protocols. This is used to resolve human readable hostname like
www.google.com.
Q.2
A). explain broadcast domain and collision domain with an example.
BROADCAST DOMAIN: Broadcast spaces have a place with an arrangement of gadgets in a similar IP system and works at layer three of the OSI
show. That communicate message goes to each PC and system gadget in the communicate area. Regardless of what number of hosts or gadgets are
associated together, in the event that they are associated with a repeater, center point, switch or extension, every one of these gadgets are in ONE
Broadcast domain.
Collision domain– is a piece of a network connected by common medium through repeaters where data packets can crash with one another by being
sent. It occur when more than one device efforts to send a packet on a network section at the similar time. Commonly we call media as shared

Essay Layering & Internet Model
There are three parts to this assignment relating to each lecture in Module 1.
Part 1: Layering and the Internet Model
Imagine that a technology organization has been in business for decades, and that the organization developed its own method of
computer–to–computer communication. Because this method of communication only occurs within this organization, it is not layered, but rather is
designed to operate as quickly and efficiently as possible on the custom hardware by using the least amount of overhead possible. The organization
continues to create its own communication hardware and software that works with modern computers, but the CTO of the organization is considering
replacing this custom communication solution with the adoption ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus Cost will be reduced as there will be many vendors offering the products at different layers. Competition and compatibility of the products will be
more, which will in turn reduce the cost.
Topic 2: The Disadvantages of a Layered Model
Identify and describe the disadvantages of a layered solution when compared to the organization's non–layered solution.
1.The processing and data overhead because for any communication to take place it has to go through all 5 layers (internet model ) and 7 layers for
OSI model.
2. The data overhead as it adds headers at each layer as the datagram moves down the stack. Thus part of bandwidth is used for the protocol headers
instead of message/data.
3. Addition of headers at each layer also increases the computation overhead.
Topic 3: The Layers of the Internet Model
Identify the layers of the Internet Model, and explain what functionality each layer would provide for the organization, if adopted.
Layers of the Internet Model :
1. The Physical Layer 2. The Data link layer 3. The Network layer 4. The Transport layer 5. The Application layer

Physical layer : The Physical layer is the lowest layer of the internet model and is concerned with the transmission and reception of the unstructured raw
bit stream. It describes the electrical/optical, mechanical, and functional interfaces to the physical medium, and carries the signals for all of

21st Century Classroom : Classroom Essay
21st century classroom. A 21st century classroom emphasis on the effective uses of technology and encourages students to develop learning skills that
involve using of various applications. Classrooms of 21st century are interactive in nature. These are beyond the physical boundaries and independent
of time zones. Grouping of social network, inclusion of digital games, use of e–textbooks, open source books, and open source applications are
becoming fundamentals of the present–day classroom environment. Apart from learning concepts, students also acquire skills as organization,
articulation, project management and collaboration. Classrooms with wireless network and devices like laptops, and tablets encourage students to
complete their homework online, manage their blogs, collaboratively manage data and use online resources to support the class work. Furthermore,
interactive whiteboards and multimedia technologies in the classroom allow students to seamlessly share their work with the entire class. Undeniably,
integrating technology into education improves students' commitment and retention towards the subjects. It gears them to take over 21st century
careers in today's increasingly global information economy [8f]. Technologies impact on pedagogical organization Mordern Technologies Nowadays
number of technologies is influencing our life styles. Some examples are high speed networks, wireless communication, Cloud Computing, Smart
phone/hand held devices, Universal Storage

Data Communication : Unit Standard 6852 V7
Describe Data Communication
Unit Standard 6852 v7
Level 4 Credit 4
Research Projects Assessment Task 1: Data communication types historically used, developments leading to Local Area Network, current data
communication, and trends from emerging developments. Communication among humans has always been there from the very start and the modes of
communication developed as they moved further apart from each other. The early centuries records of people messengers who were used to transport
messages as fast as they could. Pigeons were trained to transport messages. There is indications that Heliographs were used for serious signaling
purposes. A code book was issued by the 16th century for British navy including flags with different meanings to communicate during the war. Then
there were watchman who had the responsibility of data transmission. There were various ways of transmitting data without the help of electricity
(Holzmann and Pehrson, 2015).
The age of electric telegraphed information came into picture in the late 1800's when the first Trans–Atlantic cable was laid. The basic elements of
Morse code were used. "Mr. Watson, come here, I want you." These were the first words spoken by Alexander Graham Bell while working with his
invention, the telephone. The wireless telegraph was a major breakthrough in the development of broadcast communication (Holzmann and Pehrson,
2015).
The turn of the nineteenth century saw the invention of tele typewriter. Tele printer

Computer Communication
Section 1 Introduction
1.1 COMMUNICATIONS
Computer communications is the process of sharing data, programs, and information between two or more computers. We have discussed numerous
applications that depend on communication systems, including: E–mail – Provides a fast, efficient alternative to traditional mail by sending and
receiving electronic documents. Instant messaging – Supports direct, "live" electronic communication between two or more friends or buddies. Internet
telephone – provides a very low cost alternative to long–distance telephone calls using electronic voice delivery. Electronic commerce – buying and
selling goods electronically
In this chapter, we will focus on the communication systems ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
LANs are widely used by colleges, universities and other types of organizations to link microcomputers and to share printers and other resources.
The LAN represented is a typical arrangement and provides two benefits are
Economy and flexibility. People can share costly equipment. For instance, the four micro computers share the laser printer and the file server, which
are expensive pieces of hardware, Other equipment or nods may also be added to the LAN – for instance, more microcomputers a mainframe computer
or optical disk storage devices. Additional t he network gateway is a device that allows one LAN to be linked to other LANs or to a larger network.
For example, the LAN of one office group may be connected to the LAN of another office group.
There are a variety of different standards or ways in which nodes can be connected to one another and ways in which their communications are
controlled in a LAN. The most common standard is known as Ethernet. LANs using this standard are sometimes referred to as Ethernet LANs
HOME NETWORKS
While LANs have been widely used within organizations for years, they are now being commonly used by individuals in their homes and apartments.
These LANs called home networks allow different computers to share resources including a common Internet connection. Computers can be connected
in a variety of ways including electrical wiring, telephone wiring and special cables. One of the simplest ways however is

