Evolution Of Tapetum Lucidum

Evolution of Tapetum Lucidum
Human Eye Vs. Animal EyeBy:Andrea Torres
ABSTRACT
The tapetum lucidum is an evolutionary advantage for animals. It enables animals to see in dimmer
light than the animal would otherwise be able to see in. The tapetum lucidum is useful to animals, but it
also has a use to humans. Human beings use the tapetum lucidum to scan for reflected eye–shine, in
order to detect and identify the species of animals in the dark and to send trained search dogs and
search horses out at night. Historically, its function was regarded as simply to increase the light
intensity of an image on the retina. Using eye shine to identify animals in the dark implies not only
color but, also several other features. The color reciprocates to the type of tapetum ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tapetum lucidum, reflects with constructive interference allowing it to increase the quality of light
to pass through the retina. For example, on a cat the tapetum lucidum lowers the minimum threshold of
vision 6–fold, empowering the cat to see light that is invisible to the human.
A = optic disk (retina is strongly attached here).
B = tapetum lucidum
C = retina
D = lens
TYPES OF TAPETUM
Tapeta can be classified according to their location in vertebrates and mechanism in invertebrates.
Choroidal tapeta are the most common and are classified as tapetum fibrosum and tapetum cellulosum.
The simplest type is the tapetum fibrosum, which is found principally in mammals, including
herbivores (elephants, horses and goats), cetaceans (whales and dolphins), certain marsupials
(Tasmanian Devil), and a rodent (Cuniculus pacas). The tapetum fibrosum consists of extracellular
collagen fibrils that are stacked orderly with the majority of the its fibers running horizontally. The
number of layered fibrils varies between species and can be up to several hundred thick. The most
studied tapetum fibrosum among mammals is found in the cow and is located posteriorly and dorsally.
The thickness is variable, increasing its thickness posteriorly. In species with a choroidal tapetum, the
retinal epithelium in the area is the tapetum in un–pigmented, it allowing the light to pass subsequently
reflected by the tapetum. This contrasts with the pigmented retinal epithelium
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Cats vs Dogs Compare and Contrast Essay
People can either be a cat person or a dog person. Cats and dogs are unique creatures yet they are the
two most common household animals. I am definitely a dog person. I love dogs. I think everyone
should have a dog. They're great pets. Dogs are fun and a lot of work but it sure is worth it. Cats, on the
other hand, I don't care for. I had a cat when I was only about one year old and she got run over by a
car. Ever since then my family has had a dog. Maybe if I had a cat when I was growing up I would like
them more. Owning a puppy is a big commitment for all family members, especially in the first few
days or weeks. Everyone knows that cats and dogs are as different as day and night. Dogs will play
frisbee with you all afternoon ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While cats are bred too, it isn't to the same extent as dogs and cats aren't typically bred for a particular
ability like dogs are. Taking care of a little puppy is like taking care of a new born baby. You constantly
have to watch them and know what they're doing. Unlike a cat where they are given a toy and they will
play with it for hours. Training a puppy isn't the same as training a cat. With a new puppy you have to
train them to go to the bathroom outside. Not anywhere in the house. A puppy can only hold on an hour
for every month of his or her age plus another hour. So if a puppy is 2 months old it can only hold for
three hours. The key is to prevent mistakes and establish good habits early. Cats generally don't go
outside to take care of business. Cats have a litter box in the house. Most kittens will readily adapt to a
litter box, especially if they were raised with a mother cat. If they pee on the carpet the owner should
drag them to their box and force them to dig. But with a puppy you try to make them stop and hurry
them outside. Training a pet commands is also different. Dogs will sit, lie down, and heel on command.
Cats on the other hand will just smirk and walk away. Another difference between cats and dogs is their
social interactions. Dogs are more of pack animals. Members of their pack or family are very critical to
them. They look for a

Performance For Web Documents Mining Using Nlp And Latent...
A
THESIS
On
Performance for Web document mining using NLP and Latent Semantic Indexing with Singular Value
Decomposition
ABSTRACT
In this thesis we propose a description Web based document file can be say that Latent Semantic
Indexing is a application for information sentence and word based retrieval that promises to offer better
performance by incapacitating approximately limits that waves outdated term identical methods. These
word matching techniques have constantly relied on matching query terms with document terms to
retrieve the documents having terms matching the query terms. However, by use of these traditional
retrieval techniques, user's no need for adequately helped. While users want to search through
information based on conceptual content, natural languages have limited the expression for such area of
study. By Using Cholesky decomposition finds the lower triangular matrix that satisfies . For instance,
with two random variables the decomposition is done as worked. Although, a determinant of the
correlation matrix of the main variables does not have to be positive and in that case other
transformation methods can be applied. NLP (natural language processing)is used for stemming, stop
word and they show problem for polynomial series for the sentence . Due to these natural language
problems, individual words contained in user's queries, may not clearly specify the intended user's
concept that find the result in retrieval of some unrelated

