The Importance Of Reducing Detrimental Vehicle Emissions...

The Importance of Reducing Detrimental Vehicle Emissions...
If greenhouse gases were nonexistent, the Earth's atmosphere would be 33 degrees Celsius colder
than it is currently. Throughout the past century, the entire Earth has increased in temperature by
nearly .5 degrees Celsius. (Hopwood and Cohen) One contributor to this problem is vehicle fuel
emissions. These emissions are seriously affecting the health of humans. As a result, scientists are
working on alternate fuel vehicles and zero–emission vehicles.
There are many pollutants that are emitted from a regular vehicle today. According to one website,
these pollutants include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter,
ozone, and oxides of sulfur. One may not know that lead was previously in U.S. gasoline ... Show
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Scientists say that 55% of man–made NOx emissions come from the average motor vehicle.
("Alternative")
Particulate matter (PM) aggravates asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, heart disease, and lung disease.
PM is a carrier of many toxic compounds and contributes to haze. On top of that, it pollutes fresh
and coastal waters, and contaminates farmland. PM is emitted mainly from diesel vehicles and is
formed from reactions between nitrous oxides and sulfur oxides. ("Alternative")
Ozone (O3), also referred to as smog, is a strong oxidant that reduces lung function, intensify
asthma, increase chances for respiratory illness, and lead to permanent lung damage. Also, it may
damage plant–life. O3, not being a direct vehicle emission, is produced by reactions of nitrous
oxides and atmospheric air in the presence of sunlight. The formation of O3 generally occurs more
often in urban areas rather than rural. ("Alternative")
Oxides of sulfur (SOx) can cause respiratory illness, heart disease, and lung disease. It causes PM to
form, and is a primary cause of acid rain. Most vehicle emissions studies exclude SOx from the list
due to the fact that it is emitted at such a small quantity compared to the total amount of emissions
given off by regular human activity. Recently in 2006, diesel fuels SOx content was lowered, even
further than it previously was after the first SOx reduce, making it a ultra–low sulfur diesel (ULSD).
Although it is not a
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Alternatives Of Alternative Fuels For Gasoline
Alternative Fuel Studies show that there is an increasing interest in alternative fuels for use in
vehicles (cars and trucks). Most substitute energies are sourced from reusable products. Some of
these alternative fuel products are produced domestically, and this reduces the United States
dependence on imported fuel (Norman, 2007). The augmenting attention in substitute energies is
motivated by numerous factors. To begin with, substitute energies result to reduced vehicle
emissions; such emissions produced in the conformist vestige–energy result to orangery gases and
haze. These effluent products have led to global concerns since they accelerate global warming and
increasing air pollution. Purpose Statement The purpose of this ... Show more content on
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"Methanol," frequently termed as wood energy is consumed as substitute energy. Such supple–
energy automobiles can utilize M85 type of 'methanol.' This is a blend of eighty–five out of a
hundred of methanol and about fifteen out of a hundred petrol. The other substitute energy is
biofuel, which is based on vegetable oils or animal fats. It may also be produced from recycled oils
from restaurants after being used for cooking. This calls for engine conversion so that they can burn
biodiesel in its pure state (Adrian, 2007). 'Biodiesel' can be blended with petrol–diesel and get
utilized in original locomotives. It is decomposable, and decreases contaminants ('particulate'
substance, 'carbon monoxide,' and 'hydrocarbons') associated with the use of fossil fuels in vehicles.
'Propane' can also be used as substitute energy and it is a byproduct of "natural gas." It is more
consumed as energy for cooking and heating and it automobiles it produces fewer emissions than
gasoline. Another substitute energy is hydrogen which is mixed with 'natural gas' to create substitute
energy for vehicles designed with interior incineration locomotive capacities. Energy–cell vehicles,
which ride on electrical energy resulting from petrochemical reaction due to fusion hydrogen and
oxygen in the fuel stack, is an excellent example of hydrogen powered vehicle (Clean Cities, 2008).
The

Disadvantages Of Regenerative Braking Systems
With the increase of technological devices, due to decrease of natural energy sources led us to find
better solutions in using our precious limited energy. We need to minimise the waste of energy in
every area. In this way, it is natural that people work on revolutionary solutions on recovering the
energy we lost during the daily routine processes. Regenerative braking system is a good example
for that which is a type of energy recovery system that stores the kinetic energy of an object in
motion. That enables the object to slow down. This stored energy is used when needed and that is
how energy consumption of the whole process is reduced. There are multiple methods of energy
conversion in Regenerative Braking Systems including spring, flywheel, ... Show more content on
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Noise In case of a hard brake is needed, the safety is not guaranteed only by using regenerative
braking. It may not be enough to stop the whole car in a short time. Maintenance Stopping power of
different types of brake systems Applications of Regenerative Braking The regenerative braking
technology has been developing for a century in different areas. It is used in railways, electric cars,
hybrid cars, cargo trucks, bicycles, motorbikes, Formula 1 cars etc. In electrified railways motors are
used as generators while braking. With increasing electrification of the railways this technology is
used in many trains. The efficiency of regenerative braking on the railways has been increasing
everyday due to high technology

Making Stuff Stronger
Did you know that 75% of poisonous carbon monoxide emissions come from motor vehicles? By
breathing in excess amounts of carbon monoxide, it can enter the bloodstream and result in severe
tissue damage, lung damage and even death. Even though scientists and innovators know that motor
vehicles produce over 10 different types of pollution, they still focus on enhancing strength of the
vehicles rather than lowering the emissions. Improving strength is a very important part of
advancing technology. Strength may be necessary but reducing pollution is of much more
importance.
During the first video, "Making Stuff Stronger", the host, David Pogue, explored the world of
strength in material. There are many different types of strength: tensile strength, ... Show more
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One of the leading causes of lung cancer is believed to be air pollution. With nearly all automobiles
running on gasoline, there is a much higher chance of obtaining a life threatening disease. There are
many different solutions that attempted to fix the problem of automobile pollution but only one has
come close. The hydrogen fuel cell consists of two electrodes, a positively charged cathode, and a
negatively charged anode. The fuel cell has an electrolyte that sends electrically charged particles
from one electrode to the other. The hydrogen fuel cell is able to produce energy as long as oxygen
and hydrogen are available. Hydrogen fuel cells don't produce emissions and are also able to power
all motor vehicles. These special fuel cells do not cause pollution or create dangerous byproducts,
their only byproducts are water and heat. In addition, a hydrogen fuel cell is way more efficient than
gasoline powered engines. Most forms of transportation emit harmful emissions and cause pollution.
The hydrogen fuel cell is an environmentally friendly alternative to