Application Server : A Server
1)Server – A server is a computer or a device which is connected on a network that is managing all the network data. There are many types of servers,
for example file server, database server, print server, etc.
Client – A client is part of a client server, a client runs on a personal computer or in most cases on a work station and relies on the server to perform
some of the operations. For example, an email client is an app that enables you to send and receive emails.
Router – The router is a hardware device which has the role to analyse and move incoming data packets to another network. For example a router can
be found in almost all households used to connect to the internet.
Connecting backbone – A back bone is a line or a set of lines that local area networks can connect to for a wide area network connection or with a local
area network to span distances efficiently. A large company which is established in many different locations may use a backbone connection to tie all
the locations together.
2)
Connection methodDescriptionAdvantagesDisadvantages
Wireless
Connecting in between devices without a cable.No hassle in always using wires.Wireless has a limited signal range or the connection could be weak.
Broadband
Is a high speed data transmission which only one cable can carry a large amount of data at once.It does not affect the phone line and you get a faster
data transfer.Not all Cable TV networks have been equipped for cable internet access.

Nt1330 Unit 4 Research Project 1
Unit 4 Research Project 1: Chapter 5 Mind Maps
ComponentPhysical FunctionLogical Function
CPUOperates operations that lead to making a PC work.Mastermind of the computer
NICFurnishes a PC with a physical connection to the PC system.
Cables and Connectors Coaxial Cable, UTP, RJ45Interfaces the PC to different things, for example, force source, Ethernet.
Local area switch ,Router ,Bridge System extension used to make an association between two different PC systems or to gap one system into two.
LAN switch–gives a focal association between two or more PCs on a system.Switch advances information parcels between PC systems
OS ,Microsoft Windows,Linux.Operating systems, memory management is the function responsible for managing the computer's ... Show more content
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Permits the PC to perform different assignments send and get email, turn upward sites, and so on
2. Important types of local area network and wide area networks technologies:
LAN TechnologiesHow used in Data NetworkWAN TechnologiesHow Used in Data Network
EthernetPhysical systems administration innovation used to convey information over the web.Point to Point Protocol =PPPFor correspondence
between two PCs utilizing a serial interface or a PC joined by telephone line to a server.
Logical RingJoined in a ring or star topology and a bit–or token–passing plan is utilized as a part of request to keep the impact of information between
two PCs that need to send messages in the meantime.Abnormal state Data Link ControlInformation is composed into a unit (called an edge) and sent
over a system to a destination that confirms its effective entry likewise deals with the stream or pacing at which information is sent.
Fiber Distributed Data Interface.Measures for information transmission on fiber optic lines–can stretch out in reach up to 124 miles.Asynchronous
Transfer Mode =ATMcomposes computerized information into 53–byte cell units and transmits them more than a physical medium utilizing advanced
sign

The George Hotel's Prospects for the future
The George Hotel is a controversial project that will bring much needed rejuvenation to a lacking lower Gibsons. The George though being battled
by many will bring much needed employment opportunities to the sunshine coast. This expansion to our waterfront will also bring with it a boost
in tourism and keep the bustling culture of lower Gibsons alive. With this project comes heavy opposition from people all over the Sunshine
Coast. Many people feel that the design of this project is not aesthetically pleasing and will not fit in with the "quaint" style of our town. I would
like to pose the question what is the style of this town? Is there a style of architecture that is recognizable feature of Gibsons or does the the
differentiation of all buildings make Gibsons unique. One other problem that has been posed is the breaking of the OCP height restrictions. The
proposed height for The George is 25 metres which is approximately 8 stories, double the current OCP restrictions. People worry that if we were to
change the rules for one building would other developers run in and try slip under the rules too. For this town to further flourish we need to think
about changing some of the rules of the OCP to allow projects that will help further our community culturally, and economically. Economically speaking
The George will provide many full and part time jobs for residents of the Sunshine Coast. A proposed 130 full time and part time in hotel
administration, accounting,

Implementation Of Communication Platform For Consensus...
Individual interim report
Student name: Xiang Liqian
Student ID: 200986035
Contents
1.Introduction
1.1.Motivation
1.2.Problem statement
1.2.1.Project structure
1.2.2.Project scheme
2.Technical background
2.1.Consensus protocol
2.2.Xbees/Zigbees
2.2.1.Introduction of Zigbees and Xbees
2.2.2.Zigbee wireless standard
2.2.3.Theoretical Basis
2.2.4.X–CTU software
3.Conclusion
4.Time plan

5.References
Introduction
1.1.Motivation
The topic of this project is hardware–implementation of communication platform for consensus–based control in power systems. Because of the
capacity of existing electric power distribution is nearly full, it is a trend to develop grid technology and enhance the intelligent level of power system
[1]. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate and coordinate distributed generation (DG) effectively. Development of smart grid is becoming a popular and
inevitable trend. The development of distributed generation has changed the traditional mode of power supply and utilization. And intelligent control
of electrical devices can minimize the power consumption and reduce the operating cost. It is much economic and energy conservation.
However, there is a factor that limits the present implementation of existing hierarchical control in smart grid. Because the voltage in each DG's
terminal is different, the accuracy of reactive power sharing is low [2]. Based on this problem, this project