Metz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF
FILM LANGUAGE
FILM
LANGUAGE
A Semiotics of the Cinema
Christian Metz
Translated by Michael Taylor
The University of Chicago Press
Published by arrangement with Oxford University Press, Inc.
The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637
© 1974 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
All rights reserved. English translation. Originally published 1974
Note on Translation © 1991 by the University of Chicago
University of Chicago Press edition 1991
Printed in the United States of America
09 08 07
6 7 8 9 10
Library of Congress Cataloging–in–Publication Data
Metz, Christian.
[Essais sur la signification au cinéma. English]
Film language: a semiotics of the cinema / Christian Metz: translated by Michael Taylor.
p. cm.
Translation of: Essais ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The term constantif, which Metz borrowed from Austin, should be rendered by "constantive" and not
by "ascertaining"
(p. 25). Finally, "actor" to translate Greimas 's concept of actant is misleading and actant is usually kept
(see Ducrôt and Todorov, Encyclopedic
Dictionary of the Sciences of Language, Johns Hopkins University Press,
1979, p. 224), and discours image when translated as "image discourse" is not very clear, since it is

referring to film, which is made up of images.
The following rough spots occur only once each: "Unusual" (p. 5) translates weakly insolite, which has
also the connotation of strange, disquieting, surprising, unexpected, and uncanny. A "slice of cinema"
(p.14) would be preferable to a "piece of cinema." "Narrative agency" rather than "instance"; "de–
realization"or "de–realizing" rather than "unrealizing."
"A seminal concept" (p. 58) doesn 't really render une notion gigogne
(again the idea of embedded concepts). The title of Lang 's film which is translated by The Damned is
actually M. "Signifying statements" should be "semenes" (p. 26). I have not found an English
equivalent for mise en grilles, which refers to a gridlike breakdown of linguistic units and which Taylor
translates by "pigeon–holing"

One Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World...
E SSAYS ON TWENTIETH–C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past,
edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton
and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston
and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in
Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and
Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and
Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of
the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little
significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were
several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of
Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid–1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession
of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be
made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictable
culmination of the long nineteenth century, which was ushered in by the industrial and political
revolutions of the late 1700s. But at the same time, without serious attention to the processes and
misguided policies that led to decades of agrarian and industrial depression from the late 1860s to the
1890s, as well as the social tensions and political rivalries that generated and were in turn fed by
imperialist expansionism, one cannot begin to comprehend the causes and consequences of the Great
War that began in 1914. That conflict determined the contours of the twentieth century in myriad ways.
On the one hand, the war set in motion transformative processes that were clearly major departures
from those that defined the nineteenth–century world order. On the other, it perversely unleashed forces

preschool Essay
California Preschool Learning Foundations Volume 2 CALIFORNIA DEPAR TMENT OF
EDUCATION SACRAMENTO, 2010 California Preschool Learning Foundations Volume 2 Visual
and Performing Arts Physical Development Health Publishing Information The California Preschool
Learning Foundations (Volume 2) was developed by the Child Development Division, California
Department of Education. This publication was edited by Faye Ong, working in cooperation with Laura
Bridges and Desiree Soto, Consultants, Child Development Division. It was designed and prepared for
printing by the staff of CDE Press, with the cover and interior design created by Cheryl McDonald. It
was published by the Department of Education, 1430 N Street, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
With the goal of ensuring that all preschools in California offer highquality programs, the California
Department of Education collaborated with leading early childhood educators, researchers, advocates,
and parents to develop Volume 2 of the preschool learning foundations. The foundations outline key
knowledge and skills that most children can achieve when provided with the kinds of interactions,
instruction, and environments shown by research to promote early learning and development. Volume
2 focuses on three domains: visual and performing arts, physical development, and health. These
domains often receive less attention than some of the other domains, but they are equally important for
preschool children's overall learning and development. As research that is summarized in this volume
indicates, physical v vi exercise and healthy routines and nutritional choices set the stage for lifelong
healthy habits. The recent NAEYC report underscores the need for children to play outside, use their
large muscles, and engage in vigorous physical activities every day. Of course, the visual and
performing arts fuel both preschool children's imaginative play and creativity and also promote learning
in all domains, including physical skill development, cognitive development, and social–emotional
development. I believe that these foundations will help guide and support all California preschools in
providing developmentally