Air Pollution : Factors And Effects Of Cars And Air Pollution
Cars and air pollution. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2017, from
http://www.dft.gov.uk/vca/fcb/cars–and–air–pollution.asp Factors such as driving style, driving
conditions, temperature, and type of car can all affect how much emissions are produced. Carbon
monoxide is one of those emissions and it reduces the blood's oxygen carrying capacity which can
reduce oxygen to other vital organs. CO also greatly affects health risk, particularly to those
suffering from heart disease. Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) is also a car emission and contributes to smog
formation, and acid rain, which can lead to damaged crops/vegetation. This source is reliable and
constantly updates its info. This source also relates to my topic because it talks about the effects that
car emissions can have not only on the environment but humans too. Car Emissions and Global
Warming. (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2017, from http://www.ucsusa.org/clean–vehicles/car–
emissions–and–global–warming#.WhRwGVWnHrc Vehicles are a major cause of global warming.
Cars and trucks account for nearly one–fifth of all US emissions, emitting around 24 pounds of
carbon dioxide and other global–warming gases for every gallon of gas. These emissions can lead to
an increase in temperatures, severe floodings, and rising seas due to melting ice. Electric vehicles
can produce zero emissions when the electricity comes from renewable sources, which may not
completely stop pollution but definitely slow it down. This source is reliable

Essay On Zero Emissions
Zero Emissions Global warming is a significant issue and the CO2 levels are up in astronomical
proportions; therefore, it does not matter what caused it at this point (Volti, 2014). Scientists can
argue weather man has had a significant influence on the temperature rise all they want; however, it
is a well understood fact that humankind has contributed to the now high levels of CO2 in the air
and humankind cannot continue to pollute the air in such high volume without regard for future
generations. Considering the incredible leap in technology the combustion engine was and the host
of benefits mankind enjoys from it is here to stay, the next leap in technology should revolutionize it
again to perform better and safer without emitting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With over 100 thousand trucks and other vehicles in service around the globe, it has more emission
output than many average sized cities (UPS, 2017). A complete reduction in emissions would be
equivalent to an entire city that stopped using combustion engines. The positive social impact would
make UPS the benchmark of social economic environmental consciousness that every transportation
provider would attempt to emulate. Furthermore, the entire planet would benefit from such an
ecofriendly competition, which will lead to many other health benefits and provide lasting
sustainability of our dwindling fossil fuel resources.
Remarkably, UPS has made considerable strides to improve the fuel efficiency of its trucks with
proprietary algorithms such as its package flow technology, which minimize the distance traveled to
deliver goods continues (Watson, 2017). Utilizing innovation theory to consider its environmental
sustainability, UPS also contributes to improving its bottom line. According to Ribeiro and Szabo
Cherobim (2017) "There is no doubt that the environment affects dynamic and strategy of
organizations and understanding the external environment is a fundamental condition for the
organizational survival" (p. 31). As UPS replaces existing trucks with fuel efficient models, it not
only caters to its ecofriendly reputation, it saves substantial revenue in fuel costs; therefore, it is

The Impact Of Co2 Emission On The Environment Of The...
Abstract:
In the light of ever–increasing greenhouse gases, global energy use, the increasing cost of energy
services, concerns over energy supply security, climate change and local air pollution, this report
centers around the question of how CO2 emission can be reduced in long term. As transport system
plays a major role in the increased greenhouse gases, this report highlights the use of future vehicles
in the transport sector from an economic, technical and environmental point of view.
Through its multi–disciplinary approach the report provides a knowledge base concerning different
strategies made by government and recent advancements in automobile sector in order to reduce
carbon emission.
Contents:
1. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
..............07 2.3.2 Hybrid vehicles ........................................................... ..............09 a. Plug–in (i.e.
parallel) hybrid electric vehicle.................... ..............09 b. Range–extended (i.e. series) hybrid
electric vehicles.......... ..............10 2.3.3 Pure battery electric vehicles
..............................................................11 2.3.4 Further development of internal–combustion engine
powertrain technologies .................................................................... ............12
3. Conclusions ..............................................................................13
4. References.................................................................................14
1. Introduction:
Low carbon fuel standards are rapidly becoming an part of the national debate over how to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions. Transport system plays a vital role in the increased greenhouse gases.
Increase in number of vehicles has increased the carbon emission rapidly. A pie chart gives you the
information about the total amount of CO2 emission by different sector in 2010. Electricity, heat
generation and transport system are the three major systems accounted for 63% of total CO2
emission during the year 2010 (I E A Statistics, 2012).
The potential for increased levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
cost of fossil fuels and high demand for non–renewable fossil fuels has brought attention to CO2
emission reduction strategies. Government has set some policy context and emissions standards for
the

Essay On Cabstar
Trucks
Cabstar is the name that is used for pickup trucks and LCVs in Japan that are sold by Nissan and
Renault– Nissan Alliance in their European Markets. The name Cabstar originated in 1968 under the
banner of Datsun but was changed to the 'Nissan' in the early years of the 80s. The earlier Cabstar
and Homer ranges were replaced by lighter versions and the cabal and clipper by the Atlas range of
Nissan. The truck is known by different names depending on the location. Towards the end of 1981
the nameplate was first introduced. Having sold the trucks across the world, the platform is shared
with the Nissan Caravan.
Nissan Titan: Introduced in 2004 the full size pick up was primarily produced for the north
American market. As far as platform sharing is concerned, it shares the same with the Infiniti QX56
SUVs and the Nissan Armada. Edmunds.com declared it as the world's best full sized truck. ... Show
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It was sold as the Nissan Cabstar. Features that were considered as its USPs were its reliability and
the ability to carry heavy weights. Over the years, the range became wider and began to be sold as
the Cabstar E. It is manufactured in the Nissan plant in Avila, Spain under the name of NT400.
Electric

Energy Pollution
Introduction Increasing carbon emissions are becoming a large problem when considering global
warming. The high energy intensity transportation sector contributes substantially to global
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and primary energy consumption, with emissions and energy use
steadily increasing as the population grows (IEA 2013; Pollet et al. 2012; World Energy Council
2007). More than half of these vehicles are personal vehicles (EPA 2014; Li & Shimamoto 2011)
with a substantial percentage (> 90%) of transport energy coming from fossil fuels, which is
inherently coupled with GHG emissions and air pollutants (Avci et al. 2015; Ribeiro et al. 2007).
Environmental damage, stricter emissions regulations and depleting oil resources causing economic
issues have all motivated research on energy transition away from fossil fuels seeing many
automotive manufacturers adopting new technologies (Chiara & Canova 2013; Dings, T&E 2011;
US EPA 2013). Therefore, a revolution in the automotive and fuel industries will prevail in years to
come. It is essential to alter society's current reliance on fossil fuel based transportation to decrease
the large carbon footprint of the transportation sector, therefore the development of alternative
sustainable fuels is imperative not only for the protection of the environment, but for the
maintenance of energy security. Environmental and economic issues can be addressed by
substituting current fossil fuel based transportation with low–carbon,

Futuristic Zero Emission Vehicles And Eco Cities
Appendix Research Questions
1. Mutualism of futuristic zero emission vehicles and Eco cities
a. Introduction to Msdar City
b. Design and Technologies
c. Markets and consumers
d. Architectural issues we might face in the future
e. Evolving mobility: How could the automobile contribute in an urban Eco–city?
2. Use of natural energy in futuristic vehicles & eco cities
a. Future of renewable energy
b. Future of wireless energy transfer
c. Future solutions to researchable batteries
d. Future of solar power in vehicles
e. Sunniest places on earth (location)
3. Futuristic efficient materials
a. Efficient materials
b. Lightweight materials
c. Smart materials
d. Recycling materials
e. Alternatives
4. Autonomous Driving
a. Future of autonomous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Interior Interactions
7. Conceptual Framework
Appendix to include:
Journal / time plan / Conceptual thinking / Research Summary Matrix
Questionnaire
Interviews
Ethic sheets
Observation analysis
Graphs and statistics
Appendix 1 A.