Lack Of Indoor Coverage And Low Data Rates
different approach to the existing problems of lack of indoor coverage and low data rates.
Femtocells are fully featured, short range mobile phone base stations used to complement mobile phone services from larger macrocell towers.
These range from very compact residential femtocells to larger equipment used inside offices or public spaces. They offer excellent mobile phone
coverage and data speeds at all the places. Femtocells have been developed for 3G and also the newer 4G/LTE radio technologies.
III.DEFINITION OF AFEMTOCELL
Femtocells, also known as 'home base stations', are small low power cellular network access points that connect standard 3GPP devices to a mobile
operator's network using residential Digital Subscriber Line ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although there are certain issues to be handled but still the following major advantages can be listed: a) compensates for poor cellular coverage
inside the homes or small enterprise. b) Provides plug and play feature thus providing the user with ease of installation and usage. c) Compact
structure, that is the Femtocell is actually the UTRAN in a box and offers all services through existing broadband internet connection. d) Voice and
data calls takes place through the secure IP–Sec Tunnel thus offering good quality of encryption and helps in securing the data. e) Helps in offloading
the macro traffic and cell phones automatically switch over to the Femtocell coverage when in range. f) Femtocells are compatible with all 3GPP
handheld devices and help improve the data speed and coverage in the areas where there are slow speeds and poor coverage. g) Femtocells can not
only work efficiently with the existing network infrastructure by extending the cellular macro network but also can serve as primary network if
sufficient number of Femtocells are provided in the region thus reducing the number of macrocells reducing equipment cost and complexity
IV.SMALL CELL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The lab setup of Small Cell Management System along with its Network Element (NE) is as shown in Fig 1. SCMS consists of Wireless management
system (WMS), FileServer (FS), Home device manager (HDM) and Network

Business Data Communication and Networks test bank Essays
Which of the following is a data link layer function?
A) packetizing B) error and flow control
C) medium access control
The data link layer is responsible for _______ delivery.
C) hop–to–hop The data packet at the data link layer is usually called a _______.
A) frame The protocol for obtaining the physical address of a node when the IP address is known is called _______.
C)
ARP
A signal can lose energy due to the resistance of the medium. This is called _______.
D) attenuation _______ can cause errors during data transmission.
A)
White noise
B)
Impulse noise
C)
Echo

Which of the following best describes a single–bit error?
B)
A single bit is inverted per data unit.
If the ASCII character G is sent and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
C)
Timing
Data flow between two devices can occur in a _______ way.
A) simplex B) half–duplex C) full–duplex In a ______ connection, two and only two devices are connected by a dedicated link.
B) point–to–point In a ________ connection, three or more devices share a link.
A) multipoint ______ refers to the physical or logical arrangement of a network.
C)
Topology
Devices may be arranged in a _____ topology.
A) mesh B) ring C) bus A _______ is a data communication system within a building, plant, or campus, or between nearby buildings.
B)
LAN
A ______ is a data communication system spanning states, countries, or the whole world.
C)
WAN
________ is a collection of many separate networks.
B)
An internet
There are ______________ Internet service providers.
A) local B) regional C) national and international
A ________ is a set of rules that governs data communication.

B) protocol ________ is an idea or concept that is a precursor to an Internet standard.
B)
RFC
The Internet model consists of _______ layers.
B)
Five
The process–to–process delivery of the entire message is the responsibility of the _______ layer.
B)
Transport
The _______ layer is the layer closest to the transmission medium.
A) Physical
Mail services are available to network users through the _______ layer.
D)
Application
As the data packet moves from the upper to the lower layers, headers are _______.
A)
Added
The _______ layer lies between the network

Commands Http Router Of Router Essay
Commands to configure router to EIGRP
Enable the Routing Information Protocol on the router. Write router(config)#router rip
Using network command detects the network available, using this command you will be able to detect network connected directly to router. write
Router(config–router)#network YOU.RNE.TWR.KID
Write the main network address if your network is sub netted without having to write the subnets i.e. if you some subnets connected to the router
(172.32.0.0/24, 172.32.1.0/24, and 172.32.2.0/
Write the main network address without the subnets I.e. if you have subnet connected to router 24, you just put them to a single 'network' using the
following command Router(config–router)#network 172.32.0.0 and the subnet will be automatically be connected to the router
To adjust the timers (flush timers, invalid, update and hold down) using the "time basic' command. These parameters are in seconds. Write "
Router(config–router)#timers basic 30 180 180 240" will set default values if the rip timer
Stop the update from being spread to the network, if there is any router inter interface connected to internet. Use the; passive interface; command. This
command will prevent the interface from forwarding any RIP broadcast and will be able to listen to other interface in RIP. "Write Router
(config–router) #passive–interface" followed by "INTTYPE INTNUMBER" where, INTTYPE is the type of the interface, such as Serial, Fast Ethernet,
or Ethernet and INTNUMBER is the

It331 Documentation
CNS Capstone A COMPREHENSIVE NETWORK DEVELOPMENT PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE IT / COMPUTER NETWORKS SYSTEMS
PROGRAM IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ASSOCIATE DEGREE by
В¬В¬В¬В¬В¬В¬В¬В¬В¬В¬В¬___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
___________________________ ADVISOR – ______________ ITT TECHNICAL INSTITUTE MURRAY, UTAH AUGUST, 2006 Table of Contents
Introduction to Infinet............................................................................3 TTI's Proposal
Overview........................................................................4Executive Summary...........................................................................6 Assumptions and
Constraints................................................................7 Deliverables....................................................................................8... Show more content on
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Each campus will have a MDF room where data will be sent and forwarded as needed. The Houston West campus will include an MDF as well as
an IDF on the second floor to forward data to the MDF. Each school has four labs that require 31 connections. There needs to be 3 runs of cabling to
the 30 computers on the Curriculum network and 1 run of cable to terminate at the instructor's computer on the Administrator network. All computers
on the Administration network will have their ip addresses set statically and all computers on the Curriculum network will obtain their ip addresses
automatically from a DHCP server. DHCP Server Each campus will have a DHCP server to hand out ip addresses to nodes on the Curriculum network.
DNS and E–Mail DNS and e–mail servers will be implemented in a hierarchical manner with all services located on the master server at the main
campus. All DNS and e–mail servers will be capable to communicate with each other in the event that the master server becomes unavailable.
Administrative Server TTI will need to have an Administration server at each school site to interface with the DBMS at headquarters for student
tracking, grades, attendance, and other functions The Administration server must not be accessible by any students or the