Forensic Dentistry
Forensic dentistry, also known as forensic odontology is an important ,reliable source of evidence in a
criminal investigation which is both accessible and unique. One of the early applications of forensic
dentistry was in the death of Agrippa, the mother of Roman Emperor Nero, in 49 BCE. This shows the
usefulness of forensic dentistry even with basic tools and that forensic dentistry is not a new
occurrence. ( Freeman). Forensic dentistry is related to my Shop dental assisting because it Involves
knowing the anatomy of the jaw and understanding the key markers for differentiating people from one
another. Forensic dentistry can provide accurate estimates of the age of a victim, time of death and can
also provide DNA samples from the teeth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In these cases, accurate dental records can often help to make a positive identification on unknown
damaged bodies. In addition, dentures help to find victims without identification due to some bone
melting and what, not dentures do not damage that easily. In cases like this, dental records indicate if
the person had dentures or what other easily identified characteristics there are within a person's jaw. In
some cases, it is naturally easier to identify a person with dentures, as they are custom–made for the
wearer.Tooth structure is very durable due to enamel ,which provides a strong coating over the teeth.
Similarly, dentures are durable enough to survive a lot of wear and tear."Dental records were most
likely the primary source of identification after the 911 attacks in New York in 2001" ( Mady). In
horrific cases like 9/11 dental records often have to be used, because every other source of DNA, like
hair, will burn in the disaster. When a body burns it is completely demolished in minutes , and this is a
good reason to use forensic dentistry to identify bodies which are burned, traumatized, or in other ways
made to be difficult to identify, and this is a good reason to use forensic dentistry to identify bodies
which are burned, traumatized, or in other ways

Observation Of Child Observation
Introduction
Subject "Chris" is a 7 year old middle class Caucasian male. Observation is taking place in the child's
home over the course of two separate afternoons. Chris is a friendly and well spoken child who is small
for his age. Chris is the youngest child in his family and both observations take place while his siblings
are home. In each case one or both parents are absent.
First Hour of Observation
The first hour of observation takes place on a Saturday afternoon. Chris is in his living room with three
of his older siblings. Though they are all in the living room together, Chris is engaged in play by
himself. He is content playing alone until he needs help fastening a small, slightly complicated harness
onto a stuffed toy. He seeks ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The children "scold" the toy for poor behavior such as barking at the other toys or cutting in line several
times. As they continue to play, Chris begins to pretend to be the animals. He imitates the sounds the
animals would make if they were real (dog barks, cat meows) but also gives each animal a distinctive
human voice.
The family's pet dog comes over to investigate and the children laugh when the real animal knocks a
few of the toys over. They attempt to coerce the dog to play with them but quickly give up when she
fails to follow directions as well as their imaginary animals do. "A" leaves the game and Chris
continues to play, arranging the stuffed animals as if they were his audience.
Eventually he loses interest in his games and joins "A" on the couch to look on as she plays on a tablet.
He sits next to her but is upside down with his feet in the air, as if he were pedaling and imaginary
bicycle. He tells an amusing though completely inaccurate story about how babies are made. His older
siblings who are still in the room raise eyebrows at each other in amusement but don't correct him.
Shortly following this exchange the first hour of observation comes to an end.
Second Hour of Observation
I chose to focus specifically on Chris's interaction with his siblings for the second observational period.
As the second hour begins Chris is sitting at a child sized table in his living room playing with Legos.

Children's Functional Health Pattern Essay
Children's Functional Health Pattern Assessment Functional Health Pattern Assessment (FHP) | Toddler
Erickson's Developmental Stage: Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt ( Jarvis, 2012) | Preschool–Aged
Erickson's Developmental Stage: Initiative vs. Guilt ( Jarvis, 2012) | School–Aged Erickson's
Developmental Stage: Industry vs. Inferiority. (Jarvis, 2012) | Pattern of Health Perception and Health
Management: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List
two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | A toddler
communicates on a basic level. When they feel bad they say they are sick. Health ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Preschoolers are at risk for infection if their immunizations are not up to date. | The school–age child
may have poor hygiene and may show little interest in their appearance. School age children's
development exposes them to frequent illnesses and unintentional injuries. | Nutritional–Metabolic
Pattern: List two normal assessment findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two
potential problems that a nurse may discover in an assessment of each age group. | Toddlers can feed
themselves with their hands or with a spoon and can drink from a cup. Toddlers begin weaning from
breastfeeding and bottles and transitioning to modified cups. Toddlers begin to eat finger foods.
Toddlers may exhibit behaviors at meal time as a way to assert individual control. | The preschooler's
caregivers provide nutritious meals and snacks. As early childhood progresses, food preferences emerge
and a parent may struggle with a "picky" eater. Preschoolers may be capable of simple food preparation
tasks, such as washing fruits and vegetables and may enjoy helping prepare the family meals. | School–
age children understand the difference between healthy and unhealthy foods. A sense of good nutrition
is established and generally they will choose a well balanced when given the freedom to choose. An
average of

Varian Solution
Chapter 1
NAME
The Market
Introduction. The problems in this chapter examine some variations on the apartment market described
in the text. In most of the problems we work with the true demand curve constructed from the
reservation prices of the consumers rather than the "smoothed" demand curve that we used in the text.
Remember that the reservation price of a consumer is that price where he is just indiﬀerent between
renting or not renting the apartment. At any price below the reservation price the consumer will demand
one apartment, at any price above the reservation price the consumer will demand zero apartments, and
exactly at the reservation price the consumer will be indiﬀerent between having zero or one apartment.
You should ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further suppose that people A, B, C, D, and E manage to get an apartment, while F, G, and H are frozen
out.
4
THE MARKET
(Ch. 1)
(a) If subletting is legal–or, at least, practiced–who will sublet to whom in equilibrium? (Assume that
people who sublet can evade the city rentcontrol restrictions.)
E, who is willing to pay only F,
$10 for an apartment would sublet to who is willing to pay $18.
(b) What will be the maximum amount that can be charged for the sublet payment?
$18. A,
(c) If you have rent control with unlimited subletting allowed, which of the consumers described above
will end up in the 5 apartments?

