Mulholland Case Summary

Mulholland Case Summary
Mulholland's desire to deliver a dam overshadowed his awareness towards engineering ethics. E.F.
Scattergood, a chief electrical engineer, criticized the location where Mulholland wanted to build his
dam. However, due to Mulholland's political sway, the board eventually approved his proposal. Also
California's dam law 1917 gave the state engineer the authority to oversee dam project. Which
allowed Mulholland the complete authority over his dam project. Prior to the construction, there was
an increase in water usage in Los Angeles, which lead to the city demanding Mulholland to increase
the water supply. Mulhollands solution to this issue was to irrationally increase the wall height of
the dam to allow for more water capacity. This was done ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
After the collapse of the dam, many independent investigators were hired to inspect the dam site for
damages. They discovered that the dam was not constructed accordingly to the design specifications.
According to reports they noticed that the dam width did not exceed 140 feet as it was specified in
the design. This suggests that the bottom portion of the dam may not have been adjusted to be
proportional to the height. During the initial stages of construction, cracks appeared on dam,
however Mulholland did not seem to be concerned. When the dam was completed, Mulholland
inspected the dam by himself without any support. Even prior to the collapse of the dam,
Mulholland was notified of cracks along the dam in which he concluded to be safe. As a result, the
dam collapsed and took the lives of hundreds to his poor judgement. Furthermore, deputy district
attorneys discovered that there were changes made on the dam by Mulholland and individuals who
worked on the project. Unfortunately, these changes were not properly documented, which the
district attorney's found it difficult to understand and complete the construction process. Civil
Engineers must strive to be transparent in the design and execution of a project, but Mulholland
failed to do so as a chief engineer. District attorneys could not obtain documents that they requested
because Mulholland failed to record enough details about the construction process, which shows
Mulhollands lack of leadership as an
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Physics Of A Simple Wave Simulator
Physics in the Classroom The activity that I chose, Simple Wave Simulator, covers the ideas of what
the properties of a simple wave are. This simulator enables the student to choose whether they want
to make a rope wave, simulating a transverse wave, or a longitudinal wave, which simulates a sound
wave. The student is also able to change certain properties of the wave, such as frequency,
amplitude, and the speed at which the wave is traveling. While using the simulator, students are able
to track data such as values of wave speed, frequency, amplitude, wavelength, and period. The
interactive activity found on the link, pictured below, is something that I found to be very useful. It
gives you the opportunity to visually see the differences within the waves when you change the
different aspects of them. You can change one component at a time, or all at once and have the
ability to compare and contrast what each of them visually look like.
The core ideas for this activity is to, one, show that the wavelength and frequency are related by
how fast the wave travels. This will depend on what type of wave we are looking at, and through
what type of circumstances (medium), it is traveling. As stated before, the simulator shows the
change in structure of each of the waves created as its frequency or amplitude is changed. It also, as
stated before, shows how the wavelength and wave speed are related to each other.
One of the main cross cutting concepts is patterns. Patterns

Correlation Between Density, Mass, And Volume
I. Introduction
This experiment shows the relationship between density, mass, and volume. These three qualities are
all related in that ρ = m/v, where p is density, m is mass, and v is volume. Through this experiment,
however, it can be seen that by mixing certain substances, the density of the mixture can change,
allowing certain goals to be met. In addition to this, finding density can be essential, as any
substance has a density unique only to itself. For example, water (H2O) has a density of 1 g/mL, so
any substance with that density has to be H2O.
This process investigated Archimedes' principle, which deals with density. Archimedes states that "A
body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid"
(Archimedes'). This means that whether or not an object submerged in a liquid will float depends on
the density of the object and liquid. If the object is denser than the liquid, it will sink; if the object is
less dense than the liquid, it will float.
There are many ways to study this principle. For example, it could be tested in any fluid to see if
Archimedes' principle is still correct when dealing with gases; a heterogeneous mixture could
replace the water to see demonstrate that it is truly density affecting the buoyancy of the object.
This method was used because it required only a simple procedure while still accurately displaying
Archimedes' principle. It also involved taking measurements and using significant figures, which is

Factors Caused By Recreational Scuba Diving And Snorkeling...
Globally, marine ecosystems, in particular, coral reefs, are experiencing increasing pressure due to
the growth in recreational scuba diving, and snorkeling. Pressure refers to the frequency, and
quantity of divers, and dive boats on any particular reef. This pressure often results in damage to the
reef, and is caused by divers, snorkelers, and even dive boat anchors, and anchor lines, furthermore,
this damage takes significant time to repair, due to the rate at which coral grows, and repairs itself.
Although this damage is not irreparable, continual pressure by recreational dive and snorkeling
industries, can lead to damage beyond the reef's ability to recover. Damaged reefs result in loss of
sea life, vibrancy, and color, the primary draw for divers, snorkelers, and other marine enthusiasts.
Consequently, this damage extends to the economies of the local communities, in which water
related activities are a primary source of revenue. To sustain these local communities' economies,
and tourist enjoyment, private SCUBA organizations can coordinate, and facilitate options to reduce
the recreational damage of the ocean's reef system through education, artificial reef attractions, and
alternative dive programs.
SCUBA diving is a growing, and global recreational sport, with one certification agency, PADI,
claiming an "annual average of 900,000 new diver certifications globally". Of course, not all of
these new divers will continue on to become frequent, or repeat divers, however,

Classroom Reflection Essay
I was able to teach all three lessons of the curriculum, in whole class with a second–grade group of
students primarily because floating and sinking was already a part of the curriculum during the
month of November/December at P.S.94. The classroom is Spanish dual language classroom with an
enrollment of 27 students. All of the students understand English and there are no newcomers in the
class. There are 15 ELLs, 10 of which are transitioning students. One student is assigned a
paraprofessional as part of his IEP. There are 3 struggling readers in the class.
I began the first lesson by jotting down student's predictions about what they thought would happen
if a piece of clay was put in the water. Nearly all of the students raised their ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In the second lesson, I had the students look at their journals and talk about some of their
observations with the person sitting next to them. Then I asked them to think about something they
would want to change on their clay boats. When listening into some of the conversations, I noticed
that several students said that they would use less clay because they weren't able to make it float
with the amount of clay that they received (which was .5 pounds). Then I wrote the word buoyancy
on the board and had the students repeat the definition with me. I handed out the assessment and had
students draw their new design before they were given the chance to create them using clay. Most of
the students were still not thinking about a boat design. It wasn't until approximately 10 minutes
after the lesson that I noticed a student was able to make his clay float. I took a moment to give
Andrew a shout out and had him share with the rest of the class what he did differently when
recreating his boat. I asked Andrew to share with the class what he did first, second, and last. This
sparked other students to create boats that were curved and were shaped like a bowl. Other students
continued working on their own clay boats and kept the flattened base, but started to make walls. We
were not able to close the lesson on the second day because we ran out of time.
Lesson three was different from the other lessons because I