Benefits Of Using Vpn Account
PROTOCOL CHOICES The company ABC will consist of several LANs, each of them will serve one part of the organization. Since the ABC
Company is a worldwide company and has different location in various states and countries, it will require installing a WAN (Wide Area
Network) to connect the different location with each other. All of these WAN connections will be set up as a VPN to have better, strong and
secure communication within the business. The choice of VPN is because it is useful for multiples network connection. By using VPN it will be
possible to share servers and other network resources among multiples offices across the world. Moreover, another advantage of using VPN is that
all employees can work at the same time whether they are in or out of the office. Even those working at home are able to interact with each other
and have the same work experience. The administrator will have full control over what the employee can do, for security purpose. (Advantages of
using VPN Account). A proxy (technically an open proxy) server is a computer that acts as an intermediary between your computer and the internet.
Any traffic routed through a proxy server will appear to come from its IP address, not your computers. Unlike VPN servers, proxy servers do not have
to devote resources to encrypting all traffic that passes through them, and therefore can accept simultaneous connections from a great many more users
(typically tens of thousands). We decided to not go with Proxy due

Indp 2
Transmission Control Protocols or TCP is among the key methods utilized in Internet Protocol Suites. TCP has got two end systems, a web browser
and a web server from which it operates. TCP provides delivery of a stream of bytes from a program on one computer system to another. Internet
Protocols operate at a lower level compared to TCP. An IP is used for data transmission across a packet switched internetwork. In X on and X off
signals, the X means transmitter. These types of signals are used to manage the movement of data between computer systems on an asynchronous serial
connection. In X on, the bit configuration is the keyboard blend of Ctrl–Q and the Ctrl–S combination is for X off. There are two kinds of
transmissions, parallel as... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As discussed in Chapter 3, the connectionless environment (which includes
X.25 networks, the public Internet, private IP–based backbones, and LANs) can be likened to the postal service, in which a message is relayed from
point to point, with each relay getting one step closer to its ultimate destination. In a connectionless environment, each packet of a message is an
independent unit that contains the source and destination address. Each packet is independently routed at each intermediate node it crosses. The more
hops it goes through, the greater the accumulated delays, which greatly affects delay–sensitive applications, including any form of real–time voice,
real–time audio, real–time video, video–on–demand, and streaming media. But connectionless environments can work around problems, which is why
they were so strong in the early days, when there were frequent system failures and links that were too noisy to perform correctly. Connectionless
packets could circumvent system failures or noisy conditions and still meet at the
destination point with high integrity. The connectionless environment offered the flexibility of routing around problem areas, but at the risk of greater
overhead associated with the overall transmission because addressing had to be included in each packet, and also at the risk of greater delays because
each packet had to be independently routed. Features of IP
IP was designed to work in the LAN world. It is a

Hybrid Android Based Home Automation
UJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Chandkheda, Ahmedabad
Affiliated
Government Engineering College, Modasa
A
Project Report
On
"Hybrid Android based Home Automation"
Submitted by:
Name of studentEnrollment No.
Manthan R. Lunagariya130160111038
Dhruvish A. Panchal130160111048
Guided By:
Prof. N.J.Bathani
Academic year
(2016–17)
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE MODASA
Electronics & Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled "Hybrid Android based Home Automation" has been carried out by Manthan R. Lunagariya
(130160111038) under my guidance in fulfillment of the Subject, Design Engineering in B.E. Electronics & Communication Engineering of Gujarat
Technological University during the academic year 2016.
Head of the Department____________________ Prof. N.J.Bathani
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE MODASA
Electronics & Communication Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled "Hybrid Android based Home Automation" has been carried out by Dhruvish A. Panchal (130160111048)
under my guidance in fulfillment of the Subject, Design Engineering in B.E. Electronics & Communication Engineering of Gujarat Technological
University during the academic year 2016.
Head of the Department____________________ Prof. N.J.Bathani
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It

Questions with Explanation
Q1: If an Ethernet port on router was assigned an IP address of 172.16.112.1/20, what is the maximum number of hosts allowed on this subnet? A.
1024 B. 2046 C. 4094 D. 4096 E. 8190 Answer: C Explanation: Given IP address of 172.16.112.1 / 20, subnet mask: 255.255.240.0 max. num of hosts
=(( 2^12) –2 ) = 4096–2 = 4094 Q2.:An access list was written with the four statements shown in the graphic. Which single access list statement will
combine all four of these statements into a single statements that will have exactly the same effect?
A. access–list 10 permit 172.29.16.0 0.0.0.255 B. access–list 10 permit 172.29.16.0 0.0.1.255 C. access–list 10 permit 172.29.16.0 0.0.3.255 D.
access–list 10 permit 172.29.16.0 0.0.15.255 E. access–list 10 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A host in an Ethernet network can communicate with another host,only if it knows the Ethernet address (MAC address) of that host.The higher level
protocols like IP use a different kind of addressing scheme like (IP address) from the lower level hardware addressing scheme like MAC address.ARP
is used to get the Ethernet address of a host from its IP address.ARP is extensively used by all the hosts in an Ethernet network.In this case there is
already an entry for this IP address,Meaning this host already knows the MAC to IP address mapping for this destination so there is no need to send
out an ARP request instead it will send the ICMP packet directly to 192.168.1.254 via unicast. Q7.An internetwork has been configured as shown in the
diagram, with both routers using EIGRP routing for AS 44.Users on the Branch router are unable to reach any of the subnets on the HQ router.Which
of the following commands is necessary to fix this problem.?
A. Branch(config–router)# version 2 B. Branch(config–router)# no auto–summary C. Branch(config–router)# redistribute eigrp 44 D.
Branch(config–router)# EIGRP log–neighbor–changes E. Branch(config–router)# default–information originate Explanation:By default, EIGRP

