The Ethics Of Confucian Business Ethics

The Ethics Of Confucian Business Ethics
EDMP: An Analysis in Support of Confucian Business Ethics in Harmony of the Business
Environment
(160)Issue: The one question brought forth by Lagan (2006) is the conflict between harmony in the
business environment and the competition of capitalistic markets in the ethical debate on the
efficacy of Confucian business ethics. Lagan's (2006) case study effectively defines the overarching
harmony of universal mandates defined by Confucius, which argued against the pro–capitalist
interpretations of Confucian values to adapt to modern business ethics. In my own views, I believe
in this traditional form of the three rules of Confucian ethics: human morality, relationships, and
harmony. The importance of morality and relationships are vital to preserving good business
connections, but more so, it is important to understand how these business relationships create
harmony in the community. In this case study, I intend to focus on resolving the conflict between
self–centered capitalistic tendencies in the business community with Confucian business ethics as a
source of harmony in the workplace.
Stakeholders:
In Confucian business ethics the typical stakeholders are the businessperson, family members, he
client, and the community that is served in these business agreements. These asocial groups define
the capitalistic system of business exchange, which identifies the businessperson, the client, and the
social organizations that bind all parties together as stakeholders in this
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Confucian Beliefs And Its Impact On Society
For much of history, income levels were low, lives were short and there was little or no economic
growth. With a higher investment into human capital, specifically higher education, an attempt to
increase income levels and overall lifestyle is observed. According to the Oxford English
Dictionary, the term "Human Capital" refers to "the skills the labor force possesses and is regarded
as a resource or asset." Essentially, it identifies that there are investments made in people and these
investments can positively affect an individual's production.
Generally, higher education is linked with higher wages, however the returns to education are
different across various racial groups. Although, Confucian beliefs strongly influences Asians to
have a greater desire for education, as it equates to prestige, it is Whites that have always been able
to maintain a higher living standard than any other racial groups, especially in comparison to
Blacks. This is partially due to individual characteristics, but also due to the residual, the part that
cannot be explained by observable characteristics and this is due to labour market discrimination.
Labour market discrimination stems from the fact that different groups of workers; skilled or
unskilled, female or male, black or white, can all receive different wages. Economists are to think
first of all the differences in productivity, however the notion of discrimination brings to the
forefront a personal characteristic valued on the

A Critique of Confucian Morality
A Critique of Confucian Morality
For many centuries, Confucianism has been widely revered by the Chinese for its emphasis on
morality. Confucius, who lived from 551 to 479 BCE, is different to most philosophers in that he
showed no interest questioning his existence, the possibility of a God, or the reality that he seemed
to live in; instead he focused on the human relations side of philosophy as it was his belief that
people should "give (themselves) earnestly to the duties due to men ... (and) keep aloof from
(spiritual beings)" (Confucius 195). By negating the metaphysical side of philosophy, he was able to
devote himself to mold his disciples into ideal gentleman who were morally righteous, and were
able to benefit society. He ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Confucius defined filial piety as "not being disobedient". One of his disciples said that those who
were filial were afraid of "offending ... their superiors" (Confucius 124). Rebelliousness against
what is expected leads to breakthroughs and if one is forced to listen to his parents and carry out
their wishes, they will not be able to do so. There have been many instances of those who have
spoken out against authoritative figures for their own rights, and because of this, their lives were
able to change for the better. Parents should be a guide, but the deference that the youth is expected
to have will make them into a mere extension of their parents, with no independent thought for
themselves, knowledge of how to think for their own or speak up against what is wrong. Therefore,
one should be wary of absolute filial piety as seen in countries that adopt Confucian philosophies;
freedom is not as attainable as in the West. In addition, Confucianism does not place importance on
the role of the female in society. Modern Western philosophy is very egocentric and the rights of
each individual matters. However, in traditional Confucian philosophy, these rights are less
significant; the importance of the individual comes from the role he plays in society. In the five
hierarchal relationships, four out of the five are superior–inferior relationships; only one is
reciprocal. One

The Confucian Family: The Five Great Relationships
Many religions base their beliefs off of the relationships created between oneself and a higher or
spiritual being in which the relationship that is shared is the most important one in life. But
according to Confucius, the most important relationships are those within the family or that create a
family dynamic; these are known as the "Five Great Relationships." These relationships also
correspond directly with the Confucian Virtues of ren/jen, li, xiao/hsiao, and shu. They are not only
applicable to the Confucian religion and culture, but I think they may fit well into twenty–first
century American culture due to their strict focus of family. The "Five Great Relationships" not only
explain the dynamic a family should follow but also places ... Show more content on
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Xiao/Hsiao is often associated with the "Five Great Relationships" because it represents filial piety,
or the devotion of family members to one another. (Molloy, 235) Each relationship has rules of its
own, as well as rules that umbrella all of the relationships under one similar virtue. For example, li
is the virtue of proper practice or doing only what is appropriate. The eldest son has different
responsibilities than the youngest son, and it is crucial that their roles and responsibilities are visibly
separate, whether it is how they act, speak, or even dress; they must carry out their roles correctly.
Ren/jen, on the other hand, is the virtue of kindness, consideration, empathy, and/or sympathy.
(Molloy, 234) It represents putting the other person's needs before their own needs and being nice to
them overall. This virtue is followed the same way in every one of the "Five Great Relationships."
The final virtue, shu, has both its own set of rules as well as an overarching belief for all types of
relationships. It represents reciprocity, or considering the effects of one's actions towards others.
Although kindness and respect must always be reciprocated, the hierarchal level of the relationship
must also be considered. Overall, family members are accountable for following