Introduction to Masdar City
Masdar City, set out as an arcology project, a vision of architectural design principles and ecology,
that appears as science fiction due to it's main structure which minimizes individual human
environmental impact.
Built in Abu Dhabi, in the UAE, this project was funded by the government of Abu Dhabi and
designed by the British architectural firm Foster and Partners. The city will also host the
headquarters of the International Renewable Energy Agency, and is designed to be the center of
clean technology companies.
Masdar city is structured uniquely, and designed to be friendly to pedestrians and cyclists. Although
it looks like a cube from a distance, its closely aligned patterned design buildings allow for airflow
in the city which cools in down by 15 to 20 degree Celsius. The city itself relies on solar energy and
other renewable resources.
The initial design of the city banned automobiles, and their solutions for mobility include a public
mass transit and a personal rapid transit system, with existing road and railways leading to the city's
perimeter.
The majority of private vehicles will be restricted to parking along the city's

Research Paper On Electric Cars
Are Electric Cars the Answer to Climate Change?
The market for electric cars has exploded over the last couple of years. The idea that owning an
electric car will reduce pollutants and help with climate change is a popular opinion. However,
research shows that electric cars actually contribute similar levels of pollutants to the environment
as their counterpart: internal combustion engines. Electric cars have been painted from the very
beginning as 'zero emission' vehicles. Should a vehicle be advertised as a zero emissions vehicle
when the power that it charges from is far from zero?
An environmentalist named Robert F. Kennedy wrote an article in 2009 for the Financial Times in
which he said that the United States must end its "dependence on deadly, destructive coal" (Bryce
58). "Acid rain, airborne particulates, water pollution, and air pollution are just ... Show more
Nuclear can produce 56 watts per square meter while wind only produces 1.2 watts per square
meter. Wind requires 45 times the land to produce the same amount of power. Not only does nuclear
require very little land to produce a lot of power, but the amount of waste it produces is next to
none. "In one year, the U.S. coal industry produces nearly 2,200 times as much solid waste as the
U.S. nuclear industry has produced in more than four decades" (Bryce 261).
Emissions coming out of an internal combustion engine are produced at the car and that is where
people inhale them. "Fuel–burning internal combustion engines that power conventional vehicles
emit carbon dioxide and fine particulate matter including acids, organic chemicals as well as dust
and soil; this pollution has been linked to respiratory and heart problems and cancer" (Park). With an
electric car those same emissions are being released at a power plant while the car is being driven
somewhere else. This has given the illusion that driving an electric vehicle is

Ethical Dilemmas In The Volkswagen Company
The German automobile manufacturer, Volkswagen, knowingly jeopardized their company to cheat
emission tests, result producing a cleaner type of diesel. The actions leading to the unethical
decisions by German automaker was not the fault of an individual, but rather problems throughout
the entire corporation. For a greater understanding of the event that took place within Volkswagen it
is best to examine the different divisions of the organization and the individuals' decision, which
was the leading cause in one of the biggest consumer class–action settlements in the United States
(Judge approves $15B Volkswagen, 2015). We will look at how the scandal could have been avoided
in addition to what measures can be implemented to prevent future unethical scandals.
The Volkswagen Company made numerous unethical decisions resulting in one of the worst
corporate scandal in modern times (Where were the lawyers, 2015). Who was involved in the
scandal? What were those unethical decisions, and what are the results of immoral decision? To
properly examine the scandal it is best to critically analyze the situation based on legal factors. "If
anyone, then, knows the good they ought to do and doesn't do it, it is sin for them" (James 4:17,
New International Version). An illegal program was installed in 11 million Volkswagen vehicles
worldwide, which allowed the manipulation of results in pollution tests. Despite knowing this was
unethical, Volkswagen knowingly made a

Tesla Motors, Inc. Essay
Tesla Motors, Inc. was founded in 2003 and joined the automobile industry out of Silicon Valley.
The company is located in 30 different countries with 18 stores worldwide (Mangram, 2012, p. 296).
Tesla Motors entered the automobile industry from a different approach in manufacturing
automobiles. The company began designing, manufacturing, and marketing battery electric vehicles
(BEVs) making Tesla the only manufacturer to sell a zero–emission sports car, the Tesla Roadster
(Mangram, 2012, p. 296). Tesla manufactured luxury electric vehicles such as Model S, Model X,
and the soon to be released Model 3 (Eisler, 2016, p. 35). With different automobile manufactures
entering the BEV market, Tesla Motors, Inc. must conduct a SWOT analysis of the company.
"SWOT stands for the company's Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats" (Abraham,
2012, sect. 5.2). Strengths and weaknesses analyze the internal aspects of the company, whereas
opportunities and threats analyze the external aspects. The SWOT assesses the strengths of Tesla
Motors derived from technological advancements, global branding, and market adoption considering
the BEV industry is relatively young compared to the engine powered industry (Mangram, 2012, p.
289). Their strengths are the internal aspect of the company that makes them competitive against
other companies in the same industry. Tesla Motors, Inc. was the first company to manufacture a
zero–emission sports car comparable to the Porsche and

R & D : Business Strategy
Introduction
In this essay, it explores the understanding and importance of R&D, business strategy and their
links. Organizations discover it progressively hard to meet their development targets and should
search for new arrangements that can bring them extra income. In business, R&D is very critical for
marketing and competition has made R&D important, by keeping up with consumers' trends, needs
and demands. Research and development would be a suitable tool in the competitive market. We
frequently see that R&D is not adjusted to the companies general Business strategy. R&D
department is commonly found in larger companies, which helps them create an innovative product,
operational improvements and increments in profitability (Pereira, 2013). While R&D work can be
instrument for making new products or improving old products. Research and development is
associated with marketing and different parts of business strategy. The key reason to implement
R&D in a business strategy is to give backing to the current business by keeping business
competitive and supporting their efficiencies for long term advantages.
Business Strategy
Business strategy is basically the means by which is sets out its organizational goals. It is an outflow
on how a business needs to progress over time to meet its objectives along with assessments for
what needs to be done ("Business strategy | Business Case studies", 2016). The basic purpose of
business strategy is review the function that are

Future Business Risks
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
Our limited operating history makes evaluating our business and future prospects difficult, and may
increase the risk of your investment.
You must consider the risks and difficulties we face as an early stage company with a limited
operating history. If we do not successfully address these risks, our business, prospects, operating
results and financial condition will be materially and adversely harmed. We were formed in July
2003. We began delivering our first performance electric vehicle, the Tesla Roadster, in early 2008,
and as of March 31, 2012, we had only sold approximately 2,250 Roadsters to customers, primarily
in the United States and Europe. Our revenues for the three months ... Show more content on
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In addition, our powertrain component sales, development services revenue and powertrain research
and development compensation have been almost entirely generated under arrangements with
Daimler AG (Daimler) and Toyota Motor Corporation (Toyota). While we have recently finalized
with Daimler the terms for a full electric powertrain program for a vehicle in the Mercedes line and
have executed a supply and services agreement with Toyota related to the Toyota RAV4 EV
program, there are no assurances that we will be able to secure future business with Daimler, Toyota
or any of their affiliates.
It is difficult to predict our future revenues and appropriately budget for our expenses, and we have
limited insight into trends that may emerge and affect our business. For example, during the three
months ended March 31, 2012 and the years ended 2011, 2010 and 2009, we recorded quarterly
revenues of as much as $58.2 million and as little as $18.6 million and quarterly operating losses of
as much as $90.6 million and as little as $4.3 million. In the event that actual results differ from our
estimates or we adjust our estimates in future periods, our operating results and financial position
could be materially affected.
In addition, our revenues to date have included amounts we receive from selling zero emission
vehicle (ZEV) and greenhouse gas emission (GHG) credits to other automobile manufacturers,
pursuant to certain state regulations.