Fvbff
CCNA4 Exploration: Accessing the WAN Guided Case Study Student: Date: Marks: Overview and Objectives This final case study allows students
to build and configure a complex network using skills gained throughout the course. This case study is not a trivial task. To complete it as outlined
with all required documentation will be a significant accomplishment. The case study scenario describes the project in general terms, and will explain
why the network is being built. Following the scenario, the project is broken into a number of phases, each of which has a detailed list of requirements.
It is important to read and understand each... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Expect 100% growth of current IP requirements when determining size of subnets. All networking devices must have IP addresses. Use the private
class B _______ network for internal addressing throughout the company's WAN and LAN networks. Use VLSM for IP addressing. Use subnet
200.1.1.0/24 for connection to the Internet via the HQ router in Exeter. There is a DNS server at address 198.198.1.2/24 connected to the HQ
router. Security between the various networks is required to be controlled via firewalls (access control lists). One public address, 199.199.199.1, has
been provided external access to the Internet for the company. Phase 1: Network Design (20 marks) 1.Produce a logical diagram with IPv4 addressing
for the based on the scenario given for the WANs and LANs for South West Electrical that includes: в
–Є Use ______ for internal addressing with IP
subnet zero enabled. в–Є Apply /30 subnets on all serial interfaces, using the last available subnets. в–Є Define router and switch names Design a
redundant switched network with spanning–tree to elect the root bridge. в–Є Define VLANs, names and their network addresses. Design for the
propagation of VLANs with VTP. в–Є All network addresses. в–Є Number of hosts per network. в–Є Link Speeds. Design to secure the ports on the
switches using port

IP Networking: Midterm Study Guide
Subnetting–
Determine the classes – Classful vs Classless
Class A: The first bit in the first octet must remain a 0. The remaining seven bits can be a 1, giving a maximum total of 127. The first octet, however,
cannot be 0 (local identification, or "this network") or 127 (loopback). Class A first octet range is 0 through 127, although the valid range is 1 through
126.
Class B: The first bit in the first octet becomes a 1. The second bit, however, must remain a 0. The remaining six bits can be a 1, giving a maximum
total of 191. Class B first octet range is 128 through 191.
Class C: The first and second bits in the first octet become 1s. The third bit must remain a 0. The remaining five bits can be a 1, giving a maximum
total of 223. Class ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bridges and switches increase collision domains.
What tool does Ethernet use to avoid collision?
Ethernet uses an algorithm known as the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection algorithm to avoid collision.
Routing–
Know the process the router uses to make routing decisions
Routers use the following general steps to make routing decisions:
For each received frame, use the data–link trailer frame check sequence (FCS) field to ensure that the frame has no errors; if errors occurred, discard
the frame (and do not continue to the next step).
Check the frame's destination data–link layer address, and process only if addressed to this router or to a broadcast/multicast address.
Discard the incoming frame's old data–link header and trailer, leaving the IP packet.
Compare the packet's destination IP address to the routing table, and find the route that matches the destination address. This route identifies the
outgoing interfaces of the router, and possibly the next–hop router.
Determine the destination data–link address used for forwarding packets to the next router or destination host (as directed in the routing table).
Encapsulate the IP packet inside a new data–link header and trailer, appropriate for the outgoing interface, and forward the frame out that interface.
Use a routing table to determine a path
"Network numbers and subnet numbers represent a group of addresses that begin with the same prefix. In which of the groups in [the] routing

Computer Technology And Its Impact On Computer Crime
"Cyberwarfare is the use of computer technology to disrupt the activities of a state or organization, especially the deliberate attacking of information
systems for strategic or military purposes" (Oxford Dictionary, 2016). While this definition may seem fitting on a global basis the idea of cybercrime
can encompass any valuable information of an individual, company, government, or military entity. The termhacker came about in the early 80's
defining a coup of people where were proficient at manipulating computers. However, in 2016 the Oxford Dictionary defines hacker as "a person who
uses computers to gain unauthorized access to data". In the early stages of cybercrime hackers spread programs called worms, computer viruses and
trojan ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Users would click on the links, be rerouted to a web page that looked like their bank, but was actually a page developed by the hackers. Once the users
entered their user ID and password, the hackers had all the information they needed to access the users accounts.
In the early 2000's new criminal opportunities arose by attacking Web sites. Denial of Service (DoS) attacks took place by having large numbers of
computers accessing a Web site at the same time. This provided cyber criminals with two things, global visibility, and financial opportunity. As
technologies evolve and advance, so do the abilities of the hackers. Now, the goal is to stay one step ahead. It is not a matter of if a system can get
hacked, but rather a question of when.
Specific functional business areas have common aspects of their software and hardware setup. For example, the banking industry uses financial
software and specific hardware, such as Automated Teller Machines. The medical industry uses medical records software and specific hardware, such
as ultrasound and X–ray machines. The energy industry, uses substations controlled by master servers. ""Every substation is controlled by the master,
which is controlled by the operator," says researcher Chris Sistrunk who, along with Adam Crain, found vulnerabilities in the products of more than 20
vendors. "If you have control of the master, you have control of the whole system, and you can turn on and off power at will. An intruder could exploit

Differences in Telecommunication Terms Essay
This paper will attempt to define and contrast the following terms:
a. Synchronous and asynchronous
b. Analog and digital
c. XON and XOFF
d. Simplex and duplex
e. Serial and parallel transmission
f. Baseband and broadband
g. Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and Point–to–Point Protocol (PPP)
h. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
i. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP)
It will also contain a brief description and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Control characters are used when sending data to a printer, monitor, modem, or other device. XOFF (usually referenced by CTRL+S) is used by the
transmitting side at the end of the data pulsed to say that the transmission batch is complete. XON (usually referenced by CTRL+Q) is used to start the
transmission, and is found at the beginning of the data pulse. (ComputerHope, 2004)
Simplex and duplex
A simplex data transmission is only sent one way and without control characters or error signals. An example of a simplex transmission would be the
alarm codes that are sent to officials at a burglar alarm company.
A half– duplex transmission can send a signal and then receive a signal, but cannot send and receive at the same time. An example would be a CB
radio that can send a message, and then listen for the response.
A duplex data transmission is capable of sending and receiving data at the same time. A telephone line is an example of a full duplex transmission
system. (Eserver, 2004)
Serial and parallel transmission
Serial transmission is the consecutive transmission of the signal. The characters are transmitted in a sequence over a single line, rather than
simultaneously over two or more lines, as in parallel transmission.