Neo-Confucian Women
the protection and concealment of it (Kim, 2003). During the Joseon Dynasty, officials started to
hide women indoors away from the eyes of strangers. When outdoors, women had to wear layers of
clothes that hid their skin and body shape. In addition, they were to wear a veil or 'screen–hat'
(yommo) to hide their face. Neo–Confucian society continued to maintain control over a woman's
body. However, Neo–Confucianism started to expand and change due to all the changes South
Korea went through at the beginning of the 20th century. After the fall of the Joseon dynasty, Korea
would go through 35 years of Japanese colonization, a civil war, national division, industrialization,
and the creation of a liberal democracy (Kim, 2003). Although Neo–Confucianism still remained
important to the culture, it lost its stance as Korea's main ideology. No longer were women's bodies
controlled, instead, they were allowed to be appreciated and beauty became the standard for their
value.
Neo–Confucianism Values in Modern Women
As Taeyon Kim (2003) states, although women's bodies are no longer controlled by the same Neo–
Confucian values, the importance of unity over individuality still remains. In pre–modern times,
women they had to take care of their bodies for their family (KIM, 2003). Now, women are
channeling the practice of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Though South Korea is not number one in the world in terms of overall consumption of plastic
surgery, they do take that spot for plastic surgery rates per capita (Lee S. H., 2016). Statistics say
that around 20 percent of the population has gotten plastic surgery, but the real percentage is most
likely higher since clinics are not regulated very well and many procedures remain unlisted
(Elfving–Hwang, 2012). Although common, many clinics do not document it when they give
customers discounts for paying

Neo-Confucian Self-Cultivation And Free Speech
Neo–Confucian self–cultivation and free speech
Introduction
In the western civilizations, especially in the United States, people pay a lot of attention to the
freedom of speech and expression. We see americans refer to the freedom of speech in TV series,
news media, courts and many other places. Such a freedom has been strongly protected from
government restrictions by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution since 1791. And
the idea of the free speech has been interiorized into the broader liberal and individualistic western
ideology for a long time.
Nowadays, with a rising China and the oriental philosophy, the western notion of the free speech
may encounter an equivalent "cousin" for the first time. One of the most influential school of
thought is the Neo–Confucianism, as it had been the orthodoxy from the 12th Century to the early
20th Century. Different from the western liberal and individualistic one, the free speech in the Neo–
Confucian sense involves a higher communal goal beyond expressing oneself and protect one's
interests. By explaining the eastern notion of the free speech, I hope the different idea would provide
some insights for understanding of the whole concept of freedom of speech better.
Neo–Confucian self–cultivation First, we need to understand some basic ideas that the Neo–
Confucian thinkers hold about self–cultivation and why self–cultivation is important. These thinkers
believe that there is a universal moral principle (li), which

Confucian Analects And Ban Zhao's Lessons For A Woman
Though authored possibly centuries apart, the Confucian Analects and court historian Ban Zhao's
Lessons for a Woman have far more similarities than they do differences. The truth is that when
considered in the context of their societies, the two texts actually serve to complement each other,
and do so quite successfully. Technically written as instructions on maintaining order and progress
in government and society, the Analects are very widely directed (Bentley, Traditions and
Encounters, 101). While some of the text claims to be private conversations between Confucius and
other men, the instructions and suggestions are universally applicable. As all of the teachings of
Confucius, the Analects are not meant to answer theological or spiritual ... Show more content on
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Ban Zhao begins her text utilizing a bit of her own advice. She humbles herself immediately in a
rather demeaning opening paragraph regarding her own educational background. The text covers the
three primary functions of women in ancient Chinese society: as unmarried daughters, as wives and
mothers, and their role in the preservation of spiritual matters. She stresses the development of four
"womanly qualifications" that include virtue, words, bearing and work (Ban Zhao, Lessons for a
Woman, 4). The basic virtues of women stem from (similarly to the Analects) humility, and respect.
A true quietness of spirit and mind, a lack of foolishness, and an "exhibit" of modesty are required to
demonstrate the true humility of a woman (Ban Zhao, Lessons for a Woman, 4). She is also to
possess a diligence in labor that surpasses those around her; putting others always before herself.
These traits are to be developed and displayed even before marriage, as without them, "how can her
name be honored; how can [a woman] but bring disgrace on herself?" (Ban Zhao, Lessons for a
Woman, 2). Humility is stressed at the foundation of respect and