B, C, D, F.
(d) How does this compare to the market outcome?
It's the
same.
1.5 (2) In the text we argued that a tax on landlords would not get passed along to the renters. What
would happen if instead the tax was imposed on renters? (a) To answer this question, consider the
group of people in Problem 1.1. What is the maximum that they would be willing to pay to the landlord
if they each had to pay a $5 tax on apartments to the city? Fill in the box below with these reservation
prices. Person Reservation Price A B C D E F G H
35
20
25
30
5
13
10
0
(b) Using this information determine the maximum equilibrium price if there are 5 apartments to be
rented.
$13.
(c) Of course, the total price a renter pays consists of his or her rent plus the tax. This

Exploring Corporate Strategy
ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 597 CASE STUDIES ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54
Page 598 ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text
of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge
specific issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector
organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow the reader to extend
this linking of theory and practice further by analysing the strategic issues of specific organisations in
much greater depth – and often providing 'solutions' to some of the problems or difficulties identified in
the case. There ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pharmaceutical Industry – global forces at work in the ethical pharmaceutical industry. TUI –
competitive forces in the travel industry. HiFi – how can small players survive changing markets?
Amazon (B) – latest developments in a successful dot.com. Formula One – developing the capabilities
for competitive success in a hi–tech industry. Manchester United – clash of expectations in the football
world. Salvation Army – strategic challenges for a global not–for–profit organisation with a mission.
Bayer MS –

Collective Behavior
Chapter I: The Study of Collective Behavior
A. What Is Collective Behavior?
As we review these pages for the final time sections of Los Angeles are in flames in response to a jury
verdict exonerating police whose beating of an African American man was captured on videotape.
Supporters and opponents of abortion take to the streets daily. Mexico City searches for answers to a
gas explosion that leveled a 40 square block area. The number of men wearing pony tails and one
earring and the number of people saying and understanding "yo, dude" seems to be increasing. These
diverse actions fall within the area sociologists call collective behavior.
Some fields in sociology are relatively easy to define and their meaning can be grasped ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
An even more extreme view argues that the field as a whole should be abolished because all complex
social behavior is collective and to a degree dynamic. Hence the "field" has no unique subject matter.
The collective behavior perspective is thought to apply to all behavior and no unique concepts, theories
or methods are needed to understand it, apart from general sociological concepts. If we were starting
fresh we could certainly find a better name for the field and perhaps a more logical way of dividing it
up (although this could be said of most intellectual fields).
The term "collective behavior" does not have much literal meaning since strictly speaking it includes
any group behavior. Yet once established, intellectual traditions are slow to change. The initial
definitions of knowledge and questions in this field still exert a powerful hold. Courses and books
usually contain the words "collective behavior." Critics of this field raise important issues, but as in
Kipling's fable of the blind persons and the elephant (where each person correctly identifies a separate
part, but all fail to see the whole animal), we think there is a broad logic uniting the field. The logic
involves emergent group behavior in settings where cultural guidelines are non–specific or lacking,
inadequate, or in dispute.
B.

consumer behaviour
1. Comment / Explain / Answer the following a) Compare and contrast Howard and Sheith model and
Nicosa model These different decision making models are approaches the problem of consumer
decision making differently. The Engel–Kollat–Blackwell model is essentially a conscious problem
solving and learning model of consumer behaviour. This model has a good description of active
information seeking and evaluation processes of consumer. The information processed in this model is
the stimulus. The consumer¡¦s decision processes act upon this stimulus in order to determine a
response to it. These models attempt to explain each stage and show interrelated between the stages of
consumer buyer behaviour from the stimulus, through the purchase to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Culture consists of the unwritten rules of the social game. It is the collective programming of the mind
that distinguishing the members of a group or category of people from others. Parts of Culture Culture:
norms, roles, beliefs, values, customs, rituals, artifacts Culture classifies things into discontinuous units
of value in society Codes classified units, develops behaviors, specifies priorities, legitimizes and
justifies the classifications Consumer socialization – the process by which people develop their values,
motivations, and habitual activity Culture creates meanings for everyday products We study how the
use and/or collections of products and their meanings move through a society Nature of Culture–
Components Norms: rules that designate forms of acceptable and unacceptable behavior Customs:
behaviors that lasted over time and passed down in the family setting Mores: moral standards of
behavior Conventions: practices tied to the conduct of everyday life in various settings Ethnocentrism:
the tendency to view one's own culture as better or superior to others Key Points about Culture It is
learned: transmitted from generation to generation It rewards acceptable behaviors It stays the same,
yet can change Family, Religion, School and Peers: what is the relative influence of each? Values
Transfusion Model shows how these combine Will any become more, less