Parallel transmission are packets of data sent at the same time, usually over more than one transmission line. This results in faster transmission of data.
Many times, this data is sent sporadically, and start and stop

Cisco Network Proposal Part 3
CISCO Network Proposal
Part 3
Prepared for:
University of Maryland University College
Prepared by:
Mbuatoh Alot
Professor:
Salari Reza
Table of Contents
I.Sacramento Site Configuration
a.Implementation of VLAN and Port Security
b.Implementation of Routing on a Stick ROS
c.Implementation of DHCP
II.Los Angeles Site Configuration
a.Remote IOS Storage
b.Remote Management of Switch
c.ACL Implementation
d.Network Time Protocol
III.xACME WAN confguration
a.WAN implementation and Device Authentication
b.WAN topology Improvement
IV.Bibliography
I.Sacramento Site Configuration

a.Implementation of VLAN and Port Security
The three main switches at this site do not have VLAN databases making it difficult for switches to store VLAN data, ID and name. Therefore, there
will be a configuration of VLAN database. Also, any students can bring their device and connect to one of the switch ports on the switches and get
access to the network to prevent that, port security will be implemented on the switches.
i.Configuring the VLAN on switch2 in database mode SacramentoSw2# vlan database Vlan 10 Name Faculty Exit
Vlan database Vlan 20 Name Administrative Exit
Vlan database
Vlan 30
Name Instructional
Exit
Vlan database
Vlan 40
Name Server
Exit
ii.Configuring Port Security
The port will be in access mode because the four VLANs are all on SacramentoSw2 and does not span to SacramentoSw1 and SacramentoSw3. The
commands below show the configuration of access mode and port security on the switch ports to allow only two MAC addresses per port and
shutdowns for violations. All unused ports will be disabled for security purposes.
SacramentoSw1# Int g0/1
Switchport mode access
Switchport port–security
Switchport port–security maximum 2
Switchport port–security violation shutdown
Switchport port–security mac–address sticky
Int range g0/2 – 24 shutdown Int range g1/1 – 24 shutdown Int range g2/1 – 24 shutdown int range g3/1 – 24 shutdown SacramentoSw2#
Int range g0/1 – 2
Switchport mode access

Switchport port–security maximum 2
Switchport port–security violation shutdown

Course Materials
Lab 5.1 Connect the Internetwork Lab Review Questions 1. For what purpose is a transceiver used? A transceiver can be used for converting one
type of Ethernet connector to another or by converting one type of I/O port to an Ethernet port. 2. This lab connects routers directly to each other via
serial cables. Is this a typical configuration? No, By default, Cisco routers are DTE (Data Terminal Equipment)/ DCE (Data Circuit–Terminating
Equipment) If not, to what equipment does the DCE end of the serial cable usually connect? If Router A is connected to the DTE end of the cable,
Router B must be connected to the DCE end 3. What does a rollover (console) cable look like? Rollover cable is often used to connect a computer
terminal to a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Refer to Figure 5–2. What will the host name of your router be? lab–a 2. Which interfaces is your router using? F0/0, F0/1, and S0/3/0 3. What are the
IP addresses and subnet masks for those interfaces? 192.5.5.1 and 255.255.255.0, 205.7.5.1 and 255.255.255.0, 201.100.11.1 and 255.255.255.0 4.
What is the enable secret password? class 5. What is the enable password? cisco 6. What is the VTY password? cisco 15. There is another way to
access the initial configuration dialog other than being prompted for it automatically as a consequence of having erased the contents of NVRAM.
You can use the setup command at the privileged EXEC mode prompt. Press Enter if necessary to reach the user EXEC mode prompt. What does
this prompt look like? Greater than symbol (>) 16. Type enable and press Enter to access privileged EXEC mode, which is also known as enable
mode. You should be prompted for the enable secret password you configured in the system configuration dialog. How do you know you are being
prompted for the enable secret password and not the enable password? Because the secret password was set during the initial setup process 17. Type
class and press Enter. How did the prompt change? lab–a> to lab–a# Review Questions 1. When configuring a router, when would you choose basic
management setup rather than extended setup? You would use basic management setup when you only need to configure

Ccna Lab Manual
CCNA LAB MANUAL
VERSION 7.0 A PRODUCT OF
CTTC
PREPARED BY
FURQAN YASEEN
2
I would like to thank the Technical Director Mr. Farrukh Nizami, & Traning Consultant Mr. Ahmed Saeed for their guidance. This Lab Manual is the
product of the hard work of a team. The new Cisco CCNA curriculum validates the ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium–size
routed and switched networks, including implementation and verification of connections to remote sites in a WAN. The new curriculum also includes
basic mitigation of security threats, introduction to wireless network concepts and terminology, and the addition of more compelling lab exercises. The
recommended CCNA training includes the Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Encrypted Telnet password CISCO(config)# service password–encryption
Lab1 Prepared by Furqan Yaseen
8 How to Set Banner CISCO(config)# banner login # 10 YEARS OF CTTC #
Verify the Banner CISCO(config)# exit CISCO# exit 10 YEARS OF CTTC User Access Verification Username: furqan Password: CISCO>enable
Password: CISCO#
Configure SSH
!!! create a local user name CISCO(config)# username furqan password cisco !!! Assign a domain name CISCO(config)# ip domain–name cisco.com
!!! This Command takes few a min to generate key CISCO(config)# crypto key generate rsa

CISCO(config)# line vty 0 15 CISCO(config–line)# password cisco CISCO(config–line)# login local !!! Configure vty ports for using SSH
CISCO(config–line)# transport input telnet ssh
Lab1
CTTC (PVT) Ltd. Karachi –Pakistan.
(00 92 21) 4310956, 4300003–6
Visit us www.cttc.net.pk
9
Verify Command's CISCO# show crypto key mypubkey rsa
Switch Static IP address Configuration
!!! To Manage Telnet, SSH Session on a Switch we need IP address
!!! Enter Vlan1 Configuration Mode