Confucian Impact On Modern China
The Ancient Chinese philosophy and politics have impacted modern China in a huge way. It was
during the Warring States period where countless states within China fought a civil war that the
major philosophies such as Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism took place.
Confucianism is thought of as a religion but many people who value Confucius believe that it is
more of a belief or a way of life. Confucianism left its impact on modern society to teach people to
maintain ethics no matter what social class you come from. Children are supposed to show respect
for their elders and when they reach adulthood, they are expected to care for their parents until they
pass away and pray for them once they are gone. It is believed that modern day China is

Similarities Between Confucians And Jews
Have you ever had an argument with someone over the same idea because you both interpreted it
differently? This has happened many times throughout history, leading to the existence of a variety
of philosophies within different cultures. Many groups of people throughout history looked to
traditional values and laws to create new ones. This was no different 3,000 years ago for the Jews or
the Confucians. Confucians and Jews believed in the same values on relationships and acquired
those values from similar philosophies, but they differed drastically in their interpretation of these
values. Maintaining good relationships with everyone was one of the most important values to both
the Confucians and the Jews. Confucians believed that "If each ... Show more content on
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Confucians believed that there should be a hierarchy within a society. As Johnson and Johnson,
experts on the subject, put it, "Status was determined by whether you were male or female, how old
you were, the position of your family, and how much education you had." In fact, there were five
relationships that made up the building blocks of the Confucian principle that some people deserve
more respect than others. Of these five relationships (father and son, husband and wife, elder brother
and younger brother, elder and junior, and ruler and subjects), only one does not reference the family
structure, which indicates that familial relationships were more important than other relationships.
The Jews, in contrast, believed that everyone should be treated equally regardless of status. The
Torah proclaims, "you shall not be partial to the poor or defer from the great, but in all righteousness
shall you judge your neighbor." Consequently, the Jews did not believe that relationships should be
hierarchical, but rather that everyone was inherently equal. They did believe that you can judge
people if it is deemed morally right. Even though you can judge others, you still must show them
respect when conversing with

Neo-Confucian And Mongol Dynasties
The Prompt
Throughout China's middle ages, Confucianism and neo–Confucianism played a role in how society
and government worked. These influences started during the Song dynasty. When the Mongols took
over, Confucian ideas were carried over to their government making them an even stronger power.
How did Confucian and neo–Confucian thought influence the Song and Mongol dynasties?
To begin with, the Song dynasty was one of the first dynasties to use neo–Confucianism. This was a
new type of Confucianism that was essentially created to reduce Buddhism's popularity Neo–
Confucianism taught that "life in this world was just as important as the afterlife" (Section 1 page
258). It was influenced by Buddhist and Daoist beliefs despite its similarity

The Revival Of Confucian Ethics
Ashley Beteta
Professor Lee Seung Ah
Korean 40, Discussion 1B
10 December 2015
A Need for the Revival of Confucian Ethics South Korea's education system has been viewed as a
success as 93% of students graduate from high school. Furthermore this has caused countries around
the world to praise Korea's educational curriculum and the results it has produced by "rank[ing] at
the top of the Programme for International Student Assessment survey results in reading,
mathematics and science. South Korea is also one of the highest educated nations in the world"
(ICEF 2014). Hence, it's achievements have also been brought to attention by the United States
president Barak Obama in 2009 as he compared South Korea's education with America's by ... Show
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The success of the Korean educational system is credited to being influenced through
Confucianism, resulting in the "educational fever" that has encompassed South Korea. When
Confucianism was introduced during the Chosûn Dynasty (1392–1910) it originally served as a way
to maintain power for the upperclassmen. However, Confucianism began to replace the influence of
Buddhism, leaving in its place, "a national ideology and religion, largely determined politics,
economy, society, culture, and education" (Lee 3). In other words, Confucian ideals began to form
the basis of Korean society during the Chosûn Dynasty, which continued into Japanese colonialism
(1910–1945) and remnants of it are still present today better known as Neo–Confucian. These ideals
helped Koreans survive the turmoil it experienced as it was colonized, liberated, went through the
Korean War and the 1997 IMF crisis. Since education had only accessible for the elite during the
Chôsun dynasty, its association with this drove Koreans to embed education as way to achieve
upward social mobility. However, social mobility through education is no longer as attainable as it
was a few decades ago due to the overpopulated amount of students seeking higher education and
competitive job market. Subsequently, Neo–Confucianism is beginning