Essay On Alternative Fuel
Alternative Fuels America needs to free itself from oil dependency. Every day billions of dollars are
spent on resourcing oil from other countries. The United States consumes around 20 million barrels
of oil every day. In the 1970's when the energy crisis happened, oil prices skyrocketed and the
supply of oil ceased, efforts shifted to find alternative sources of power. Although many people
believe alternative fuels are being researched and developed for environmental reasons such as
reducing our carbon emissions, they are actually becoming integrated into our lives from an
economic standpoint. Hydrogen, Electric, and Bio–fueled cars are all excellent sources of Fig. 01:
National Average Retail Fuel Prices for July 2017 alternative ... Show more content on
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While electric vehicles are an excellent alternative source, they do have some drawbacks. Electric
vehicles have long charge times and the infrastructure isn't fully developed all over the world. It's
easy to find gas stations along the road, but how often are electric vehicle charging stations found?
The placement of the structures is crucial because the chargers need to be in a good location.
Authors of Retailing Management Michael Levy and Barton Weitz explain that when a firm decides
to open a new station, they must make a substantial investment; either buy and develop the real
estate or commit to a long–term lease typically ranging from 5 to 20 years. When companies set up a
charging station its more than just a place to refuel, it's an investment logically thought out as to
where it should be placed. Electric vehicles are an amazing advancement but some people are turned
away who are used to quick gas fill ups. Hydrogen Fuel cell is another solution to finding alternative
fuel vehicles. This technology has zero emissions, a driving range of 300 miles, and can be refueled
and moving again in minutes. Although this technology is more recent, the military has taken a
liking to hydrogen powered cars. Initially, electric vehicles were appealing to military because of
how quiet they are, but setting up charging locations is extremely difficult and the military doesn't
have time to wait for their electric vehicles to charge while in combat. The hydrogen vehicle was

Natural Gas Pollution And Environmental Factors In The...
As it can be seen from the above figure, the use of Fuel Cells results in the reduction of CO, SOx,
NMHC, NOx and PM emissions by one to two orders of magnitude. There are almost zero PM
emissions for natural gas fueled FC cars. Also, there is upto 60% reduction in CO2 emissions, which
reduces the overall global warming co–efficient significantly. One more interesting conclusion is
that most of the emissions in FC cars occur in natural gas extraction or methanol production stage
and not during the end usage of the vehicles. Therefore, fuel cell cars can potentially provide higher
environmental benefits if the fuel supply infrastructure is improved.
3.2 FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY FOR BUSES –
It is believed the buses can be a good early ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As compared to the diesel buses complying with
EURO 5 emissions standards, the environmental benefits of the Fuel Cell buses will be
EURO2001 0.06/ per km. The fuel cell buses also show a fair amount of reduction in noise pollution
as compared to the Diesel buses. Although the current environmental benefits of Fuel
Cell buses are less compared to the annualized purchase cost of the prototype FC bus, mass–
production of the fuel cell buses can make those benefits significant.
3.3 FUEL CELLS IN COMBINED HEAT AND POWER APPLICATIONS –
More than 15% of the total energy use in the United States is from the residential sector, whose
annual cost exceeds $5 Billion [7]. The supply of power for majority residences is from remote
power generation plants, whose efficiency in less than 15 %, Also, the waste heat generated by these
plants cannot be used efficiently, which results in the wastage of resources and unwanted emissions
of Greenhouse gases.
Combined Heat and power generation systems are good alternatives for this, which can use the
waste heat generated during power generation for heating applications. This can result in better
efficiency and fewer emissions from the system. However, the use of conventional power generation
technologies in these applications is not feasible due to a number of drawbacks like excessive
pollutant emissions, noise, high cost, frequent maintenance requirements etc. Fuel
Cell

Electric Cars Vs Electric Cars
Furthermore, let's go into the environment aspect as to why an electric car is a better investment not
only for you, but for the world we live in. All electric cars, for example, Tesla Roadster and Nissan
LEAF have no tailpipe because they have no heat or gases to release as a byproduct of combustion.
Therefore, electric cars are zero emission vehicles.
In theory, electric cars are not truly zero emissions because of the pollution that comes from the
electricity generation. However, according to the article "Energy, Technology, Policy", Kelly
Rodgers talks about a few reasons why electric cars are better than gas powered. She claims that,
"An electric car reduces 35–60% less carbon dioxide emission from electricity than the CO2
pollution from the gasoline of a conventional car with an internal combustion engine. The
Department of Energy estimates that a gasoline car emits 75 lbs. of CO2 during a 100–mile trip, in
comparison to 32 lbs. of CO2 emissions from a power plant to generate enough electricity to power
an electric car for the same 100 miles." In some areas, where they rely largely on renewable power
such as solar, wind or hydro, the emissions are even further less for electric cars. As soon as we turn
the key to our car, different types of gasses and particles pollute our air that create detrimental
effects on the environment. One of the most deadliest to our ozone layer would be carbon dioxide.
According to the environmental protection agency, carbon dioxide enters

The Effects Of Global Warming On The Earth 's Atmosphere...
Global warming occurs due to an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere.
Various reasons as discussed in task 3 lead to the rise in temperature around the earth. The reasons
include deforestation, burning fossil fuels, increase in human population and increase in the amount
of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses such as methane, chlorofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide
and water vapor in the atmosphere. (Dai, 2013) Greenhouse gasses are produced when fossil fuels or
wood is burned. In other cases, when plants rot, carbon and methane are released into the
atmosphere. Global warming can be controlled through the following ways: preservation of forests,
minimal use of fossil fuels in energy production, efficient use of energy and use of low carbon or
zero carbon technology.
Conservation of forests: Forests can be preserved through prevention of deforestation and through
planting more trees. The importance of forests in controlling global warming applies where the trees
use up carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and therefore reduce the carbon dioxide concentration
in the atmosphere. Carbon, which is a component of carbon dioxide, is stored in the trees and is
necessary for tree growth. Therefore, preservation of trees ensures minimal circulation of carbon and
its products in the atmosphere. (Spies A.S. Mori, 2013) Deforestation has currently become a daily
activity and the number of trees affected is massive. Deforestation can be discouraged through