Dynamic Multipoint Virtual Private Network
Abstract The paper describes the overview of Dynamic Multipoint Virtual private Network (DMVPN) which is one of the tunneling technologies. With
the advent of new modern era, VPN–based network are helping the businesses to send and receive sensitive data over public infrastructure which
does add as a security feature. With budget as a concern for organizations, it is important for Network Engineers to not let go of the set infrastructure
but also try to implement new methods to improvise as well as have backward compatibility. Typical VPN have been used as a need for connecting
remote site–to–site businesses, however, with the ever growing needs it has become essential to provide a scalable as well as dynamic solution.
DMVPN is one of the dynamic and scalable technologies to achieve scalability and also be dynamically evolving as per the demand. [2] I.
Introduction Internet has grown rapidly over the past few years. MAN and WAN prove to be expensive due to leasing lines from Service
providers. MPLS and Frame Relay have ruled the Wide Area Network over the years in providing private communication. It was needed for an
intermediate solution which can provide security as well as be private. We can replace MPLS and Frame Relay with DMVPN as it uses a simple
hub and spoke model similar to the one used in frame relay and also virtually separate different networks while maintaining the same infrastructure
similar to what MPLS does. DMVPN is a Hub and spoke type of network. It is a

Data Communication
DATA COMMUNICATION
Advancements in the information technology sector have brought many benefits to the people all around the world. Today with computer networking,
we can chat, speak and see each other over a long distance. Data communication refers to the transmission of the digital signals over a communication
channel between the transmitter and receiver computers. Communication is possible only with wired and wireless connectivity of the computers with
each other.
All the computers, in the logically and physically networks have to follow the same rules known as Protocols such as TCP/IP, IPX/SPX and
NETBEUI etc. Today, there are many computer networking technologies such as LAN, MAN, WAN, WLAN, ISDN, ATM, Frame Relay, X.25,
Bluetooth, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Well–known communications protocols are Ethernet, a hardware and Link standard that is ubiquitous in local area networks, and the Internet Protocol
Suite, which defines a set of protocols for internetworking, i.e. for data communication between multiple networks, as well as host–to–host data
transfer, and application–specific data transmission formats.
Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub–discipline of electrical engineering, telecommunications, computer science, information
technology or computer engineering, since it relies upon the theoretical and practical application of these disciplines.
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users
worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global
scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information
resources and services, such as the inter–linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.
Most traditional communications media including telephone, music, film, and television are reshaped or redefined by the Internet, giving birth to new
services such as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and IPTV. Newspaper, book and other print publishing are adapting

An Introduction to Windows 2000 Professional Essay
An Introduction to Windows 2000 Professional Reliability
Windows 2000 Professional is up to 30 percent faster and, according to National Software Testing Labs (NSTL) tests, 13 times more reliable than
Windows 98. The operating system is the most reliable version of Windows ever produced.
Memory conflicts and missing or altered system files caused many of the system crashes prior to Windows 2000. To put an end to these problems,
Microsoft changed Windows 2000 memory management to reduce the chance that software applications will interfere with one another. In addition,
Windows 2000 includes a built–in safeguard called Windows File Protection. This feature helps prevent critical operating system files from being
deleted or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
NSTL collected uptime data in the real–world environment of several customer sites and concluded that the average system uptime between failures
of Windows 2000 Professional is 13 times more than that of Windows 98 and three times more than that of Windows NT Workstation 4.0. The
following graph shows results of the test. Another test conducted by ZD labs showed that over a 90 day period Windows 2000 Professional did not
fail, while Windows 98 and Windows NT did.
IT managers have stated unequivocally that Windows 2000 Professional provides far superior performance and reliability compared to Windows 95.
The reported performance disparity between Windows 98 Second Edition, Windows NT Workstation and Windows 2000 Professional has not been as
extreme as with Windows 95, but significant improvements do exist. A 300 percent increase in hardware support, significant improvements in
hardware utilization and the long–awaited combination of stability and user friendliness for laptop systems are just a few examples ((2) Windows).
Mobile Use
Windows 2000 Professional is quickly becoming the operating system of choice by mobile users. One big reason is that this latest version of Windows
includes a number of notebook–friendly features, including communications tools for dial–up networking. Windows 2000 Professional contains

Mac Os Classic Has Its Shortcomings Essay
Since the first Macintosh operating system, System 1, back in 1984 there has been 15 major versions issued. System 1 was the beginning point of the
GUI based systems made available to the market. No longer relying on the text command line, it relied on the user manipulation of the GUI and mouse.
However, the Mac OS Classic had its shortcomings. According to Jonathan Levin (2012), "Memory management was poor, however, and multitasking
was cooperative, which–by today's standards––is considered primitive. Cooperative multitasking involves process voluntarily yielding their CPU
timeslice, and works reasonably well when processes are well behaved" (p. 3,4). This wasn't always the case and any process malfunction would
shut down the system. System 3, released in 1986 introduced File System Hierarchy, storing files in a tree like directory that is currently common
on all operating systems today. It also was the first system to have Disk Cache that kept regularly used commands in the memory that sped up
operations. There were several minor versions in between System 3 until System 7. System 7 was released in 1991 and it made use of a hard drive
instead of a floppy disk that was too limited in size. It also had virtual memory that used free space on the hard drive as random access memory
(RAM). Mac OS 7.6, released in 1997, was the first version to use the "Mac OS" instead of "System" in it naming scheme. Mac OS 7.6 and Mac OS
8.0 released also in 1997, where very

Smart Phone, Home Automation And Smart Grid
Introduction Our daily lives have been changed by technological revolution beyond our recognition over the last few decades in almost every sphere
of life whether it be work, play or sleep. It seems like a magical world of smart devices such as smart phones and smart electronics which has been
developed into state of the art smart homes, home automation and smart grid. With the further advancement in technology, it is bound to be ineluctable
aspect of our lives. tagPlug – smart switch and plug is supposed to become a noteworthy product reinventing the concept of smart homes in India and
abroad. Nearly 20 to 25 percent of our total residential and commercial energy usage is consumed by electronic equipments in home and office,
most of which is consumed when such equipments operate in standby or sleep mode i.e., when they are designed to consume low power and not
actually being utilized. tagPlug plays the role of a savior by helping people keep track and understand their energy usage on a day to day basis. The
aim is to make customer aware of their energy consumption and help them save energy wherever possible. tagPlug can monitor the energy
consumption and provide data on Android device making it accessible with the swipe of a finger hence making our life comfortable. The other
features incorporated in tagPlug are setting alarm to switch device at a particular time and remotely controlling appliances. As a product, tagPlug is a
really smart way to understand and manage our