Confucian Ethical Beliefs
Confucianism, a system of societal and ethical philosophies, was founded on the principles of social
rituals (li), and humanism (ren) during a time of social upheaval in the early Zhou Dynasty (476
BCE – 221 BCE). Opposing the commonly practiced Legalist mindset of strict law and statecraft,
practitioners of Confucianism attempted to embody an ethical core of Chinese societal behaviors
that would root a stable social order. Establishing cultural patterns of behavior and religious rituals
that were to be personified through generations of human wisdom, an era of "civilized society" had
begun. Thus the success of Confucianism was, and still is, directly contributed to its strong
foundations in socio–ethical teachings.
The father of Confucianism,

The Role Of Communism In The Confucian Patriarchal Family
Communism created a development for men and women to cooperate together, but few supported
gender equality. Within Chinese marriage, it was lawful to have a wife and multiple concubines.
Mao Tse–Tung established gender equality and created policies to eliminate the oppression of
women. Chinese women were overpowered in the Confucian patriarchal family. They were the main
key to family relationships. According to Ebrey, "The issues of gender roles for women and men are
distinctive and antagonistic" (1). Families were pressured to conceive a boy so the family name
would continue through the next generation. Presently, communism created an improvement for
Chinese women in other areas, particularly in working and taking on specific roles in professional

Comparing Daoist And Confucian Philosophy
What is yin and yang? According to Young, yin and yang is the complementary, opposite forces
present in all reality, according to the traditional Chinese worldview (426). The yin force is dark,
mysterious, wet, and female; the yang force is bright, clear, dry, and male (Young 426). In humans,
the harmony is reflected on a balance of yin and yang as new life emerges from the cold ground and
ripened fruits fall to the ground.
Yin and Yang are possessed by everyone. Long before Daoist and Confucian philosophy had
crystallized in China, the view had become popular that two interacting, interdependent,
complement forces–yin and yang–are present in reality (Young 120). In other words, the "yang" is
the positive side and the "yin" is the negative side. For example, these complementary can be
described as life and death, summer and winter, light and darkness, male and female, good and evil,
or positive and negative.
Yin and Yang are dependent and serves as an expression of the Dao. In other words, everything in
the universe consists of these two energies interacting. For example, "in some things the Yang
dominates, or is in ascendency; in other things, the yin force; but in all things (including humans),
both are necessarily ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In other words, given the nature of Daoist values, there has never been a central symbol, in the sense
of a visual representation believed to convey a transcendent truth. For example, the symbol of Yin
and Yang is a circle with curling dark (yin) and white (yang) hemispheres and contains a dot of the
opposite color. According to Kirkland, the swirl represents change–the only constant factor in the
universe (522). This is like "Daoist symbolism consists of an array of varied images that obliquely
suggest the effectiveness of spiritual practice" (Kirkland

Confucian Junzi And Socrates
Socrates as portrayed in the apology was a model of Confucian junzi. Socrates was born into the
artisan class and a stonemason by the trade. He was the best known philosopher in Athens in the 2nd
half of the fifth century. Socrates was conformed to the Greek polis as a model but he have exceeded
by the size and territory. Socrates was a teacher of Plato. Socrates was known as the gadfly of the
Athenian and the midwife truth. Socrates knew his way of philosophizing and questioning the
profound influence on the development of Western philosophy and education. Confucius was a
Chinese philosopher who lived during the late year of spring and autumn period of china between
the 5th and 6th century B.C.E. Confucius was one of the person who was a great

Explain Five Confucian Concepts
Taylor Walsh: A12597627
Professor Magagna
PS113A
4 November 2016
Explain five Confucian (East Asian) concepts Eastern Asian history and tradition is deeply rooted in
study of the mind, body, and soul. On the other hand, ancient East Asian Confucianism also
emphasized the importance of structure and order in one's personal life, as well as, in a nations
governing body. East Asian Confucianism was a deeply metaphysical belief system that spent a
great deal of time analyzing the intangible aspects of one's spirit and how ones actions in the earthly
realm will affect their time in the afterlife and the continued lives of the family everyone inevitably
leaves behind. East Asian Confucian practices were mainly merit based allowing for, at the ... Show
As the empire has its basis in the state, the state in the family, and the family in one's own self, then
in order to win the people's hearts, there is no need for the ruler to use force or power. Being correct
in one's self, a ruler would bring the whole empire to himself. Peace and harmony are the natural
results of moral cultivation and ethical correction" (Yao