Tesla And Technology : Innovation Evaluation Of Elon Musla
Task 2: Innovation Evaluation Tesla Entrepreneur Elon Musk launched Tesla with a mission to "To
accelerate the advent of sustainable transport by bring compelling mass market electric cars to
market as soon as possible". (Tesla.com, 2017) Elon Mush is well–known in the business world as
he created/ co–founded other successful businesses, such as SpaceX, Tesla, PayPal, SolarCity and
many more. "Creativity is necessary but not a sufficient condition for innovation, the goal of
innovation is to solve a problem". (Lumsdaine and Binks, 2009, P179) By looking at the Tesla
website, the creative spark for Tesla is to prove to people that electric cars can be better, quicker and
more fun to drive than non–electric cars. Tesla's problem that it wants to solve "the faster the world
stops relying on fossil fuels and moves towards a zero– emission future, the better." (Tesla.com,
2017) Tesla's Radical Innovation Incremental innovation is a series of small improvements to an
existing product or product line that usually helps maintain or improve its competitive position over
time. Radical innovation is an invention that destroys or supplants an existing business model.
(BusinessDictionary.com, 2017) I think Tesla has used radical innovation rather than incremental.
This is because Tesla have a new advanced invention in the market that outstands its competitors
and I wouldn't class their innovations as small improvements. "Innovation is more than invention– it
involves change, and it

Electric Cars : What Is The Future Of The Electric Car?
For the past 200 years, the electric car has steadily gained popularity as an alternative to gas–
powered cars. Electric cars are vehicles that use electricity to be powered and create zero tailpipe
emissions. Electric cars have recently become a controversial topic ever since the Energy Policy and
Conservation Act of 1975 was enacted. In the US, the first successful electric car was built in 1891
by William Morrison. This created a spark of interest in electric cars all over the US that encouraged
automakers nationwide to manufacture their own electric cars. During the 20th century, over a third
of all vehicles being driven were electric cars. Concurrently, steam and gas powered cars were being
used as well. Many of the modes of transportation during this time were inventions that had only
recently been developed. Nonetheless, the invention and continued developments of the electric car
won the favor of the majority of the population due to the lack of noise and smell of pollutants it
emitted. When Henry Ford released the Model T, a gas powered car, in 1908 the popularity of the
electric car dwindled. The Model T's newly developed four cylinder engine allowed people to drive
for a longer distance and a faster speed than an electric car would ever allow. Due to its affordability
and availability, the gas powered car continued to increase in sales as electric cars almost entirely
disappeared. Gas demand, in turn, began to rise as well. In 1973, the Organization of Arab

The Impact Of Co2 Emission On The Environment Of The...
Abstract:
In the light of ever–increasing greenhouse gases, global energy use, the increasing cost of energy
services, concerns over energy supply security, climate change and local air pollution, this report
centers around the question of how CO2 emission can be reduced in long term. As transport system
plays a major role in the increased greenhouse gases, this report highlights the use of future vehicles
in the transport sector from an economic, technical and environmental point of view.
Through its multi–disciplinary approach the report provides a knowledge base concerning different
strategies made by government and recent advancements in automobile sector in order to reduce
carbon emission.
Contents:
1. Introduction......................................................................................03
2. Key findings .......................................................................................04 2.1 Policy context
....................................................................................05 2.1.1 European transport and fuel
policy...........................................................05 2.1.2 Biofuel
compatibility.........................................................................05 2.1.3 Tail pipe CO2 related policies
..............................................................06 2.1.4 Sales of ultra–low carbon cars by 2020
.............................. ..............06 2.2 Future fuels
......................................................................................07
2.3 Future vehicles..............................................................................07

Hybrid Vehicle Research Paper
Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Their Advantages
'The HEV [Hybrid Electric Vehicle] concept goes back to 1905. On November 23 of that year,
American engineer H. Piper filed for a patent on a hybrid vehicle. Piper's design called for an
electric motor to augment a gasoline engine'(1, pg 2) and thus, the HEV was born. Hybrid Electric
Vehicles, otherwise known as HEVs are vehicles that 'combine the internal combustion engine of a
conventional vehicle with the battery and electric motor of an electric vehicle'(2).
In this day and age car manufactures are trying to out–compete one another in terms of car features
and sales. Technology has come a long way since 1905 but the principle is still the same: to produce
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those who may doubt the potential for HEVs may ask: ?Why HEVs?? The Office of Transportation
Technologies makes the following points about HEVs:
?The practical benefits of HEVs include improved fuel economy and lower emissions compared to
conventional vehicles?Hybrids will never be true zero–emission vehicles, however, because of their
internal combustion engine. But the first hybrids on the market will cut emissions of global warming
pollutants by a third to a half, and later models may cut emissions by even more?(2).
Although hybrid vehicles are not zero emission vehicles, they are a very good alternative to the
conventional vehicles that are on the road today. With the capability to have a higher fuel economy
and emit lower amounts of pollution, hybrids are strong contenders against such vehicles as SUVs
(sports utility vehicles).
Another advantage that HEVs have is that they are competitively priced with other vehicles on the
market today.
?The HEVs available for sale are very cost competitive with similar conventional vehicles. Any cost
premium that may be associated with HEVs of the future can be off–set by overall fuel savings and
possible incentives?(2).
As a result of not having a very high price tag, in comparison with standard vehicles, HEVs are

Conventional Cars And Hybrid Electric Cars
Conventional cars and Hybrid electric cars: How they impact on Environment Climate change
occurs mainly because of human activities, such as harvesting resources, industrialization, and
technological invention, among other factors. One of the main reasons climate change has occurred
in the last a few decades is because conventional cars which made their first appearance in 1886,
have become increasingly popular. Although, conventional cars are more efficient and less
expensive than hybrid cars, hybrid cars help reduce the negative impact on the environment more
than conventional cars. A Hybrid car has disadvantages due to the battery and power of the engine,
which has to improve over time, which makes people less likely to buy hybrid cars over
conventional cars in the present such as gas and diesel. Even though both conventional and electric
cars have negative impact on the environment, they have different scale of impact on the
environment. By looking at how each system of both types of cars work, what the effect on fuel
consumption rate and greenhouse gas emissions are, and what the disadvantages of electric cars are
compared to conventional cars, hybrid electric cars are less likely to negatively impact on the
environment more than conventional cars. System of how conventional cars work Conventional cars
use internal combustion engines to generate power to put the car into motion. All conventional cars
use what is called a "four–stroke combustion cycle" which are "intake

Disadvantages Of Electric Cars
"Globally, 753 000 plug–in EVs were sold in 2016, 60% of which were battery–electric cars
(BEVs). These sales were the highest ever registered and allowed the global EV stock to hit the
threshold of 2 million units in circulation", according to the Energy International Agency. The
debate on whether electric vehicles are truly more environmentally friendlier, safer, fuel efficient
and overall more reliable than the average gasoline vehicle has been prevalent since the debut of
electric vehicles on the streets. Driving an electric powered vehicle will have positive benefits that
will eventually assist the earth and your pocket in my many ways. It is true, choosing electric
vehicles over gasoline powered ones can positively change the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It also compares these negative attributes of the electric car to the gasoline counterpart on the
amount of miles it can travel on a tank of gas and the sole convenience of refueling. Another thought
to consider is that the electricity needed to charge electric vehicles need to come from somewhere
and that somewhere is usually a coal power plant. It may be worse for the environment because the
coal power plant providing the source of energy needed for the charge is not emission–free. This
information also adds concerns to the validation of the beneficial side of electrical vehicles.
According to an article published on theguardian by Anrica Deb, "Electric cars rely on regular
charging from the local electricity network. The power plants providing that energy aren't emission–
free; even in California, 60% of electricity came from burning fossil fuels in 2015, while solar and
wind together made up less than 14%." In other words, the energy used to charge these electric cars
still require an outside source to power this vehicles. The author gives statistical data on the
percentage of where the electricity comes from in California and reveals staggering data on other
sources of energy like solar and wind energy. The author