Simple Boat Project
This project was full of creativity yet calculated construction of a simple boat. The boat Fourtris,
happened to be extraordinary and rose above the initial negative expectations. Sadly it was not the
best out of them all, but it got pretty close. While doing this project there were some major
components that should be discussed such as the efficiency of Fourtris (the boat), the buoyancy and
it's effects, and why our best test score was are best. Even though Fourtris could have some
improvements, it was overall a successful project and was very fun to put together. Fourtris
efficiency percentage was 38.16% which isn't terrible considering the conditions. Of course it will
not expected to go above 50% because it was just a school project, but for a school project that's
pretty good. The definition for efficiency is, the efficiency is the energy output, divided by the
energy input, and expressed as a percentage. It's a percentage to show how well the Fourtris could
move itself across the water. The efficiency is necessary to the Fourtris so there is a visual on how
well it did. The fourtris would have a higher efficiency percentage if the creators checked for
unbalanced parts of the boat such as, the fin placement and the balance of the battery pack. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The definition for buoyancy is the ability or tendency to float in water or air or some other fluid.
Since Fourtris was mainly made up of foam it could float on the water better because it was lighter
than water. The buoyancy of Fourtris ended up being 0.158 g/cm^3. Why is buoyancy so important
to this project? Well because if it were not a factor then the boat would sink to the bottom instead of
keep all the weight up and move forward. The mass of Fourtris was 113.5 grams, and the lighter the
boat the lighter the buoyancy and the faster the boat can

Working Submarine Essay
In order to make a working submarine out of a film canister with a hole, it would take some string,
pennies, half an Alka–seltzer tablet, water, and a graduated cylinder. Terms scientists use when
studying submarines are positive buoyancy, negative buoyancy, buoyant force, and displacement of
water. Buoyant force is an upward push created by the displacement of water. Displacement or
displacement of water is moving water out of the way. An object has a positive buoyancy when the
object weighs less than the water it is displacing. Negative buoyancy is "If an object weighs more
than the water it has pushed aside, it's downward force will be greater than the buoyant force,"
creating the submarine to sink (Walker 17). "Rocks, sand, metal, or even water– [can be] ... Show
When a submarine goes under water it will fill up their ballast tanks (tanks attached to a submarine)
creating more weight so the submarine would then be heavier than the displacing water and
eventually sink. This experiment is really fun and has a great purpose. A purpose that is used not
only in doing labs, but also for the rest of someone's life. It makes the conductors of the experiment,
in this case the students, learn how to work together and listen to one another's ideas so that the
students conducting the experiment can use these qualities later in life. To begin making a working
submarine, start out with a film canister and fill up the graduated cylinder with water. The water
should almost reach the top, by doing so the submarine has water to sink and rise in. Next, find out
how many pennies it takes for the film canister to sink, the students found the number of pennies to
be fourteen. Once the number of pennies is decided take out two pennies, the film canister should be
barely floating at the top of the water. After doing so, fill the film canister with a little bit of water
(enough so the canister sinks) and drop in the half Alka–Seltzer

Lab Experiment : ArchimedesPrinplusion Of The Principles...
Objectives
The objectives of this experiment include finding the densities of different objects and an unknown
fluid. The variables for the density will be found by measuring the tension of a string with different
objects attached to it. The tension will be measured when the objects are unsubmerged and
submerged in water. The tension in the string will also be measured when one of the objects is both
submerged and unsubmerged in an unknown fluid.
Theory
The main law that was used to provide a premise for this lab was the Archimedes' Principle. This
principle is based on the idea that when an object is submerged in a fluid, either completely or
partially, there will be an upward buoyant force exerted by the fluid on the object. This force will be
equal to the mass of the fluid displaced by the object. This requires the knowledge of the mass of the
object, which is utilized in the following equations. We know that gravity is acting on the object
when it is not submerged in water giving us the equation F_(g )=mg. We also know that T=–F_G,
which accounts for tension in the string when the object is hanging in the air indicated by Figure 1.
When the object becomes submerged in water the same forces apply, but we must also account for
the buoyant force that is acting on the object shown in Figure 2. Figure 1. Figure 2.
Using the figures, we can formulate equations that

Lab Report Chemistry Lab
Title: Is there a correlation between the mass it takes to submerge 1cm^3 of a material and its
density?
Results
Table
Material
Volume of material (cm^3)
Average mass to submerge (g)
Mass to submerge per cm^3 (g)
Density (kgm^3)
Polyethylene
317.25
400.00
1.26
0.09
Cubic Polystyrene
42.88
51.67
1.20
0.03
Spherical Polystyrene
33.50
58.33
1.74
0.06
Aerated Foam
252.00
283.33
1.12
0.05
Dense Foam
3.88
5.00
1.28
0.49

Graph
Description of Results
In the weight to submerge, by far the most buoyant was the sphere (the third sample), which also has
a slightly higher density than the others surrounding it. By far the most dense was the heavy foam
(far right), which had an around average buoyancy. The body–board foam (far left) was slightly
more dense than other foams, but had an average buoyancy. Despite being made of the same
material, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to this, it would appear to mean that denser objects are more buoyant. This flies in the face of
common sense, but both the slight increases in both density and buoyancy for the spherical
polystyrene (middle) and dense foam (far right) would seem to indicate this. Archimedes principle
doesn't apply either, because the larger foams (Polyethylene, Aerated Foam) were the largest and
flattest, but weren't especially buoyant.
Analysis (analyse your data with respect to precision, reliability, sources of errors, etc.)
I believe that our research could have been far more thorough. Our final result flies in the face of
common sense, for example metal is far denser than foam, but a metal ball is going to the bottom of
the bucket). Our data was badly measured, only half our group was in the experiment (the other two
were sick, they weren't slacking off) and the measuring didn't account for how we tied the weights to
the

Buoyancy: From A Bowling Ball To A Basketball
I learned that buoyancy refers to something how well it floats or sinks. If something is able to float,
it is buoyant. We can feel something can float by its weight, because usually when something is
light, it floats and is considered buoyant. If something is heavy, it sinks and is not considered
buoyant. But then we wonder, how can big, massive objects like cruise ships, float? To answer this,
we have to understand the concept of density, which is the amount of mass something has, relative
to its volume. For example, compare a bowling ball to a basketball.
The bowling ball is filled with a lot of stuff, whereas the basketball is full of air. The basketball will
then be the one that floats, and the bowling ball will be the one that sinks. Next,