Frame-Relay
.
Unit 3
Kaplan University
IT530
Professor Jeffrey Robinson
August 20, 2013 Abstract
In this discussion we look at some of the history around frame–relay. We then look at some of the equipment necessary to create the frame relay
connections, as well as how the connections work both logically and physically. Some limiting factors are discussed as well as committed information
rates, burst rates, an error handling. Some of the positive aspects of frame–relay are identified along with some options for the future of WAN
technologies.
Frame–Relay
Operating at the physical and datalink layers of the OSI model, frame relay is a high–performing WAN protocol. It was ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This allows frame–relay to provide a low cost of ownership while adhering to standards and internetworking with other services. A highly reliable
WAN may be achieved through frame–relay and a good service level agreement (SLA) from the provider.
Frame–relay can be thought of as a simple principle because it allows the higher–level protocols to deal with many of the problems. Although, it can
include optional features such as congestion notification and signaling mechanisms. Ideally, a committed information rate (CIR) is selected that best
meets the needs of the customer. This is the maximum burst rate, which when exceeded can cause the frames to be discard eligible (DE). In reality, the
nature of frame–relay allows all bits to be discard eligible, but the error correction is handled by the upper layers. Some configurations allow speeds to
burst above the CIR, but never more than the physical capacity of the circuit. The DLCI is the connection identifier for the PVC in the connection
oriented datalink protocol that is frame–relay. By switching variable length frames, statistical multiplexing is achieved. Even though frame–relay may
be susceptible to traffic delays it can still be optimized for delay sensitive traffic such as voice over IP.
Because the frame–relay path is known, it is used to connect the customer premises equipment (CPE) to the frame–relay switch. The LMI keep alive

signaling happens

Ccna
1. Refer to the exhibit. What three statements are true about the IP configuration that is shown? (Choose three.)
The address that is assigned to the computer represents private addressing.
The computer is unable to communicate outside of the local network.
The network of this computer can have 126 hosts.
The prefix of the computer address is /27.
The IP address that is assigned to the computer is routable on the Internet.
The IP address that is assigned to the computer is a broadcast address. 2. As network administrator, what is the subnet mask that allows 510 hosts given
the IP address 172.30.0.0?
255.255.0.0
255.255.248.0
255.255.252.0
255.255.254.0
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.128 3. Which OSI layers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Refer to the exhibit. Assume all devices are using default configurations. How many subnets are required to address the topology that is shown?
1
3
4
5
7
13. Refer to the exhibit. Which two statements describe the information that is represented in the header? (Choose two)
This is a server response.
The UDP protocol is being used.
The destination port indicates a Telnet session.
The return segment will contain a source port of 23.
The next session originated from the client of this session will use the source port number 13358. 14. Refer to the exhibit. The command that is shown

was issued on a PC. What does the IP address 192.168.33.2 represent?
IP address of the host default gateway of the host
IP address of the homepage for the host primary domain name server for the host
IP address of the website resolver1.mooki.local 15. Refer to the exhibit. A router, whose table is shown, receives a packet that is destined for
192.168.1.4. How will router treat the packet?
The packet will be dropped.
The packet will be forwarded via FastEthernet 0/0.
The packet will be forwarded to the destination host.
The packet will be forwarded to the 192.168.1.3 next–hop

How Modbus Is A Type Of Communication
Modbus is a type of communication among many devices connected to the same network, for example a system that measures temperature and
humidity and communicates the results to a computer. Modbus is often used to connect a supervisory computer with a remote terminal unit (RTU) in
supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. [17]
In simple words, it can be explained as a method used for transmitting information over the lines between electronic devices. The device asks the
information is called the Modbus Master and the devices supply information is Modbus Slaves. In a standard Modbus network, there is one Master
and up to 247 Slaves, each with a unique Slave Address from 1 to 247. The Master can also write information to the... Show more content on
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This number tells the slave which table to be accessed. It also decides whether to read from or write to the table.
3.2 Internet Protocol
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet. Each computer (known as a
host) on the Internet has at least one IP address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet.[18]
While data transferred in a network, is sent or received(for simple understanding, an e–mail note or a Web page), the message is divided into little
pieces called packets. Each of these packets includes both the sender 's internet address and also the receiver 's internet address. A packet is firstly
sent to a gateway computer which is the first station of the Internet. The gateway computer reads the destination address and forwards the packet to an
higher gateway which reads the destination address and transfer it over the internet until one gateway recognizes the packet as belonging to a computer
within its area or domain. The packet then is sent by gateway directly to the computer which address is specified.
3.2.1 Subnet
A subnet represents all the devices found at one location. It can be a building or the same local area network (LAN). If a company 's network are
divided into subnets that allows everyone to connect to the Internet with a single shared network address. If there is no

Bluetooth Vs. Bluetooth Essay
1.2 Bluetooth application
Bluetooth is designed to operate in an environment of many users. Up to eight devices can communicate in a
small network called a piconet. Ten of these piconets can coexist in the same coverage range of the Bluetooth
radio. To provide security, each link is encoded and protected against eavesdropping and interference.
Bluetooth provides support for three general application areas using short–range wireless connectivity:
п‚· Data and voice access points. Bluetooth facilitates real–time voice and data transmissions by providing
effortless wireless connection of portable and stationary communications devices.
п‚· Cable replacement. Bluetooth eliminates the need for numerous, often proprietary cable attachments for
connection of practically any kind of communications device. Connections are instant and are maintained
even when devices are not within line of sight. The range of each radio is approximately 10 m, but can be
extended to 100 m with an optional amplifier.
п‚· Ad hoc networking. A device equipped with a Bluetooth radio can establish instant connection to
another Bluetooth radio as soon as it comes into range.
1.3 Bl uetooth Standards Documents

The Bluetooth standards present a formidable bulk–well over 1,500 pages, divided into two groups: core and
profile. The core specifications describe the details of the various layers of the Bluetooth protocol architecture,
from the radio interface to link control. Related topics are also

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