Children’s Functional Health Pattern Assessment
Children's Functional Health Pattern Assessment Functional Health Pattern Assessment (FHP) | Toddler
Erickson's Developmental Stage: Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (Edelman & Mandle, 2010) |
Preschool–Aged Erickson's Developmental Stage: Initiative vs. Guilt (Edelman & Mandle, 2010) |
School–Aged Erickson's Developmental Stage: Industry vs. Inferiority. (Edelman & Mandle,
2010) | Pattern of Health Perception and Health Management: List two normal assessment findings that
would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may discover in an
assessment of each age group. | They can vocalize when they are sick. Health management is dependent
on caregivers. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| Preschoolers tend to be underweight of overweight. Preschoolers may want to consume more junk
food. The preschooler is at risk for developing allergies. Because the preschooler is away during the
day at school, they have a tendency to not consume nutritious meals. This is of course dependent upon
caregivers. | School–age children may suffer from obesity or anorexia. Cultural factors or poverty may
contribute to poor nutrition in school–aged children. Because school–aged children's families are busy,
they have more of a potential for skipped and/or missed meals, which leads to fast food intake. This
places the child at risk for obesity and metabolic disorders. This again leads back to parenting.
Education is important when it comes to nutrition. | Pattern of Elimination: List two normal assessment
findings that would be characteristic for each age group. List two potential problems that a nurse may
discover in an assessment of each age group. | Potty training begins. Caregivers should watch for signs
of the need for potty training which include checking for wetness and keeping diapers dry for 2 or more
hours. | Preschoolers are able to work on independent toileting. They are aware of basic hygiene after
toileting such as washing their hands. | By now the school–aged child should have complete control of
both bowel and bladder. They now can undress, wipe, flush, dress, and wash hands,

Obesity : A Global Epidemic
1.0 Introduction 1.1 Human Obesity Obesity in the human population is becoming a global epidemic,
results from the 2007–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) estimated
that 34.2% of adults in the United States are overweight, 33.8% are obese, and 5.7% are extremely
obese (A). Obesity in humans can be caused by multiple factors although it is most commonly the
result of genetics, increased availability of high–energy foods and decreased amounts of physical
activity (B). Obesity is an abnormal or extensive accumulation of adipose tissue and is defined as a
state of chronic low–grade inflammation (23, D). This low–grade inflammation links obesity to the
development of multiple secondary chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, high
cholesterol, fatty liver, pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease and certain cancers (B,A,E, 23). Of
these secondary diseases cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes are responsible for more than 36
million deaths every year (63% of all deaths), with almost one quarter of deaths occurring in people
under the age of 60 (F). The secondary diseases caused by obesity are often debilitating, costly and
shorten the lifespan. The primary focus of many obesity treatments and preventions is the correct
management of diet and exercise; reducing the amount of calories being consumed and increasing the
amount of physical activity performed (G). However these strategies alone have been proven
ineffective in

Brand Building Blocks
BRAND BUILDING BLOCKS
Building Strong Brands: Why Is It Hard?
It is not easy to build brands in today 's environment. The brand builder who attempts to develop a
strong brand is like a golfer playing on a course with heavy roughs, deep sand traps, sharp doglegs, and
vast water barriers. It is difficult to score well in such conditions. Substantial pressures and barriers,
both internal and external, can inhibit the brand builder. To be able to develop effective brand
strategies, it is useful to understand these pressures and barriers
Different factors that make it difficult to build brands are shown in the figure above. The first, pressure
to compete on price, directly affects the motivation to build brands. The second reason, the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What, then, happens to the people who support the brand with market research or other brand–building
activities? They are vulnerable to the organizations new cost culture.
2. Proliferation Of Competitors
New, vigorous competitors come from a variety of sources. A host of food categories have watched
Weight Watchers and Healthy Choice enter their markets through brand extension strategies. In the
snack category, Frito–Lay has seen regional brands expand and Budweiser 's Eagle brand break out of
its niche to become a major competitor. New product forms that provide real alternatives for the
customer have encroached the soft drink market, bottled water, carbonated water, fruit–based drinks,
and "new age" drinks, among others.
Additional competitors not only contribute to price pressure and brand complexity, but also make it
much harder to gain and hold a position. They leave fewer holes in the market to exploit and fewer
implementation vehicles to own. Each brand tends to be positioned more narrowly, the target markets
become smaller, and the non–target market becomes larger. Efforts to market to a broad segment thus
become more difficult in the face of the complex 'brandscape' Further, some new or desperate
competitors may be motivated to take risks or attempt unusual approaches. The result can be
destabilization of the competitive dynamics. There is also an enhanced motivation to copy anything that
is successful, in part because the risks of