The Characteristics Of The Confucian Culture Essay
In modern Japanese society, education is always as an important and serious issue affect by culture
value. Culture value is constantly changing with the time period of Japan. Thus, Japanese education
is changing with ancient education and modern education. In the Taika Reform Period (ancient
education), the eastern tradition cultural that is Confucian ideology impacts the whole royal
household. The characteristics of the Confucian culture are reflected in the education, especially
moral education, on the group, the self–cultivation and spiritual values, the examination and
academic performance of talented attention. This cultural identity has played a positive role in Japan
's political stability and economic prosperity. In the modern Japanese society, education reform
results in compulsory education from year 1 – year 12.
Compulsory education give all students in Japan have an equal chance to learn. The Japanese have
an important belief in the compulsory education. Japanese believe that all students have the ability
to learn knowledge, the efforts of students, self–discipline and non–academic ability determines the
student 's academic achievement. These learning and behavior habits can be learned through lectures
and training back. Therefore, primary and junior secondary students are not taught according to their
ability to class, nor to adapt to the differences of the students. Although the compulsory education
only to the middle school graduation, there are still more

Xunzi And Confucians: Human Nature: Good Or Bad?
In Chinese culture, human nature has discussed for few thousand years by Confucians, for instance,
Mengzi, Xunzi, Gaozi. Chinese Confucians Xunzi thought is human nature is bad unless humans
give efforts and force themselves regarding to standard defined by sage referring to week 2 lecture
notes. Comparing Xunzi and Mengzi thought, Mengzi states differently that human nature is good
because of four sprouts and it could be bad because the influence of environment. According to
Cambridge dictionary, the definition of human nature means the natural ways of behaving most
people share without cultural influence. This essay will discuss whether human nature is good or
bad and give reasons to agree or disagree to Xunzi statement. In fact, Xunzi statement ... Show more
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This claim may be biased and it cannot directly connects the relationship that human nature is bad
.The law implementation could be made society and community operate more smoothly with solid
reason under lawsuit established and further justifications. However, another objective of law could
be introduced benefits like pave the way for non–profit organizations operate in better approach. In
other words, it looks like a guideline for organizations or community to increasing the transparency
of financial usage and decision making process. For instance, MSF which tries to become more
independent and more transparent according to the guideline. Also, these guidelines or lawsuit could
provide to engineers or donors as an evidence for emergency situations which might improve the
situation and commit most appropriate decision. These imply that establishing and improving
lawsuit does not only mean human nature is defected. As well as that if it is existential, individuals,
our community and organization would be operated at optimal approaches with a solid

The Role Of Confucian Business Ethics And The Economy
Confucian Ethics has a big role in the government as well as in the economy of different crucial
stages of development of Confucianism such as the Agrarian Economy, Neo– Confucians in the
commercialized economy, Reformist Confucian's economy and Modern Confucians in the global
economy. By this study it proved that the morals and ethics of Confucius should be applied in a
macro level than in a micro level wherein the relevance of Confucian Business Ethics and economy
are applied by the previous leaders with different perspectives and result of their term. "Confucian
Business Ethics and the Economy" by Joanna Kit– Chun wants to address the connection between
the Confucian Business Ethics and the economy in several crucial stages of development ... Show
I agree on his statement that, "The great man regards Heaven and Earth and the myriad things as one
body. He regards the world as one family and the country as one person. As to those who make a
cleavage between objects and distinguish between self and others, they are small men. That the great
man can regard Heaven, Earth and the myriad things as one body is not because he deliberately
wants to do so, but because it is natural to the human nature of his mind that he do so." a leader
should unite everyone as one and treat his people as one. The Reformist Confucian's economy ad
Modern Confucians in the global economy are almost the same as the other crucial stages above that
uses different technique which applies the Confucianism with the help of these thinkers named Kang
Youwei, the leader of "Hundred Day Reform" who think that frugality is not a virtue, and thinks that
the aim of economic production was to gratify human wants and desire. Suen Yixian, the "Father of
the Republic" was also influential in this period who thought that industrialization is what China
needed in order to improve its

Mohist: Confucian Values And Beliefs
Mohist (Mozi philosophy) has the values and beliefs that align with mine the most. Mohist brought
their focus to concerns with human and state selfless, they believed that humans only thought about
themselves, their wealth, their state of being, how much power they had, and would not think their
actions and the possible consequences (Hill Slide 2). Which is something that can still been seen
today in our own society. People only care about their own beliefs, and are stubborn, don't want
change, and only care about themselves and what benefits them and their families. Mohist believed
that in order to have a good government, "states need to consider the consequences of their actions,
by considering the action contributing to the wealth of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Like Mohist preached, short–term thinking is something we see a lot when rulers make decisions,
and it only leads to more destruction and chaos (Hill Slide 2). Even Mozi himself noticed that
Confucius philosophy had many beliefs which required a lot of unnecessary wasted money, energy,
and time. For example, "Confucians valued the rituals of the Zhou which involved elaborate
clothing, trained dancers, and exquisite musical performances... [Mozi question what benefit this
rituals provided] Elaborate musical performances wasted time, money and energy that could be be
put to use in the production of food, clothing, and housing for the poor. Musicians might be better
put work as farmers and the elites who sat around watching these performances might spend their
time governing their states", and even mentioning that elaborate funerals waste a lot of money and
energy that is not necessary. In which I also agree because it is something that is still even seen to
this day. We spend so much time and money on promoting helping the poor and homeless, but when
the time comes to actually helping someone in that state a lot of are hesitant and don't actually put
any effort into helping them out, often avoiding the situation