Tesla Motors, Inc. Essay
As a young automotive company, Tesla Motors, Inc. exhibits a list of strengths that has made the
company successful with manufacturing and selling of their luxury electric vehicles (Eisler, 2016, p.
35). Tesla Motors, Inc. has a technological advantage in the battery market industry with their
partnership with Panasonic. Panasonic and Tesla collaborated in the development of the Gigafactory,
which "is designed to churn out cells for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) with a combined energy
storage capacity of 35 GWh per year – more than the total energy storage capacity of lithium–ion
batteries produced worldwide in 2013" (Martin, 2014, p. 327). With the large capacity batteries,
Tesla BEV's driving range are incomparable to other competitor's hybrid or electric plug–in
vehicles.
In addition to the company's strengths, Tesla BEVs like the Roadster, Model S, Model X, and soon
Model 3 operate strictly off electricity making these vehicles truly zero–emission because unlike
other automotive competitors. Introducing BEVs was a change to the public that caused a rapid
growth from a technological advancement that generated revenue in 2015 of over $4 billion that
included 48% of sales from the U.S., 9% from Norway, 8% from China, and the remainder from
other countries (Dalvagas, 2016). Tesla developed batteries with a charging capacity up to 300 miles
due to the lack of charging stations (Mangram, 2012, p. 293). The BEVs can be charged from home
instead of relying on a gas

Electric Cars Are Becoming More And More A Part Of The World
Electric cars are becoming more and more a part of the world we are in today. They can see them
everywhere now a day from the streets to their TV. Car companies like Nissan and Chevy have their
own line up of electric cars that perform well. Then there is the popular car company Tesla and they
make the Lamborghini of electric cars. To help lower emissions levels and jumpstart the industry,
the federal government continues to offer a $7,500 tax credit for buyers of pure electric vehicles.
(Schaal, 2015) So with all these changes going on in the car industries is it a good change from the
traditional gas engine? Are Electric cars truly better than Gas powered vehicles, are gas powered
vehicles becoming obsolete. Electric cars barely have any maintenance needed for them compared
to gas powered vehicles. Emissions from electric cars are zero to none and gas powered vehicles are
getting better but they are not getting better fast enough. Also range from an electric cars are
manageable because they have free charging stations all throughout the U.S. they getting to know all
this information can hopefully educate they when maybe they are going to buy their next car and if
they have one already given them some info they did not know already. Maintenance on vehicles
one of the main things they also do on their cars no matter how new or how old it is they always
have to get those pesky oil changes done every 3,000 miles. That is additional money out of their
pocket they did not want

Pollution Of The Air During The United States
The large majority of todays cars and trucks travel by using internal combustion engines that burn
fossil fuels and gasoline. A variety of emissions are polluted into the atmosphere when burning
gasoline to power cars and trucks. Emissions that are released directly from cars and trucks into the
atmosphere are the primary cause of car pollution but it still causes pollution the air during the
manufacturing and refueling processes. Primary pollution from motor vehicles is pollution that is
emitted directly into the atmosphere where as secondary pollution is caused from chemical reactions
between pollutants after they have been released into the air at least 92 million Americans still live
in areas with chronic smog problems. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency predicts that by
2010, even with pollution controls more than 93 million people will live in areas that violate health
standards for ozone (urban smog) and more than 55 million Americans will suffer from hazardous
levels of fine particle pollution, which is especially dangerous to children and senior citizens. While
new trucks and cars emit about 90 percent fewer pollutants than they did 30 years ago total annual
vehicle miles driven have increased by more than 140 percent since 1970 and are expected to
increase another 25 percent by 2010. The emission reductions from individual vehicles have not
adequately kept pace with the increase in miles driven. As a result cars and trucks are still the largest
single

Gas Cars Vs Electric Cars Essay
Electric cars are becoming more and more a part of the world today. Society can see them
everywhere, from the streets to TV. Car companies like Nissan and Chevy have their own line up of
electric cars that perform well. Now one of the most popular car companies, Tesla, can make the
Lamborghini of electric cars. To help lower emission levels and jumpstart the industry, the federal
government offers a $7,500 tax credit for buyers of pure electric vehicles (Schaal, 2015). Which
brings up some common questions; are all these changes in the car industry a good change from the
traditional gas engine and are electric cars truly better than Gas powered vehicles making gas
powered vehicles slowly become obsolete. Electric cars barely have any maintenance needed
compared to gas powered vehicles. Emissions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That is additional money out of pocket that nobody wants to pay for in the first place, in contrast
with electric cars never need a pesky oil change because electric motors do not require oil to
function properly. A few other items an electric motor does not need that a gas powered engine does
are: power steering fluid and coolant for the engine. Engine and transmission repairs can cost up to
thousands of dollars but since the electric cars don't have either of those they never have to worry
about them again. Horn from the article "Roadmap to the electric car economy" says "The electric
motor will also last much longer than its gasoline–powered counterpart because it contains only one
moving part." Since, there is only one moving part to the motor there is a smaller possibility of
things to go wrong and need maintenance. This showcasing of the many reasons why electric cars
are beating out their competitor because there are less costs needed to maintain the car in a working
condition. Resulting in the gas powered car continuing to become

The Pros And Cons Of Air Pollution
Imagine the world around us different than how it would be now. Less safe and more risk for
diseases. People are finding it harder and harder to breathe the toxic air. It is becoming more
unbearable each day. Arctic sea levels have risen. Gas prices are at an all–time high due to oil no
longer being as easy to grasp. The world we live in is dark, gloomy, and filled with a life that is
worrisome for us, and our future children. It is no longer livable for mankind, but how do we avoid
such a troublesome future? What is some sort of solution to help the future of mankind to provide
clean air not just for us, but for future generations? One simple solution to prevent this sad future is
purchasing an electric vehicle rather than a gasoline vehicle. According to the union of concerned
scientists in 2013, transportation contributed to more than half of the carbon monoxide and nitrogen
oxides, and almost a quarter of the hydrocarbons emitted into our air. This air pollution carries
significant risks for human health and the environment. Through clean vehicle and fuel
technologies, we can significantly reduce air pollution from our cars and trucks, while cutting
projected U.S oil use in half within the next 20 years. Due to such high gasoline prices, the electric
vehicles market has grown drastically in the past couple years. Electric cars are quiet, more energy
efficient, save you money, and have zero emissions rather than a gasoline car. Therefore, I support
the investment of an