Compare Contrast Operant & Classical Conditioning
Learning is any relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience (Grivas et al, 1999: 318).
Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behaviour in the presence of well–define stimuli
(Termpapers, 2003: 01). Learning is the unconscious association between two stimuli which brings
about stimulus substitution: Classical Conditioning, CC, Pavlov and the encoding of consequences:
Operant Conditioning, OC, Skinner (Grivas et al. 1999: 346–349). This essay will compare and contrast
the two learning theories, focusing on the main similarities and differences that exist.
CC (otherwise known as respondent or Pavlovian conditioning (Weiten, 2001: 222 & Copper et al,
1987: 19) was first described by Pavlov in 1899 after ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However they differ in that CC is an unconscious association between two stimuli and OC is a
conscious process of learning (Temper, 2003: 01).
In both types of conditioning, extinction occurs however they slightly vary in the process (Grivas et al,
1999: 374). In CC, extinction refers to the gradual weakening or disappearance of the CR resulting
from the continuos presentation of the CS alone (Grivas at al, 1999: 329). In OC however, the
discontinuation of any reinforcement that had once maintained a given behaviour is referred to as
extinction (Baldwin, 1998: 57). When reinforcement is withdrawn from the learning process, the
frequency or rate of response decreases (Baldwin, 1998: 57). In CC, extinction takes place over a
period of time when the UCS is withdrawn (Grivas et al, 1999: 363). Extinction within OC also occurs
over time, but following the termination of reinforcement. (Grivas et al, 1999: 363) Another similarity
that is present between the two learning theories is spontaneous recovery Extinction in both CC and OC
can be interrupted by Spontaneous recovery (Grivas e al, 1999: 374). In CC, spontaneous recovery is
the reappearance of a conditioned response when the CS is presented, following a rest period (i.e. when
the CS is not presented) after the conditioned response appears to have been extinguished. (Grivas,
1999: 330). Similar to CC, extinction is not permanent in OC. After a period of time in which a
stimulus is presented with no following

The Perils Of Keeping Monkey As Pets
Write your Title/Topic:
You think you 're ready for a pet? I wouldn 't monkey around with that decision!
Background/Context Paragraph
How cool would it be to own a exotic pet, like a monkey! As stated by i.life.science.com, between
5,000 and 7,000 tigers are kept as pets. That 's more than the amount in the wild, being only 3,200.
WOW! Additionally, monkeys are also very popular pets, the National Geographic article titled "The
Perils of Keeping Monkey as Pets", states that about 15,000 primates are kept as pets in the USA. There
are many different types of exotic pets kept worldwide.
Chimps and monkeys are very similar animals, yet they are also very different. Chimpanzees are
considered great apes. Great Apes tend to generaly have bigger brains and bodies than monkeys.
Chimps are more related to humans then monkeys They are similar when it comes to being primates.
Today we will be discussing both chimpanzees and monkeys as pets. Although, we will mostly be
talking about monkeys!
Most monkeys kept as pets are pulled from their mothers and taken in by breeders, zoos, and other
animal selling locations. The monkeys are very young when they are taken in. They are eventually put
up for sale and bought once they reach an ideal age. Jay Weston from Huffpost LA who owned two
monkeys says, "No, I do not recommend anyone ever to keep a monkey as a pet."
Write your THESIS STATEMENT here:
Exotic Pets such as monkeys are owned across the United States. Monkeys do not make good

Pavlov 's Classical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning vs. B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning
Bhavika D. Patel
Atlantic Community College
Abstract
Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner both studied learning, in which they both did different experiments on
different animals and with different conditioning. Classical conditioning is the process in which two
stimuli become linked; once this association has been recognized, an originally neutral stimulus is
conditioned to provoke an involuntary response. The dogs in Pavlov's studies learned to associate
countless stimuli with the expectation of food, which caused in them salivating when the stimuli were
presented. Pavlov revealed how such associations are learned, and referred to this process as
conditioning. While the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The assistant's footsteps, for example, seemed to act like a trigger (the stimulus) for the dog to start
salivating (the response). Pavlov had discovered how associations develop through the process of
learning, which he referred to as conditioning (Licht, 2016) The dog was correlating the sound of
footsteps with the coming of food; it had been conditioned to subordinate certain sights and sounds
with eating. Intrigued by his discovery, Pavlov decided to focus his research of dogs' salivation (which
he termed "psychic secretions") in these types of scenarios (Fancher & Rutherford, 2012, p. 248;
Watson, 1968). Pavlov's examinations led to the development of classical conditioning.
Conditioned Response Experiment
To prove the process of classical conditioning Pavlov had created a basic research plan. Pavlov had
followed up to his observation and examining the connection between stimulus and response. Pavlov
has concluded that the type of behavior he was studying was involuntary or reflexive salivating when
there is food is universal, whereas the connection of sound and footsteps and salivating is learned.
Pavlov basically states that the sound of footsteps is the stimulus and salivation is the response, which
occur during learning.
Pavlov experiments led him to surgically insert a tube into the dog's cheek to allow a proper collection
of saliva. The tube was led to a measuring device which Pavlov used to calculate exactly how much the