Science Fair on How Objects Float
February 21, 2013
Physics
How much salt does it take for an object to float?
Table Of contents
Page2 – Abstract
Page 3– Introduction/ Research
Page 4– Purpose/ Hypothesis
Page 5–Materials
Page 6– Procedure
Page 7– Data/ Observations
Page 8– Conclusion
Page 9– Acknowledgements
Page 10–Biblical Application
Page 11– Sources
Pages 12 and 13–Log Book
Page 1
Abstract
My project is about how much salt it will take for objects to float. In my project I will explain why
certain objects float while others sink. I took three different objects with different amount of density
and put them each in ten cups of water. I then put in teaspoons of water and recorded whether or not
the objects floated until all the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
James for reading all of my different rough drafts and helping me to correct them all.
Page 9
Biblical Application
Matthew 14:28–31
New International Version (NIV)

28 "Lord, if it's you," Peter replied, "tell me to come to you on the water."
29 "Come," he said. Then Peter got down out of the boat, walked on the water and came toward
Jesus.
30 But when he saw the wind, he was afraid and, beginning to sink, cried out, "Lord, save me!"
31 Immediately Jesus reached out his hand and caught him. "You of little faith," he said, "why did
you doubt?"
Page 10
Sources
1. http://www.pa.msu.edu/sciencet/ask_st/031192.html 2. http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science–
fair–projects/project_sample_abstract.shtml 3.
http://www.sefmd.org/Abstracts/SampleAbstracts.htm 4.
http://van.physics.illinois.edu/qa/listing.php?id=1524 5. http://www.ehow.com/facts_7185225_salt–
make–water–dense_.html 6. http://www.ask.com/wiki/Buoyancy 7.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/density?s=t
Page 11
Log Book
January 11, 2013
Filled up small tub with 10 cups of water and put an egg, toy car and paper clip in.
With no salt
No objects float
4 Teaspoons of salt
No objects float
13 Teaspoons of salt
No objects float
No objects float
No objects float
No objects float
Paperclip floats
Page 12
Lab Book continued
Egg

Research on Density Essay
Density: Using Experimental Techniques to Solve an Inquiry based problem
ABSTRACT
The topic of this experiment is Density. The objective is to find two ways in which the density of a
given object can be determined, and to find out which of the two ways is more accurate and hence
better to use in such a case. The two methods used in this experiment are finding the dimensions of
the object and water displacement. These are two ways of finding the volume of an object, and they
were chosen since the density of an object may be found using its mass and its volume. The
experiment yielded two different density values, however when error analysis was conducted, the
water displacement method was proven to be more accurate.
INTRODUCTION ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Repeat measuring the mass of the object three (3) more times; ensuring that the balance is re–zeroed
after each measurement. Tabulate data gathered. Procedure 2: Find the mass of the object given, as
done in procedure 1. Ensure that the object is dry when it is being placed on the balance, as this will
yield an inaccurate reading. Get a clean 1000milliter beaker. Fill the beaker to approximately half its
capacity. Note the exact volume of water placed into the beaker. When reading the volume of the
water, ensure that this is done at eye level, and that it is read at the bottom of the meniscus. After
noting the initial volume of water, place the object carefully into the water. DO NOT SPLASH. Note
the final volume of water in the beaker. Tabulate data gathered.
DATA/RESULTS
Table 1: Mass of Given Object for four(4) Separate Trials TRIAL NUMBER 1 2 3 4 MASS(g) 5.32
5.32 5.32 5.32
Table 2: Measurements of Dimensions of the Given Object DIMENSION Length– b Width– w
Height– h Table 3: Initial and Final Volumes of Water INTIAL(mL) 500.0 Calculations: Volume1 =
area of face of solid x width = (1/2b x h) x w = (1/2 x 10.0cm x5.0cm) x 3.5 = 87.50 cm3 Volume2 =
Vf – Vi = 520.0mL– 500.0mL = 20.0mL Density = Mass/Volume D = m/V D1 = m/V1 ; m=5.32g,
V1=87.50cm3 FINAL(mL) 520.0 MEASUREMENT(cm) 10.0 3.5 5.0
Therefore D1= 5.32g 87.50cm3 = 0.0608 g/cm3 D2 = m/V2 ; m= 5.32g, V2= 20.00 mL Therefore
D2 = 5.32g 20.00mL =0.266g/mL
Error

Build A Boat Challenge : A Lesson Plan From Two Different...
Build a Boat Challenge: A Lesson Plan From Two Different Learning Theories
Introduction
This paper will investigate how the lesson: "Build a Boat Challenge", would be taught from the
view of Bruner and Vygotsky using their instructional "interactional" theories of learning. This paper
will also show how the same lesson would be approached using Gagne's model of instruction.
Audience and Context
This lesson is intended for 6th grade science students within the first week school, and is their first
"real" science content for the school year. Starting in 2015 this will be used in all 20 Howard County
Public Middle Schools as part of the PBIS science curriculum (see Appendix A for detailed HCPSS
demographic information) (Kolodner, Krajcik, Edelson, Reiser, & Starr, 2014). This lesson was
piloted in all Lake Elkhorn Middle School (LEMS) 6th grade classes at the start of the 2014–15
school year, with good success. The classes ranged from 18–30 students with close to an equal
mixture of boys and girls. Three of the classes were "gifted and talented", two were considered
"general education", and three classes were "inclusion" with many students having an IEP or 504
plan. Of the three "inclusion" classes, two were co–taught with an instructional assistant (see
Appendix B for detailed LEMS demographic information).
This multi–day lesson should take between 6–7 days to complete and is the first of three projects
that make up this "launcher series". The purpose of this lesson is

The Properties of Hydrostatics
Three containers are filled with water to the same height and have the same surface area at the base:
hence the water pressure and total force on the base of each is the same. Yet the total weight of the
water is different for each. Explain this "hydrostatic paradox"
The key to this problem is that the force on a container due to the hydrostatic pressure is always
perpendicular to the surface of the water. According to Newton's 3rd law, the container will push
back on the water in the exact opposite direction, also perpendicular to the surface of the container
Consider what happens when you push both a pin and the blunt end of a pen against your skin with
the same force. Decide what determines whether your skin is cut. The net force ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Will an empty balloon have precisely the same apparent weight on a scale as a balloon filled with
air? Explain.
If air is incompressible, then yes.The full balloon will have more weight (more downward force),
due to the mass of the air in the balloon. The full balloon will also have an upward buoyant force on
it, equal to the weight of the air displaced by the balloon. Since the balloon is both containing air
and floating in air, the weight of the air inside the balloon is the same magnitude as the buoyant
force. Filled balloon has a higher apparent density compared to empty balloon.
IF you dangle 2 pieces of paper vertically a few inches apart and blow between then, how do you
think the papers will move?
The papers will move toward each other. Bernoulli's principle says that as the speed of the gas flow
increases, the pressure decreases (when there is no appreciable change in height). So as the air
passes between the papers, the air pressure between the papers is lowered. The air pressure on the
outside of the papers is then greater than that between the papers, and so the papers are pushed
together.
Children are told to avoid standing too close to a rapidly moving train because they might get
sucked in under it. Is this possible? Explain.
It is possible. Due to viscosity, some of the air near the train will be pulled along at a speed
approximately that of the train. By Bernoulli's principle, that air will be at a lower pressure than air
further