Up Into Smoke : The Volkswagen Emissions Scandal
Up In Smoke: The Volkswagen Emissions Scandal
Jim D. Thomas
Instructor: K. Ryan Kane
MAN224–Business Law 11/6/2016
Stevens–Henagar College
Abstract
From 2009 through 2014, Volkswagen aggressively marketed and promoted their diesel–powered
vehicles as more energy–efficient and producing less harmful emissions than before. Customers
were promised that diesel was a more efficient alternative to traditional gasoline, and that it had
great benefits for customers looking for a "greener" alternative.
Soon independent laboratories began to call into question the touted emission numbers, showing that
tests in their labs did not match results that Volkswagen was claiming. This escalated to a worldwide
scandal, resulting in unprecedented investigations and lawsuits.
Analysis would soon prove that not only was there a problem with their systems, but that
Volkswagen itself had a problem going all the way to the top executives. Up in Smoke: The
Volkswagen Emissions Scandal
The saying goes, 'If it seems too good to be true, it probably is." We regularly see people and
businesses making flamboyant statements to make their product appear more appealing. They
promise that their product is better than the others, the best deal, and the most for your money. The
automotive industry is no exception. Imagine trying to promote the newest car or truck by saying it
is "good enough", you probably wouldn't sell very many of them.
The world of business is highly competitive, rapidly

The Fuel Of The Future
As we all know gasoline is the fuel of the past, and were all looking towards the fuel of the future.
While auto manufacturers race to bring low pollution emitting vehicles, ZPM(Zero Pollution
Motors) are the beginning of this transition. Zevolution, a combination of revolution, and evolution,
is revolutionizing car manufacturing, and the evolution of engine technology, and the solution to
pollution released by gas powered vehicles. Zero pollution motors, the fuel of the future is the first
compressed air powered vehicle, with this new cleaner modification of power. Thisprocess less
pollution, in which reducing greenhouse gasses.("Zero Pollution Motors").
The founder of ZPM is a CEO named, Shiva Vencat. Vencat has been an entrepreneur for over 15
years, meaning he organizes and operates businesses. Since the early stages of this project, he has
been the U.S. representative for the Motor Development International. Other than this business, he
was also in hospitality business, commodities trading, and innovation management ("Zero Pollution
Motors,
LLC.").
Compressed air for engines dates back to the nineteenth century, when the first compressed air
locomotive was built. The AIRPod vehicle is an improvised and improved version of this invention.
The
ZPM was created to find an eco–friendly vehicle fuel that is safe for the environment. The fossil
fuels used in modern time are not only costly, but emit dangerous gasses, which pollute the
atmosphere, causes the ozone layer,

Who Killed the Electric Car
Luis Salas
Who killed the electric car ? Environmental issues
Who Killed the Electric Car is a documentary which unfolds a complex set of events around the
development and demise of the modern electric car. The story stems from California from the early
1990s to 2006. Everything begins to unfold with a brief history of the first electric cars created in
the early twentieth century. These electric vehicles were killed off nearly 100 years ago as
gas/petroleum powered internal combustion engine cars became cheaper. The worsening problems
of gas/petrol cars are illustrated: smog, high child asthma rates, CO2 emissions ... Show more
EVs are less polluting even if the electricity comes from coal fired power plants. Furthermore, the
emissions of coal fired power plants can be controlled and regulated in ways not possible for
vehicles, as the number power plants is miniscule compared to the number of gas powered
vehicles.The car companies also argued that they would not be able to technically and financially
meet the requirements of the ZEV Mandate. Car and oil companies joined the Federal Government
to sue the State of California and overturn the ZEV Mandate.
Federal Government and oil companies put forward hydrogen fuel cells as a better alternative to gas
and battery electric cars. In contrast, interviews with two hydrogen experts gave details why fuel
cell vehicles are not likely to be available for another 15–20 years if ever, whereas battery electric
technology is available now, has been rapidly improving since the mid 1990s and is cost effective.
In 1999, having won some initial concessions in the Mandate, US automakers started shutting down
their EV programs. GM bought the rights to manufacture the Hummer, as they saw it would make
them money. In 2002 the maximum Federal tax credit for an EV was $4000. In 2003 the same tax
credit for a 6000+ lbs vehicle was $100,000. Of course, many members of the US Federal
Government Bush Administration were

Essay on The Newest Type of Transportation
The Newest Type of Transportation
Transportation, by definition, is the act of moving something or someone from one place to another.
There are many different types of transportation vehicles such as bicycles, boats, human feet (for
walking/running), and many more. Although when truly asked about transportation what comes to
mind? Yes, the automobile. The automobile, and transportation contains many issues to go along
with it. There are five main issues which consist of; social, physical, economic, energy demand, and
environmental. The first of the issues is the social transportation issue. The automobile has become
such a big part of people's life today it has actually changed the way people live. ... Show more
The fourth transportation issue is the energy demand issue. Our transportation is highly dependent
on the use of petroleum fuels. While the fuels are highly energy dense, and easy to transport, they
are also only limited in supply and we are rapidly using that up.
The last issue that comes from transportation and one of the biggest is the environmental impact.
Due to the use of petroleum gas which the combustion of it releases a numerous amount of
pollutants into the air. Automobiles contribute to the great amounts of carbon monoxide and more
unhealthy pollutants in the air. One of the greatest concerns is with the emission of the "green house
gas" carbon dioxide. In addition the large amounts of storm water that damage our streams, lakes,
and rivers are due to the transportation infrastructure. Also the dark paved roads, highways, etc.
cause the "head island effect" which is that the dark pavement attracts heat and causes the area to
actually warm up and those urban areas it causes people to use air–conditioning more than they
would've so the electricity consumption increases.[2] This transportation issue of the environment
can be fixed through a new century of car, an environmentally friendly car, a hybrid car.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV's) are vehicles that combine two or more power systems.

Who Killed the Electric Car
As a result of their development of a solar powered vehicle for a competition, General Motors
decided in the late 1980's to develop a fully functional and affordable electric powered car. The
resulting vehicles were high powered, zero emission, but could only run for approximately 100
miles on a charge, which is sufficient for most day to day driving. Because they knew that the
technology was feasible and because of the global warming phenomenon resulting from the
uncontrolled burning of fossil fuels, California state regulators passed the Zero Emission Vehicle
Mandate in 1990, requiring all auto makers to offer for sale in the state zero emission vehicles. The
electric car was the most promising technology at the time. It was argued that ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
GM initially installed poor quality Delco lead acid batteries in the EV1 and produced advertising
that EV advocates argued was aimed at repelling public interest.
Car companies argued that using coal for electric vehicle power would produce worse emissions
than using petroleum. Energy experts dismissed these arguments as the electric drive train is
inherently more efficient (does not idle or have a poor efficiency driving mode), and uses
regenerative braking to recharge the batteries. EVs are less polluting even if the electricity comes
from coal fired power plants. Furthermore, the emissions of coal fired power plants can be
controlled and regulated in ways not possible for vehicles, as the number power plants is miniscule
compared to the number of gas powered vehicles.
The car companies also argued that they would not be able to technically and financially meet the
requirements of the ZEV Mandate. Car and oil companies joined the Federal Government to sue the
State of California and overturn the ZEV Mandate.
From 1999 to 2004 Alan Lloyd was chairman of CARB and he presided over changes to the ZEV
Mandate. He strongly influenced the weakening of the Mandate's requirements on the automakers,
gave favour to unproven hydrogen fuel cell technology and sidelined battery electric