The Implementation of Confucian Principles in the Qing...
The Implementation of Confucian Principles in the Qing Legal System By altering the sentencing
practice of the legal system according to Confucian values of filial piety [xiao] and benevolence
[ren], the Qing dynasty reinforced Confucian principles in the law. Although using law as a tool of
governing is contrary to the teachings in the Analects. Confucius argued that people became evasive
and shameless when law was used as a tool for governing, because law would not be able to prevent
all illicit actions, and evil–minded people would always be able to evade the law and avoid the
punishments. Therefore, Confucianization of the law, which merged the principles of Confucianism
and punishments of the law, became the dominant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He refused to marry and lived in agony for years. After he killed the enemy, he went to report the
crime, surrendered himself to the authorities, and was willing to [be executed] to atone for his
crime..." The Ministry of Punishment reviewed the case and did not follow the Governor's
benevolence. The Ministry of Punishment found that Ruifang's mother commited suicide due to the
intimidation of Woman Xu, but she was not killed directly by Woman Xu. In addition, Woman Xu
was the criminal's aunt, meaning she was a senior member of the family. As a junior family member,
Ruifang committed premediated murder to his aunt. He violated the principle of filial piety.
Therefore, he should be sentenced a severe punishment and there was no precedent case to pardon
him. The so–called circumstances of his agony over the death of his beloved parents, years of
mourning and voluntary surrender could not obtain pardon for him. The final judgment was not told
in the document. However, the Autumn Assizes Officials could still consider the crime as a less
severe premediated murder from the perspective of Confucian benevolence after reviewing the case
and recommend a less severe punishment to the Emperor. It is possible for Ruifang to receive the
benevolence from the Emperor as in Women Xie's case. Both cases were typical examples of how

Confucian Scholar Dong Zhongshu And The Mandate Of Heaven
Confucian historical texts provide pragmatic solutions to political projects, although they operated
in a culture that was seasoned with value laden principles from a hybridization of Confucian, Daoist,
and Buddhist schools of thought. This paper focuses on the Confucian Scholar Dong Zhongshu;
specifically, I will analyze his thoughts on the Mandate of Heaven, the connection between the state
& human body, and his expectations of rulership. As I proceed with this analysis, I will demonstrate
that Dong Zhongshu had a pragmatic political motive with his desire to be a member of educated
elites known as the junzi. To begin with, I press the rhetorical: question was Dong Zhongshu a
philosopher or an aspiring civil servant with philosophic tendencies? ... Show more content on
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This essay builds on what he has already said on the importance of the Mandate of Heaven. Section
one of the essay speaks to it being the role of the ruler to know the true substance of things which
Dong Zhongshu refers to as the practice of "eliminating obstructions" (DeBary pp. 298–300). Rulers
do this by becoming the foundation of all state policy. Leading well necessitates a balance of virtue
in between two extremes. Having the responsibility to lead is a heavy burden that mirrors the
character of the ruler. Section two on responsibilities of rulership delves deeper into the character of
rulership. At this point Dong Zhongshu has established that the heart of any successful state is the
virtuous rulership of a sage leader (DeBary pp. 298–300). Through the ruler the people either for
better or for worse transformed nevertheless that transformation is disseminated by the ruler. Sage
rulers will lead by strong example with inspiration derived from the three foundations of heaven,
earth and humankind. Reflecting on all of that it is apparent to me at least that what we can see
Dong Zhongshu doing in his essay concerning the responsibilities of rulership advocates for the
rulership, propagating political influence by means of Confucian justification. Once again reiterating
the point that to oppose the rulership is to oppose the heavens. By fusing cosmology with the

The Confucian Concept Of Authority Essay
The Confucian concept of authority is exemplified through the teachings of the Way of Heaven and
filial piety. In Confucius's thought, authority is described as something that manifests the power to
enforce obedience; anything of authority encourages, or demands, people to live a specific way. This
obedience constructs a notion of hierarchy within relationships and implies an obstinate expectation
for reverence and devotion. Through the teachings of the Way and filial piety, people are advised to
behave in a specified manner that is supposedly appropriate; however, these "rules" epitomize the
exercise of power and demand for obedience. Authority in Confucius's teachings of the Way of
Heaven and filial piety should not define appropriate structures of relationships between a Lord and
his people, a Master and his disciple, or a father and his son, because the authority abusively
demands submission. The Way of Heaven, as described in The Essential Analects, commands for a
specific structure of a state. "In a state that has the Way, to be poor and of low status is a cause for
shame; in a state that is without the Way, to be wealthy and honored is equally a cause for shame"
(8.13). The Way is a source of authority within the state; the Way is the key to virtue. The admirable
ideals of virtue encourage people to the lifestyle commanded by the Way. If a person is living in
accordance with the Way, it is shameful to be poor or discontent; people who understand the Way
would exhibit