Rapping Tin Foil
To begin, did you know tin foil can float with pennies? Rapping tin foil like a boat and putting
pennies in the boat. I can see how strong tin foil is and what brand is the best. Buoyancy the ability
or tendency to float in water or air or some other fluid. Buoyancy the ability or tendency to float in
water or air or some other fluid. I will tell you about an upward force of the fluid which resists the
weight of immersed objects. The density of the atmosphere depends on the altitude. Can you tell me
about buoyancy in simple words? It tells you about the ability of an object to float on the water or
liquid. You can determine whether the object will float or not by checking the relation between the
weight of the water and the weight of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is not very hard to shape a boat in such a way that the weight of the boat has been displaced before
the boat is completely underwater. So very little of the boat actually has to submerge into the water
before it has displaced the weight of the boat. So if a boat weighs 1,000 pounds (or kilograms), it
will sink into the water until So very little of the boat actually has to submerge into the water before
it has displaced the weight of the boat. It has displaced 1,000 pounds (or kilograms) of water. That
can show that boats can sink.Kinetic fountains In fact, it is a very formulaic system for balancing
and attracting positive energy (known a qi or chi) into the home or the office. Before leaping to the
conclusion that adding a fountain will bring the kind of benefits desired it is significant to note that
proper placement is vitally important for success.The map has regions dedicated to family, career,
wealth and much more, and putting a water feature in the wrong location can be disastrous. For
example, there are parts of any room or home that are dominated by the energy connected to the
element of fire and if you happen to hang wall fountains within such an area, the necessary energy
will be smothered by the water

Hydraulic Buoyancy's Ability To Float In Water
Density is the degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass divided by the volume.
Buoyancy means the ability for an object to float in water. When talking about density we are trying
to figure out how depth the object is in the water or how much water do we need in order for the
object be closely deeper to the water. For instance, if we place a ball in the water and it has a mass
of 4grams and the water has a volume of 2, the density of the ball placed in the water will be 2
grams per cubic centimeter. This will mean that the ball has a unit of 2 grams per cubic centimeter
and is closely packed to the water.
Buoyancy means if the object is able to float or not. For instance, if we place a ball on water, the
ball will be able to float because it's less dense that the water itself. If we place an object that it's
denser that water then the object will sink. If we have a boat and we placed water on the inside of
the boat, the boat will sink because the boat is going to be denser that the water. Buoyancy will help
a student determine if an object will sink or float in a liquid. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If an object has a volume more that the water then the object is going to float because the object is
able to sustain by itself. If an object has a volume less that the water the object will sink. By using
the density formula we can determine if an object is going to sink or not because we are able to
determine the object density inside the water. Density is how many grams per cubic centimeters it
takes for an object to be closely pack to the water. With buoyancy we can determine if an object is
going to sink or float in

My Fear Of Fear
Every day, we tend to base our actions on fear. We are afraid of getting poor. We are afraid of getting
old. We are afraid of being criticized. We are even afraid of death! When we come up against
something new or different, we become uncomfortable and nervous. This causes us to pause and
evaluate our options. Indecision crystallizes into doubt and the blending of these two results in fear.
This is where disconnects occur. We tend to rely on "gut feelings" to make decisions. So, of course,
we stop dead in our tracks and choose NOT to take that next, scary step. That's when fear masters
you.
I have been dealing with unfounded fears of fear. It was all started when I learned swimming. I was
in the elementary school. I practiced at the Bulungan Sport Arena. It is about 15 kilometers away
from my house, but only 2 kilometers away from my mother's office. So, my mother can easily
check on me whenever she wants.
At the beginning of the training, the coach introduced us to the training methods. In the first month,
we will occupy the shallow pool to get us comfortable with the water. After that, we will move to
the deep pool to applied swimming styles, as well. All went well until my mum came to my last
session in the shallow pool.
"Mbak Anna!" she said in a half screaming. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The pool was dirty and unkempt. Moreover, the water was green and slimy. We were like "cendol".
My mother asked me to stop swam there because she was afraid I would get skin diseases. Finally, I
switch to another sport, which is not in the contact with water. However, my eagerness to swim was
very high. Then, I asked my mother's permission for swimming. She was let me, but with one
condition: do not swim in the deep pool, so I would not get drowned. In the next decades, I spent my
life rock–style swimming in a shallow pool, until my friend introduced me to

Designing A Control System For Underwater Gliders
Abstract:
This project deals with the designing a control system for Underwater Gliders. Among the
Autonomous underwater vehicles, the most efficient ones are the underwater gliders as they are
driven by buoyancy and they spend much of their flight time in stable, steady motion. This project
deals with the modelling the control system for efficiently maneuvering the glider using the
equations of motion for the underwater glider. After modelling the system it is simulated with
various inputs such as step, impulse and sine inputs. Then the system is checked for its stability by
varying the parameters related to the glider such as the mass of the actuator, buoyancy. The Pitch
and translation along the Z – axis are the main degrees of freedom ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These parameters are to be controlled for attaining a steady state motion. For this a control system
needs to be designed which provides feedback in response to the errors which are present in the state
of motion. [1]
Mathematical Modelling of the System:
DC Servo Motor:
DC Servo Motor
Glider Modelling: The glider is considered to be a rigid body of mass mv. Under conditions of
neutral buoyancy the vehicle displaces the fluid having mass similar to that of the vehicle. Excess
mass is defined as m̃ = mv – m. The mass m̃ is modified by an inflatable bladder, thus changing the
value of m by changing the displaced volume. For creating a dynamic model of the vehicle a
reference frame is defined. This is body–fixed, orthonormal reference frame which is centered at the
geometric center of the vehicle and it is represented by unit vectors b1, b2 and b3. Now another
orthonormal reference frame is defined which is denoted by the unit vectors i1, i2, and i3, which are
fixed in inertial space such that i3 is aligned with the force due to gravity. The relative orientation of
these two reference frames is given by the proper rotation matrix RIB, which maps the free vectors
from the body frame to the inertial frame. RIB in terms of conventional Euler angles (roll angle,
pitch angle, and yaw angle). The location of the body frame with respect to the inertial frame is
given by