Santrock Edpsych Ch02
02–EdPsy–Chap02–6123
8/22/06
2
3:33 PM
Page 32
Physical and Cognitive
Development
Preview
Examining the shape of children's development allows us to understand it better. Every childhood is
distinct, and is the first chapter in a new biography. This chapter is about children's physical and
cognitive development. These are some of the questions we will explore:
Do children develop in distinct stages, or is their development smoother and more continuous?
How do children develop physically, and how does this affect their behaviour and learning?
What is the best way to characterize students' cognitive development? How might knowledge of
students' cognitive development influence the way you teach?
How does language develop? What is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aristotle
Greek Philosopher, 4th Century B.C.
EXPLORING HOW CHILDREN DEVELOP
Twentieth–century philosopher George Santayana once reflected, "Children are on a different plane.
They belong to a generation and way of feeling properly their own." Let's explore what that plane is
like.
Why Studying Children's Development Is Important
Why study children's development? As a teacher, you will be responsible for a new wave of children
each year in your classroom. The more you learn about children's development, the more you can
understand at what level it is appropriate to teach them.
Childhood has become such a distinct phase of the human life span that it is hard to imagine that it was
not always thought of in that way. However, in medieval times, laws generally did not distinguish
between child and adult offences and children were often treated like miniature adults.
Today we view children quite differently than was the case in medieval times. We conceive of

childhood as a highly eventful and unique time of life that lays an important foundation for the adult
years and is highly differentiated from them. We identify distinct periods within childhood in which
children master special skills and confront new life tasks. We value childhood as a special time of
growth and change, and we invest great resources in caring for and educating our children. We protect
them from the excesses of adult work through

Management Course: Mba−10 General Management
Management
Course: MBA−10 General Management
California College for Health Sciences MBA Program
McGraw–Hill/Irwin
abc
McGraw−Hill Primis ISBN: 0−390−58539−4 Text: Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh
Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital
Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum
International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth
Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell
Leadership, Fifth Edition Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M & A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout
Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux
and others . . .
This book was printed on recycled paper. Management
http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/
Copyright ©2005 by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What will be the effect of the rapid gyrations in markets that emphasize the difficulties that accounting
practices face in determining true performance costs and that forecasting programs confront in
establishing the economic determinants of corporate planning? In addition to these challenges, many
analytical and strategic evaluation approaches that are used in an attempt to identify and project how
well a company is performing have been overwhelmed by the frequency and magnitude of these
economic groundswells. In today's competitive climate, where the changes outside a business exceed
the productive changes within a business, a company's future viability is clearly under enormous stress.
To maintain business growth and a sustained economy, it is essential for managers to understand and
find solutions for these and other fundamental wide–ranging issues. The bursting of the high–tech
bubble both in many start–up companies and in major segments of established firms dissipated many
entrepreneurial efforts and the large sums of money that were spent to create organizations that never

earned a profit and were often hugely unsuccessful as business entities. However, this enormous cost to
some companies also created beneficial impacts for many other companies in dealing with these
fundamental wide–ranging issues. These beneficial impacts had

Igbo Dictionary
onaryDictionary of Ònìchà Igbo 2nd edition of the Igbo dictionary, Kay Williamson, Ethiope Press,
1972. Kay Williamson (†) This version prepared and edited by Roger Blench Roger Blench Mallam
Dendo 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Fax. 0044–(0)1223–560687
Mobile worldwide (00–44)–(0)7967–696804 E–mail R.Blench@odi.org.uk
http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm To whom all correspondence should be addressed. This
printout: November 16, 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations:
................................................................................................................................................. 2 Editor's ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
12 5.1 Alphabet
............................................................................................................................................... 12 5.2
Double vowels ...................................................................................................................................... 13
5.3 Syllabic nasal .......................................................................................................................................
13 5.4
Tones..................................................................................................................................................... 13
5.5 Word division ......................................................................................................................................
13 5.6 A note on 'y'
......................................................................................................................................... 14 6.
Grammatical sketch ..................................................................................................................................
15 6.1 Parts of speech
..................................................................................................................................... 15 6.2
Verbs..................................................................................................................................................... 17
6.2.1. Types of verbs

Reflection Paper
Haley, I 100% agree with you when you say that if we try on our writing assignments we should have
no problem passing this class. This is a requirement that I noticed throughout this first half of the
semester. I also have problems writing. I can write/type all day long about nonsense but when it comes
to grammar or formatting I get lost. I believe that I have learned a lot sense the first writing assignment,
but I know that I can learn more. Sometimes when I am writing I get frustrated because I don't know
how to start the paper. Therefore, I am glad that most of the papers we have written have the
requirement to use a summary that we previously wrote. I think that having a pre–written summary has
helped relieve the stress of starting a paper. I also perceive myself as more of an academic. Yes, I love
to write, but I don't necessarily like to write about specific things. This class is a requirement for the
degree that I am going for, like you, and I probably wouldn't have taken it if it wasn't required. I would
have probably taken a class that focused on poetry or free writing. Anyways, good luck in the second
half of the semester.
Alexander, I believe, along with all the requirements that you point out, that one of the biggest
requirements is that the students try. This requirement goes along with the requirement you point out,
which was the one about no rushing and doing the paper last minute. I have had problems with
procrastination and I feel like throughout this