Ren Is Essential To The Confucian Belief System
Ren (Goodness) is essential to the Confucian belief system. Confucius taught that the pursuit of Ren
will lead to spiritual correctness and moral superiority. It was so foundational that it was
characteristically tied to the Mandate of Heaven. When a dynasty fell, it was assumed that they had
fallen out of favor with the gods, an impossibility if said dynasty had committed itself to Ren. This
practice starts at the human to human practice of empathy, according to Dr. Can's lecture. For
Confucius, the beginning of Ren is being able to understand another person and your relationship to
that person. This echoes through the Five Right Relationships.
For the Five Right Relationships to function properly, there must be a deep understanding of each

Miss Li: An Ideal Confucian Woman
The ideal Confucian woman was 'perfect'. She was impeccably clean and wore the freshest clothes,
she guarded her chastity, was always on her best behavior, promoted modesty, chose proper words
and spoke at appropriate times, and worked with a passion to sew and weave, kept cleanliness and
order, and prepared wine and food for guests (Admonitions for Women, page 824). And that was just
what a woman was expected to do for herself. One cannot forget she was expected to remonstrate
for her husband, so he would not fall into evil ways (Filiality for Women, page 827). She was also
advised to be prepared for guests, no matter the time of day. She should keep everything clean and
neat and always have tea prepared for guests. Then, she should ... Show more content on
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She took care of him and he recovered to his former health ("Miss Li", page 310) and realized it was
her fault that he became an unhealthy beggar. Because he was a man of nobility when he came to
live with them and then proceeded to leave him in the middle of nowhere, she took the blame for
what happened to him and said that everyone knew that his condition was her fault ("Miss Li", page
309). Miss Li starts helping the young man remember everything he ever learned while studying for
the exams and pays for his books, so he can keep studying. She encourages him to study, while she
takes care of all the other work ("Miss Li", page 310). She makes him study for three years, even
though he had already mastered the material after two years. That paid off, however, when he passes
the examination and passed at the first attempt ("Miss Li", page 310). She even discourages him
from making friends with the scholars because of the disadvantage of his past. She knows that he
needs to pass another exam to match himself with famous scholars ("Miss Li", page 311). So, the
young man increases his efforts and passes a special examination that the emperor had decreed and
was offered a top position ("Miss Li", page

Compare And Contrast Confucian And Christian Leadership
I. Executive Summary
Confucian and Christian leadership are two different leadership styles and it reflects the differences
between western countries and eastern countries. Leadership styles are affected by local culture and
values, hence, Confucian leadership style will significantly affect eastern countries while Christian
leadership will affect western countries. Although both of the leadership styles are completely
different, they both have successful case and both of them can lead follower towards success. In this
assignment, it will indicate the differences between two leadership styles, the source of two
leadership styles. There have lots of example of celebrity participate this two different leadership
style including Gandhi and Dr. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the hierarchy is not only using in the family relationship, but also in organization (cf.
also Kets De Vries 1996); the CCL is associated the high level of discipline and power with love and
ethical integrity of patriarchy. In business, management, social enterprise, government and
education in Asia are mainly using this exemplar of CCL, also the leading factors also base on
"authoritarianism", "kindness" and "integrity".
There are 8 sides of paternalistic form of leadership: "Dependence Orientation of Subordinates",
"Personalism", "Moral Leadership", "Harmony Building", "Conflict Diffusion", "Aloofness and
Social Distance", "Didactic Leadership" and "Dialogue Ideal" (Westwood and Chan 1992 and
Westwood 1997). For further discussion, Moral Leadership for CCL represents to leader who should
responsible and obligate to take care of their followers. Also, Personalism denotes that follower is
loyal to the leader, not the CCL system. It indicates that the process of decision making and personal
behavior will be influenced by the personal standard and the