The Water Exercise Buoyancy Waist Band
This AquaJogger is the 1st water exercise buoyancy waist band. It 's also the most well AquaJogger
Classicknown, widespread item out of all the aquajogger products available. The belt keeps your
body afloat in deep water and shallow water, allowing you to get a total body workout with no
swimming experience necessary. Please keep in mind, this isn 't a life jacket, and ought to never be
utilized as a life jacket.
ENTIRE BODY WORKOUT
Conditioning your entire body is the AquaJogger Classic 's whole purpose. The Flotation Belt uses
delicate, adaptable and tough EVA foam to keep your body suspended upright in both shallow and
deep water, allowing you the autonomy to move all of your appendages any way you want. The
foam puts your body in a distinctive forward position, causing you to use your abs and torso to stay
upright. Yet, the main key to the Classic is applying resistance to your exercises that the water
provides– you can expand the performance of related exercises done on land to get rid of fat and
tone muscle quicker.
Movements with the AquaJogger Classic are performed statically (in one spot). Consequently, this
water exercise belt is anything but difficult to use with no swimming experience needed in the
slightest. Since water is the single resistance working against you, the AquaJogger Classic Flotation
Belt offers an awesome opportunity to exercise without causing any wear and tear on the joints for
elderly swimmers or anyone suffering from chronic pain for any

Basic Facts About Sharks
The two groups of organisms that I choose that live in the same habitat were a shark and a tuna.
Sharks live in oceans and seas while only a few live in freshwater. They are usually found in
shallow, coastal regions, deep waters, on the ocean floor and in the open ocean ("Basic Facts About
Sharks", 2012). Tunas live in saltwater or marine habitats that include the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific
Ocean, and Indian Ocean ("Albacore Tuna", 2011). They both have similar and different adaptations
when it comes surviving in the oceans. The first similar adaptation between a shark and tuna is
camouflage. Organisms use their coloration to camouflage within their surrounds to protect from
predators. Coloration may vary among sharks. Usually, the ventral side is pale (white, cream) while
the dorsal side is dark (blue, gray, and brown) (Woods, "Unique Adaptations That Sharks Have to
Survive"). They have a color pattern known as "countershading." Their pale bellies blend in with the
sky when viewed from the bottom of the ocean. The dark color blends in with the dark water when
viewed from the top. Tunas also share the same color pattern as sharks. On the ventral side, they
have a white color. On ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It consists of two gas–filled sacs found on the dorsal side of the fish (Bond, 1996). They are able to
reach neutral buoyancy by controlling the amount of gas pressure. Most of them fill up their swim
bladder with their pneumatic duct which is a link between their swim bladder and gut (Bond, 1996).
They gulp air into their duct in order to fill it. When they gulp for air, the air goes through the gut
and heads towards the swim bladder. The swim bladder is essential for tunas because it provides
them with the ability to stay at a specific depth (Ramel, "Fish anatomy: The Swim Bladder"). If they
want to change their depth, they would have to adjust their gas pressure. Certain amount of gas
pressures can only maintain buoyancy for one

Fluid's Resistance To The Viscosity Of A Fluid
Viscosity The viscosity of a fluid of measured by said fluid's resistance to the gradual deformation
caused by shear and tensile stress and is identified as a property of a fluid in which opposes the
relative motion between two different surfaces of a fluid both moving at different velocities. A fluid
that has no resistance to shear stress is known as an inviscid or ideal fluid. Not every fluid is highly
or even somewhat viscous though zero viscosity can only be observed at rather lower temperatures
but other than that all fluids can be said to have a positive viscosity and technically are said to be
viscid and/or viscous. Though a fluid may only be called viscous if the viscosity of this fluid is
substantially greater than that of water but it may be deemed 'mobile' if its viscosity is notably less
than water. An example of viscosity would be when a fluid is being forced through a tube. The
particles that compose the fluid would typically move more quickly near the tube's axis but slower
near said tube's walls. There are some stresses in which require overcoming the friction between the
particle layers in a fluid to keep said fluid in motion and for a given velocity pattern the stress
required must be proportional to said fluid's viscosity. An example of a viscous fluid would be
honey, which because of both the high attraction between its particles, and the previously
mentioned, resists the urge to flow. An example of a highly viscous fluid would be pitch, which is
the

Titanic Buoyancy Essay
In the early morning of April 15, 1912, the unthinkable happened. After hitting an iceberg, the RMS
Titanic, which was thought to be unsinkable, sank to the bottom of the North Atlantic in over 12,000
feet of water. Of the 2,200 passenger and crew on board the ship, over 1,500 lost their lives. At the
time of her maiden voyage, she was considered to be the largest ship afloat in the world. Several
physical principles of buoyancy explain why any seaworthy vessel, including the Titanic, was able
to float. First, Archimedes' Principle states that the buoyant force on an immersed object is equal to
the weight of the fluid it displaces. In the case of the Titanic, the buoyant force required to keep it
afloat was 588,000,000 Newtons.This is obviously the weight of the Titanic as well ( not the mass ),
and the weight of the water displaced. Second, the principle of floatation states that a floating object
displaces a weight of fluid equal to its own weight. In the case of the Titanic, the volume of water ...
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The iceberg ripped a hole in the hull of the ship, and damaged six of the watertight safety
compartments. These compartments actually lead to the ship's demise. When the water began to
pour into the ship, the crew sealed each compartment filling up with water. However, these
compartments never had a roof section. Therefore, the water could fill the next compartment and the
next until the ship sank. The main purpose of these watertight compartments was to isolate parts of
the ship, should the ship take on water. However, since the compartments were built without a roof,
they were somewhat useless in preventing the vessel from taking on too much water. As the ship
began to take on more and more water, the weight of the ship became greater than the weight of the
water the ship displaced. In other words, the weight of the ship exceeded the buoyant force, and the
ship

Cheerios Effect Essay
Have you ever wondered why your cereal clusters together after milk is poured or why it sticks to
the side of your bowl? Even if you try to pull them apart, they come together again. This is a
spectacle that happens every day but we just don't really notice it. Most people don't really realize
that it's happening everyday. Using fluid mechanics, we can determine why floating objects come
together due to surface tension, viscosity and buoyancy (Grayson, 2014). This cheerios effect also
applies to other floating objects such as paperclips. The main principles that cause objects to float
together are surface tension, buoyancy and viscosity. Surface tension is caused by the presence ...
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When cheerios is put in milk, it creates a dent in the milks surface. Milk is attracted to the sides of
the bowl; the milk forms a concave shape. The molecules being attracted to the bowl pulls the
cheerios to the sides of the bowl. The surface tension under the milk is pulling the molecules down.
Even if you try pulling apart the cheerios, the cheerios will stick together again. In water, an object
has to be less dense than water to float. The same goes for cereal, which is less dense than milk and
allows them to float. In liquids, cohesive forces are strong enough to keep molecules together but
weak enough to slide past each other. Fluids with high viscosity have strong cohesive forces and
fluids with low cohesive forces have weak cohesive forces. Viscosity can be calculated by its flow
rate. Liquids with low viscosity have a high flow rate such as milk and water. Liquids with high
viscosity have low flow rates such as honey. Milk has a low viscosity but different types of milk
have different viscosity rates. Fat free milk flows faster than milk with fat content. Whole milk has a
higher viscosity than fat free/non–fat