I.Introduction . A)Purpose. Renault Uk As A Pioneer In
I. Introduction
a) Purpose
Renault UK as a pioneer in the Electric Vehicle (EV) industry has a good performance in the EV
market. This report first described Renault UK and the product New ZOE analysed in this article;
then this report generally introduced the same type of vehicle and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)
on the market. Based on the information, this report listed all aspects of external factors New ZOE
faced and analysed the actual situation; then comprehensive analysis the two development
opportunities and potential threats in the end. The purpose of this report is to analyse the external
factors of New ZOE and to present opportunities and threats accordingly to help better respond to
the market.
b) Identification of Renault ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Meanwhile, the starting price is from £13995 for Expression Nav with a compulsory battery hire of
£59 per month. Roberts (2016) reported that Renault had delivered its largest UK order of ZOE EV
to Europcar UK for the provision and collection of rental vehicles in the UK due to some key
features such as easy to use and environmental compatibility. More than 10,000 full electric vehicle
sales, up 3.3% in 2015. ZOE made a strong contribution to this performance. In the first six months
of 2015, continued Renault in Europe was the best–selling manufacturer of electric vehicles. (Dow
Jones Factiva, 2017).
d) Substitute products and manufacturers in the same market
Although the market is dominated by HEV, the industries' new car sales in 2015 by 86.1%, there is
evidence that the sales of 100% EV have recently experienced particularly strong growth. (Mason,
2017a) Please see appendix A for further details on new registrations of HEV and EV from 2011 to
2016. In this market, EV not only needs to compete with other EV from different manufacturers but
also needs to consider HEV as substitute products. EV and HEV belong to ULEV (Ultra Low
Emission Vehicles) An analysis of those who are active in the ULEV section of the hybrid and
power markets shows how the sector currently competes by a relatively limited number of
manufacturers, please figure 1. Specifically, the two most famous companies are Mitsubishi and
Nissan, although their new sales share was relatively reduced as

Pestel: Electric Vehicle and Tesla Motors Essay
Case 5 Tesla Motors and U.S. Auto Industry As a pioneer of green technology car manufactory,
Tesla Motors has placed himself in the U.S. automotive industry. Tesla Roadster is considered to be
a cash cow in 2009, and it is the only electric cars have been mass product. However, after the
competitors had entered the market, alternatives joined the battle of green technology car, such as
hybrids, fuel cell ,etc. Furthermore external environment has changed. Elon Musk, the co–founder
and head of product design, is facing a question either to sell it or continue to run three companies
including Tesla Motors at once. Base on my opinion, in order to analyze Tesla Motors' case, external
environment analysis on electric car industry should ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Particularly, in European countries where oil price is much higher than in U.S. The Big Three have
fallen which provides another advantageous chance that Tesla can use to enforce market position. 3.
Sociocultural Factors * More and more people start to consider paying extra money for green cars
because of environmental issue. * The total population growth. After couple decades efforts by
environmentalist, public start to realize how important our environment is. Therefore, they would be
potential consumers for Tesla. Increase in world population will be a opportunity because demand
for cars will increase along with population. 4. Technological Factors * Battery. * Both Boston
Power Co. and Valence Technology Corp. are planning to expand into making automotive batteries.
* Alternative car technologies threat. As the single most expensive component in electric car, battery
is the most disadvantage of battery electric vehicles, because of weight lifetime, long charging times
and limited energy–to–weight ratio; therefore, battery technology will determine the battery electric
vehicles industry. Good news is some great companies are planning working on it. Other car
technologies are threats to battery electric vehicles, but on other side of a coin, they all have
shortcoming, such as it is not easy to get ethanol for flexible fuel vehicles. 5. Ecological

Ethical Dilemmas : Ethics And Ethics Of The Volkswagen...
In regards to the Volkswagen scandal, most companies establish ethics and values that they expect
everyone to abide by and adhere to. All employees, especially upper–level management are held to a
certain standard when it comes to making ethical decisions. Corporations also have a social
responsibility which involves how they deal with consumers and also other companies as well.
Volkswagen was a well–known automobile company that was charged with misleading their
reporting on the vehicle emissions test. Many questions arise as to who may have known about this
deceit as well as what could have been done to prevent this from happening. One of the disturbing
factors regarding the scandal is knowing that it may have been a joint effort between both the
employees & managers in different departments. Part of being in an organization not only entails
making ethical decisions, but also holding others to the same standards as well. Unethical decisions
caused by a few people or even one person can have a very negative effect on a company's
reputation and their consumer relationships. For example, there were quite a few Engineers and
other Executives that were persecuted for their involvement in this incident. According to an article
in the New York Times (Vlasic, 2017), "The Engineer, James Liang, is the first company employee
sent to prison in the vast scandal that has tainted Volkswagen's reputation and cost it more than $20
billion in fines and settlements consumers." Also, according to the New York Times article, Liang's
lawyer stated that "He was not the mastermind, but he did play a role." This brings up a good point–
it shows how any kind of involvement in an illegal/unethical act can put you in bad situation. If I
were an employee or a manager in the engineering department, I would try my best to be a voice of
reason when it came to preventing them from making that decision. In my opinion from a legal
standpoint, if an employee knew about something but failed to report it, then that makes them just as
guilty as the others. Situations such as these effected the company as a whole, not just one particular
department. From a biblical standpoint, there were a few verses that really stood out to me.

Hybrid Vehicles Vs. Electric Vehicles
In this day and age, our world is being consumed by the rapid growth of the world's population.
From the beginnings of time with cave men thousands of years ago up until the Industrial
Revolution, the number of people living on this planet never passed a billion, and was always
growing at a slow pace. When the Industrial Revolution hit the population skyrocketed to over 7
billion people. The growth of population has not slowed down since then, and more technological
advances are popping up everyday to help balance the rapid growth. The amount of people in the
world is literally growing each and every day. As the population grows we put more demands on our
planet to provide for the billions and billions of people inhabiting it. The world ... Show more
In 1990, the decision by the California Air Resources Board to limit air pollution by enforcing the
rule that 2% of each automaker's sales must have zero emissions in the 1998 model year. This
decision opened the door completely for electric vehicles and essentially mandated the automobile
industry to make developments in hybrid/electric vehicles (Anglin 1). Functional hybrids have
additionally been around for over a century. By 1900, a Belgian carmaker introduced a hybrid that
had a small gasoline engine along with an electric motor. Like the history of electric cars, the
production of hybrid vehicles was at a standstill between the 1930's and 1960's due to the
development of the piston combustion engine, and the fact that oil consumption and air quality were
not pressing issues. After this period of time, hybrid vehicles once again attracted interest and by the
1990's more time and energy were going into the development of hybrid vehicles (Berman 1). Most
manufacturers developed EV's on an experimental basis in the 1990's, often with research subsidies
from the government. But since these initial breakthroughs, the manufacture of EV's driven solely
by an electric motor has been discontinued due to practical considerations. The key problem was
their limited range, often less than 100 miles, and the recharging process took upwards of several

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