Project on Ultrasound
1.1 INTRODUCTION: The human ear can hear the sound waves between 20 Hz to 20 kHz. This
frequency range is known as "Audio Frequency Range". The sound waves having frequencies above
this audible range is known as "Ultrasonic Waves" or "Supersonic Waves". Supersonic waves have the
velocities higher than the velocity of sound i.e. more than 1200 km / hour. Ultrasonic waves can not be
heard by a human being but a cat or dog may hear them. The wavelengths of ultrasonic waves are very
small as compared to audible sound. The sound waves which have frequencies less than 20 Hz range
are called "Infrasonic waves" 1.2 Production of Ultrasonic Wave: The generator of ultrasonic wave is
nothing but an oscillator, which can generate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using same principle as used in RADAR waves for measuring distance can be used. This is called as
SONAR. A special type of transducer called the hydrophone (under water microphone) has been
developed for this purpose. It is capable of producing pulsed beam ultrasonic waves & hence can be
used as transmitter as well as a receiver. The depth of the sea is found by recording the time that elapses
between emission of ultrasonic waves & reception from the bottom of the sea. However, it has been
observed that the reception of this man made noise is rendered difficult by the existence of other
underwater sound. This under water sound arises due to following sources: a. Thermal Noise: this limits
the threshold sensitivity of the hydrophone for use above approximately 50 kHz is of particular
significance in deep water. This arises due to molecular agitation of the medium itself. b. Sea Surface
Noise: This causes difficulties in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 50 kHz. It is mainly due to the
surface waves & varies in intensity with sea state. But even rain can raise the under water noise by as
much as 20 dB. c. Biological Noise: Normally the ocean is considered to be quiet place. But the war–
time needs for under water listening revealed the existence of sounds from under water creatures and in
particular the "snapping" of shrimps (small sea fish) is noteworthy. 1.3.2 Detection of Flaws in Metal: A
metal looses its usual strength

Logical Reasoning
updated: April 26, 2016 Logical Reasoning Bradley H. Dowden Philosophy Department California
State University Sacramento Sacramento, CA 95819 USA ii iii Preface Copyright © 2011–14 by
Bradley H. Dowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative
Commons AttributionNonCommercial–NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share,
copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1)
Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his
name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book
Logical Reasoning or its author endorse ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
vi Table of Contents
Preface.........................................................................................................................................................iii
Copyright ...............................................................................................................................................iii
Praise .......................................................................................................................................................iv
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................. v
Table of Contents
......................................................................................................................................vi CHAPTER 1
How to Reason Logically ........................................................................................ 1 Facing a Decision
as a Critical Thinker ............................................................................................... 2 Advice for Logical
Reasoners ............................................................................................................... 5 Examples of Good
Reasoning............................................................................................................. 14 Review of Major
Points

Collective Behavior
Chapter I: The Study of Collective Behavior
A. What Is Collective Behavior?
As we review these pages for the final time sections of Los Angeles are in flames in response to a jury
verdict exonerating police whose beating of an African American man was captured on videotape.
Supporters and opponents of abortion take to the streets daily. Mexico City searches for answers to a
gas explosion that leveled a 40 square block area. The number of men wearing pony tails and one
earring and the number of people saying and understanding "yo, dude" seems to be increasing. These
diverse actions fall within the area sociologists call collective behavior.
Some fields in sociology are relatively easy to define and their meaning can be grasped immediately, ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Quarantelli and Russell Dynes, has had a world–wide impact. The center has served as a clearing house
and international model for other research centers and researchers. Its research has been useful to
disaster planning and control efforts. As we will note in chapter III the research on disasters has
revealed some counter–intuitive findings.
Apart from its direct usefulness, knowledge of collective behavior is relevant to you as an educated
person and as a participant in a democratic society. It calls attention to some of the most basic questions
about human beings. There is the question posed by Hobbes: how is social order possible? How fragile
is the social order and what happens when it breaks down? There is the question raised by Freud: how
rational is modern man in an industrial urban setting? There is the question posed by Karl Marx: how
do societies change? Does history follow a pre–determined path? Are individuals simply pawns of
some more profound historical necessity or do persons make their own history? Why are social reform
efforts frequently unsuccessful or limited in their impact or duration? Of course in this short text we can
not begin to do justice to these questions, but the study of collective behavior offers one way to
approach them.
As a social science field its eclectic nature gives it some distinctive elements. Those concerned with
ever greater

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