Density and Answer
11/11/12
Fluids
Your Results for: "Practice Questions"
Site Title: Giancoli, Physics : Principles with Applications, 6/E Book Title: Physics : Principles with
Applications, 6/E Book Author: Giancoli Location on Site: Chapter 10 > Practice Questions
Date/Time November 11, 2012 at 10:58 AM (UTC/GMT) Submitted:
Print this page
Summary of Results
68% Correct of 25 Score d ite m s:
17 C orre ct: 8 Incorre ct: 32% 68%
More inform ation about scoring
1.
Which of the following is not a unit of pressure? Your Answer: poise
2.
Which of the following is a unit for Bernoulli 's equation? Your Answer: J/m3
3.
What is an alternate unit for Bernoulli 's equation? Your Answer: N/m3 Correct Answer: N/m2
Review Chapter 10 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The pressure at A is 9.5 atm and the water velocity is 10 m/s. What is the water velocity at Point C?
Your Answer: 10.0 m/s
20.
For the purpose of this problem use 10 m/s 2 for g and 100000 N/m2 for 1 atm.

w ps.prenhall.com/esm_giancoli_physicsppa_6/17/4353/1114493.cw /index.html
5/8
11/11/12
Fluids
What is the velocity at Point B? Your Answer: 2.5 m/s
21.
What is the velocity at Point D? Your Answer: 20.0 m/s Correct Answer: 40.0 m/s
Remember that the area goes as the radius squared. Review the Examples in Chapter 10 in Giancoli.
22.
6/8
11/11/12
Fluids
What is the pressure at Point C? Your Answer: 8.5 atm
23.
What is the pressure at Point D? Your Answer: 1.0 atm
7/8
24.

What is the pressure at Point B? Your Answer: 8.5 atm Correct Answer: 9.0 atm
Review the Examples in Chapter 10 in Giancoli.
25.
Assuming that the density of air is a constant 1.3 kg/m3 and

Ship Float Justification
Report– Briefly write a justification of why you believe your ship will float. Support your reasoning
with any calculations you feel is important and science concepts you have studied in class.
I believe that my ship will probably float. Our ship will float in neutral buoyancy. Neutral buoyancy
means the force of gravity is equal to the force of buoyancy. I know that in this challenge we had to
find the greatest load that a canister would hold, but to have neutral to positive buoyancy. In my
group we decided to use the guess and check method. We measure the density of an empty canister
that we were given, SS Mr. Crabs. Now, we have to measure the density we need to find the mass
and the volume. The mass is the amount of matter in an

Physics of Boating Essay
The first thing you should know is the physics behind a boat, seeing how you can't have a boating
adventure without one. To keep it simple, let's check out the main thing you should know about a
boat: Buoyancy. Buoyancy, by definition, is the upward force exerted by a liquid on any immersed
object. If the force of the liquid on the object is greater than that of the object on the liquid then the
object will float. In other words buoyancy is dependent upon the density of the liquid and the
volume of the object submerged.
Buoyancy:
Fb= d*g*V
Where Fb= the magnitude of the buoyant force
d= density of the liquid, g= force of gravity (9.8 m/s^2), V= volume of the submerged object
All object displace fluid when in a liquid, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
237) Translation: The tides are caused by the gravitational attraction between the earth and moon.
There are two low tides and two high tides each day. Low tide is when you smell dead fish. High
tide is when the smell is somewhat less stinky.
The bald eagle is not an uncommon sight when boating in Southeast Alaska. It is a massive bird that
flies with the greatest of ease. Lets take a look at the casually oversimplified physics behind the
flight of a bird. Basically, birds wings are not flat but are shaped like an aerofoil. "Air passes over or
under the wing as the bird moves forward, or as the wind blows. The air that moves over the top of
the wing has further to travel to get across the wing, thus it speeds up. This causes the pressure to
drop because the same amount of air is exerting its pressure over a greater area. Therefore, any
given point experiences less pressure. This effectively sucks the wing up. Meanwhile the air going
below the wing experiences the opposite effect. It slows down, generates more pressure and
effectively pushes the wing up." Hence a bird with air moving over its wings is pulled up from
above and pushed up from below.
Marine Mammals
Communication: Whales are amazing mammals on many levels. Lets talk about how they

communicate. Whales communicate at very low frequencies, making sounds that can go as low as
12 Hz. Low

Chapter 4 : Displacement Of The Basketball
Chapter 4: Displacement of the basketball
Part 1: Fundamentals
As there are many different aspects of physics found in the sport of basketball, I am going to
summarise and talk about the fundamental physics that always take place on a basketball when
moving, I will be defining the aspect of physics from prior knowledge and also, evaluating and
explaining the main aspects of physics found in basketball and how they are applicable.
The main elements of physics found in basketball that I will be analysing and talking about are
Newton 's 2nd law, Gravity, Buoyancy, Drag and the Magnus effect. They all have a large effect
separately and also a large effect constructively, effecting one another and also having a large effect
on the sport of basketball, effecting the movement of the basketball when passing shooting or
dribbling.
Part 2: Gravity
This is the most important force on a basketball, when the basketball is falling from a shot, being
bounced to be bounced when dribbling or when being thrown for a pass. Gravity is a fundamental
force meaning it can't be broken down into other forces.
Gravity is defined by the force by which masses attract one another, in other words it is a force
which tries to pull two objects toward each other, taking takes effect on any object that has a mass
meaning all masses have a gravitational pull. Even though all objects have a gravitational pull, the
larger the magnitude of the object the stronger the gravitational pull it has.

Examples Of Archimedes Principle Lab Report
I. INTRODUCTION
Archimedes' principle indicates that the upward buoyant force exerted on a body immersed in a fluid
is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces and acts in the upward direction at the
center of mass of the displaced fluid (Wikipedia), or in simpler terms, a floating object will displace
a volume of fluid if it has weight equal to the object that is floating. The primary purpose of this lab
is to explore and demonstrate density. Density is defined as an object's mass per unit volume, or
essentially, a measurement of how close and tightly matter is crammed together within an object.
Density can be found by dividing the mass of an object by its total volume. In this experiment, a
grape and beaker of water were used to act out Archimedes' principle by adding salt to the water so
the grape could float, and then add more water so the grape could be suspended in the center of the
beaker. The hypothesis was that as more salt was added to the beaker, the grape would start floating
since the density of the water was increased; once pure water was added, the grape would slowly
start to sink due to the density of the salt water being lowered again, resulting in the suspension of
the grape in the center of the beaker.
II. METHODS
To begin this experiment, 80.0mL of distilled water was measured using a graduated cylinder and
promptly poured into a 100mL beaker. Next, a small grape was dropped into the beaker and
automatically sunk to the

With The Fast Advancement Of Enterprises, Water Asset...
With the fast advancement of enterprises, water asset shortage, populace development,
contamination of surface and groundwater by releasing poisonous wastewater and ensuing maladies
may raise the need of reusing and treatment of wastewater. The expelling of poisonous
overwhelming metal particles from sewage, particularly in modern and mining waste effluents, has
been generally examined as of late. Substantial metals wastewaters are specifically or in a
roundabout way released into the earth progressively, particularly in creating nations. Dissimilar to
natural contaminants, substantial metals are not biodegradable and have a tendency to aggregate in
living life forms and numerous overwhelming metal particles are known to be poisonous or ... Show
The unreasonable measures of Cu (II) particles in new water assets and sea–going biological
community harm the osmose–administrative component of the freshwater creatures. Joined State
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has set its cooper particles allowable points of
confinement as 1.3 mg/L in modern effluents. Copper were released from the diverse enterprises, for
example, metal cleaning and plating showers, paints and colors, mining, purifying, oil refining,
flushes as metal, compost, paper board, wood mash and printed circuit board creation. Moreover,
copper is phytotoxic and to be sure, has been utilized as an algaecide to control algal blossoms. An
assortment of treatment innovations have been connected for the expulsion of cooper particles
including compound precipitation, particle trade, adsorption, film filtration, coagulation–
flocculation, buoyancy and electrochemical advances. These techniques for Cu2+ expulsion from
wastewater are descripting quickly as takes after:
Compound precipitation is one of the regularly utilized and traditional procedures for overwhelming
metals expulsion from wastewater including copper. Precipitation is generally utilized because of its
straightforward and modest nature. The customary compound precipitation forms incorporate
hydroxide and sulphide precipitation, Chelation/complexation. It is hard to consent to stringent
natural controls utilizing ordinary compound precipitation prepare. Chelating precipitants, for

The Between Buoyancy And Liquids Of Different Densities
Overview Our IA demonstrates the relationship between buoyancy and liquids of different densities.
As competitive swimmers, we are always striving to find the ideal conditions to swim in. The idea
that different densities of liquids could affect the buoyancy of the objects in the liquids immediately
sparked an interest to us. What would happen if the pool we swim in was full of rubbing alcohol or
vegetable oil instead of water? What would happen to the buoyancy of the objects in the pool? We
placed a 200 kg weight in water, rubbing alcohol, olive oil, corn syrup, and dish soap. All of these
liquids have different density. We found that generally the more dense a liquid is the more buoyant
the weight is.
Background
Buoyancy is the force that causes objects to float. Archimedes discovered that the upward buoyant
force of an object in a liquid is equal to the weight of the liquid that is displaced by the object. This
is what is considered Archimedes Principle. Another way to state this is:
Different liquids have their own buoyant forces. The buoyant force is the deciding factor on how
buoyant the object is in the liquid. To calculate the buoyant force the equation used is:
F=pVg
Where F = the buoyant force, p = density of the liquid, V = volume of the liquid, and g = the force
of gravity. This formula shows that the buoyant force and density of the liquid are directly related.
So, an increase in density equates to a greater buoyant force and vise versa.
Another way

Body Fat Measurement Procedure
Part II: When I think of the body fat measurement procedure used in Part 1 I think buoyancy is
something closed to the same scientific research. Where is no device needed to figure out buoyancy
because it is scientific research. What buoyancy measure is the objects weight or know mass in
water. This is very important to know the process for buoyancy because of the costal shipping
industries. Ship builders need to use the scientific research in determining the buoyancy because is it
an essential tool for measurement of the shipping requirements. The standardized measurement of
determining buoyancy improves the measurement practices in the shipping industries as well in the
art of scuba diving or free diving. The reason standardized measurement

What Are The Six Abiotic Factors That Affect Coral Reefs
Six abiotic factors that affect the organisms living in the ecosystem are sunlight, temperature, the
density, the buoyancy level, the salinity level, and the penetration of light. The sunlight entering the
ecosystem allows the process of photosynthesis to continue. This process provided nutrients, food,
and energy to the plants and animals in the area, allowing the food chain to be secure. The
temperature of the water should be between 68 to 82 degrees Fahrenheit. If the temperatures go
lower than the range, or higher, some organisms who use the coral reef as a habitat may not be able
to adapt or survive in the new conditions. The density of the coral reef affects the communities of
animals and other biotic factors since some of them can only survive between certain depths of the
water. The buoyancy level of the water in the coral reef contributes to the ability to move for the
animals. Buoyancy is the force that supports an organism's weight. The salinity level in a coral reef
is greater than the salinity in a freshwater ecosystem. If the salinity levels ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Great Barrier Reef, which is the largest coral reef in the world, is found in Australia, which has
a latitude of 18.2871° S, 147.6992° E. The latitudinal range of the coral reef biome is between 30° N
and 30° S. The main type of precipitation that occurs in the Great Barrier Reef is rain. Since coral
reefs are restricted to certain environmental conditions, such as warmer air and ocean temperatures,
there are not many forms of precipitation that occur in the biome. The average annual rainfall in the
coral reefs is about 79 inches a year. The average annual temperatures are between 73° to 84°
Fahrenheit. Unlike most ecosystems, the coral reefs do not have soil because it is a marine coral
ecosystem. However, the separation of coral and other debris causes loose carbonate mud. Loose
carbonate mud, which has similar properties of

Acrostic Poems
PURPOSE
To make and test predictions about sinking and floating and then classify objects according to
whether they sink or float.
CONTEXT
In this activity students will determine whether various objects sink or float in water. Whether an
object sinks or float in a liquid depends mainly on two factors: density and buoyancy. However, at
this level, students do not need to explain why objects sink or float. They are rather to be
encouraged to observe that the same objects will sink or float every time, i.e., that there is
consistency in the way the objects behave. This will help students devise their own ideas about
physical properties and how they can be used to describe and categorize objects.
This lesson will also provide ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Building upon this exploration, children should discuss similarities and differences in the material
characteristics of objects that they think affect whether they float or sink (i.e. objects made of wood
will usually float; objects made of metal will usually sink). Children may come to the conclusion
that heavier objects generally tend to sink in water. However, make sure that children understand
that weight is not the only factor.
As they continue to investigate floating and sinking, they should be building the understanding that
objects float because a force equal to the weight of the water they displace buoys them up. In later
grades students can build a more complete understanding of these phenomena by measuring mass,
displacing volumes, and calculating densities.
Children might also want to explore questions such as these: Does it matter how deep the water is?
Does it matter how much water there is? Have the students suggest different things to try and give
them an opportunity to test their ideas.
ASSESSMENT
Assess the lesson by bringing in a variety of toys that can be placed in water, such as rubber balls of
different weights, frisbees, toy boats, and so on. Ask students, "Which of these toys would sink in a
swimming pool and which would float?"
Have children draw the toys that would sink and those that would float in the appropriate columns
on the Sink or Float Assessment Sheet.

EXTENSIONS
For more advanced students, you

Buoyancy: United States Customary Units and Water Ski...
Today most people think of ships as common every day tools that don't take much to understand.
One builds a hull and some little structuring later and bam you have a ship. But ship building is
much more than taking some metal and building a floating structure. It takes years of understanding
and research to build such a vessel. Mankind has been building ships for centuries but it was not
until the 17th century that Archimedes, a great Greek Mathmatitions, ideas were used and studied
closely. Today no one would even think of building a ship without using some type of calculations
or a computer to draft out a design. The same principles used in the dynamics of ship building are
used in the manufacturing of kneeboards, water skis and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
One way is called a beach start and the first thing a person should do to perform this type of start
would be to strap themselves to the board. The boat drives away from the beach you hold onto the
rope you're your knee boarding. The second way is the most used and I call it a deep water start. The
deep water start begins with me laying on the kneeboard with the strap to my side and holding the
rope out at the edge of the board. As the boat starts to pick up speed the kneeboard begins to lift up
higher out the water. This happens because the tilt of the board pushes on the water causing the
water to push back which gives the board its lift. While the boat is still speeding up I begin my
move up the board by pulling my knees up toward my chest. As I am pulling up my knees, I slowly
start to lean back on the board. This is to keep the right amount of lift while I am still getting up to
speed. Now that I have my knees in the knee slots I grab the strap and secure myself to the board so
I don't fall off. Once I am settled in on the board and have the boat running about 25 mph the
kneeboard and I have no problem with balance. Because of my new speed I can knee on the board
and not worry about fall over. The reason behind this is simple, speed, without moving across the
water kneeing down on the board was nearly impossible. Now that I am traveling across the water I
have the lift from the water and a small amount of drag. In

Compare And Contrast Salt Water Vs Buoyancy
In water, you seem to be lighter than when on land. The reason that you seem lighter in the water
than on land is because of an upward power called buoyancy. The disturbance is different in
freshwater and saltwater as you will see in the following paragraphs. Buoyancy is a power that is
caused by a disturbance in the water. For instance, if a rock is tossed in the water there are ripples.
The ripples in the water are the disturbance. The disturbance makes a power from all sides. In the
ocean, your weight is lighter than when you are in freshwater. Your weight is lighter in saltwater
because the salt made the water heavier. The displacement is larger making the upward thrust is
greater. Therefore, if you weigh 200 lbs. on land you will be

Why Our Boats Float
Our boats worked because of our designs. Our boats had compartments filled with air so the boat
wouldn't sink. We had two different designs. Our first one had two bottom layers, with air in
between. It had thick walls to keep out water. Our first boat stayed afloat because the air and
buoyancy. Our second boat had a different design. It resembled a pouch filled with air with a hole in
the top, like a piggy bank. The hole was used to insert pennies. This second boat stayed afloat
because the pouch was filled with air. The air has a lesser density than water, helping the foil boats
float. Some boats were more successful than others because some used stronger walls and larger
volumes. The boats with larger volumes were able to float on the water

Miniature Hot Air Balloons and Archimedes's Principle of...
The history of hot air balloons starts in the Asia. Literary references in China date back to 180ce and
cite Chu Ko Liang as the inventor of lighter than air flight (1). Early unmanned balloons were used
in China as military signaling lanterns (2). Today ethnic Chinese communities celebrate the end of
the Lunar New Year Holidays (3) by launching small hot air balloons ( known as Kung–Ming
Lanterns ).
The first recorded mathematical description of buoyancy (and thus hot air balloon behavior) was
developed by Archimedes over 2000 years ago in Greece (4). The bouncy force is summarized by
Archimedes's principle , "the magnitude of the buoyant force is always equal the weight of the fluid
displaced by the object." (5)
The use of hot air ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The weight of the beach–ball has changed, but the upward force due to the liquid remains the same.
The force due to the weight of the beach–ball is now smaller than the force due to the liquid
surrounding it, the beach–ball will rise in the water tank.
This is the exact same phenomenon that causes hot air balloons to rise in the atmosphere. The
buoyancy force from the atmosphere is greater than the force due to the weight of the balloon. The
perceived lighter weight of the hot air balloon is caused by heating the air mass within the balloon.
This makes the air in the balloon less dense than the surrounding atmosphere. Just like the air in a
beach ball is less dense than the water around it.
The buoyancy force is due to a difference in pressure between the top of a submerged object and the
bottom. If the pressure at the bottom of an object is greater than the pressure at the top, the resulting
force will be upward. The buoyancy force can be describe by the equation:
B = (Pb – Pt ) A = (Dfluid g h) A = Dfluid g V (1)
Where B is the buoyancy force, Pb and Pt is the pressure at the top and bottom of the object
respectively, A is the surface area of the object, Dfluid is the density of the fluid, g is the
acceleration of gravity (9.8 m/s^2), h is the height of the object, V is the volume of the fluid
displaced by the object, and M is the mass of the fluid displaced by the object.
Equation 1 can be summarized in the form:

B =

How Surface Area Affects the Buoyancy of Wood Essay example
Introduction: The upward force on an object that is in water that allows it to float is called buoyancy.
The buoyant force is always equal to the weight of the water displaced by the object in the water.
This force was discovered by Archimedes, who was in his bathtub when he wondered why objects
seemed lighter when he held them under the water. He found out that if an object is lighter than the
weight of the water it displaces, it will float, but if it is heavier, it will sink. The force of buoyancy is
important in many different areas, and especially in the making of ships. The surface area that is
touching the water of the ship is very large, due to the shape of the hull, and that, beside the density
of the ship, is what keeps the ship ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Likewise, the piece of wood with the surface area of 153cm² is the most buoyant, with a buoyancy
of 0.606, because it has the most area to receive upward force upon.
Problems and Improvements:
A difficulty I encountered during this experiment was taking the measurements of newtons in the
water. This was because it was hard to find the right place to put the spring balance. It could not be
holding the piece of wood up completely, but it couldn't be not supporting it at all '' both of these
things would have created inaccurate results. However, I overcame this by spending time getting
this balance right for each measurement, so I could collect the most accurate results as possible.
There could still be minor inaccuracies in these results because of this problem; however a trend is
still easily recognised in the results, so minor inaccuracies are only a small problem. This
experiment could be improved by measuring the density of each of the pieces of wood as well as the
surface area. Density, as well as surface area, also affects buoyancy, so the most accurate results
would be gained by integrating density as a factor of this experiment.
Conclusion:
The results of this experiment did support my hypothesis, and confirm that for a constant mass, the
larger the surface area of the piece of wood, the more buoyant it is.
Bibliography:

Mulholland Case Summary

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