Confucian Influence
Confucian have a great influence in East Asia especially in China. Confucian is proposed by a
famous philosopher and Saint Confucius in thousands years ago. Confucian becomes a philosophy,
religion and even a way of lifestyle among people in East Asia. "If we were to characterize in one
word the Chinese way of life for the last two thousand years, the word could be 'Confucian'."(Yao 1)
Confucian's six concepts including ren, virtue, family, harmony, knowledge, action, and ontologies
deeply affects people's thoughts and life in East Asia. In professor's lesson, he believed that people
in the society have their obligation and should respect each other. For example, the governor should
treat their people well and people have responsibility to their governer. In families, parents have
responsibility to raise their offspring and children can self–cultivate in return. It means people can
help, return, and respect each other. If people can finish their obligation, the concepts of Confucian
can be achieved. According to the lecture of professor Mangagna, Ren is considered as humanness,
compassion and benevolence. Ren is not absence of self–interest. It is a form of self–interested
"Along with Confucius, Mengzi emphasized the virtue of humaneness (ren) which he equated with
humanity: 'Humaneness is what a human is People can get ren from relationships between each
other."(Yao 74) In the book an Introduction to Confucian, "the virtues of humaneness (ren),
righteousness (yi), propriety (li) and wisdom (zhi) were not drilled into us from without; we already
had their beginnings (duan) as soon as we were born."(75) It means Ren is innate. People are
inherent with sense of Ren so people don't have to learn it. Via developing Ren, people can show
more care and love to other people. Therefore, the target of becoming altruistic can be gained. Ren
is very important to gain because it can help build up people's relationship. Ren is omnipresent in
relation of families, friends, relatives, classmates and all the world. In the Confucian society, people
are supposed to be altruistic, humane to other people. If there is no Ren in the world, the world will
become horrible. People lose faith on each

The Principles Of The Confucian Philosophy
Individualism is the degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members. It has to do
with whether people´s self–image is defined in terms of "I" or "We". In Individualist societies
people are supposed to look after themselves and their direct family only. In Collectivist societies
people belong to 'in groups' that take care of them in exchange for loyalty.
Singapore, with a score of 20 is a collectivistic society. This means that the "We" is important,
people belong to in–groups (families, clans or organisations) who look after each other in exchange
for loyalty. Here we can also see the second key principle of the Confucian teaching: The family is
the prototype of all social organizations. A person is not primarily an individual; rather, he or she is a
member of a family. Children should learn to restrain themselves, to overcome their individuality so
as to maintain the harmony in the family. Harmony is found when everybody saves face in the sense
of dignity, self–respect, and prestige. Social relations should be conducted in such a way that
everybody 's face is saved. Paying respect to someone is called giving face.
Communication is indirect and the harmony of the group has to be maintained, open conflicts are
avoided. A "yes" doesn't necessarily mean "yes"; politeness takes precedence over honest feedback.
The relationship has a moral basis and this always has priority over task fulfilment. The face of
others has to be respected and especially as a manager

Western And Confucian Values
A focus on differences in Western and Confucian value may have variations in values within
cultures and the changes of Chinese American women. This essay compared Xuxi's novel That man
in our lives and Typical American by Gish Jen. Take a closer look to observe the variation in
Confucian value among Chinese American woman. How they challenge to their Confucian values
after they received American consumer culture. When the Industrial Revolution made mass
consumption possible in the US, consumerism was an effective political choice to sustain a healthy,
balanced economy. Consumer culture is defined as buying and spending of consumer and is closely
link to money (Zhang, 2014)
I am going to mainly focus about Helen and Theresa, which are the characters in Typical American
and picked up some similarities with Chinese American women Anita woo which is the character in
That man in our lives. What I want to see is how the books described the variation in Confucian
value among those women. Nevertheless, I noticed that there was one of the reasons cause the
variation. All of this three characters influenced by the American consumer culture. American
consumer culture was one of the reason made Helen and Theresa doubted their Confucian value and
shifted to western value. Anita Woo was influenced by the consumer culture after her retirement too.
She madly in love with shopping. I will focus on the link to consumer culture to ... Show more
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Firstly, the women change from obedient to independent self–determined women. Helen and
Theresa were influenced by Chinese Confucianism from their family at first. Both of them followed
the regulation of Confucianism for women to obey. For instance, "Three obedience and four
virtues". They were taught to obey their father as a daughter before getting married; they should
obey their husband after marriage, and then obey their son after their husband

Two Main Characters In The Story Of Miss Li
Have you ever heard the fascinating Chinese story "The Story of Miss Li"? This short story is about
two main characters. One being Miss Li, a beautiful young Prostitute, and a young man of great
wealth and power. Soon in the story Miss Li finds the young man and convinces him to marry her.
Unfortunately, two years later they spend all of their money and end up having nothing to their
name. So, Miss Li, tricked the young man and left him with nothing to his name. years pass and the
young man was very sick and almost dead, he runs into Miss Li one more time. Miss Li felt so
terrible that she did this to him that she took him in and cared for him. Soon, she became an ideal
Confucian woman and led him back to great wealth in power by helping him learn "the five texts"
and making sure he was ready to take the Civil Serves Examination. Even though Miss Li was not
what most Chinese call a proper woman, later became an ideal Confucian woman and wife by
following the Admonitions for Women and the Analects for Women.
One–way Miss Li became an Ideal Confucian woman is with her humility. After finding the young
man in such a sickly condition after leaving him for another man she admitted that she had done
wrong and her actions had put the young man in the condition that he was in. Miss Li also showed
her humility by putting her needs and wants aside and help the young man pass the Civil Serves
Examination. In the Admonitions for Women states that "should she do something good, let her

Confucian Vs. Confucian Classics
In thinking about the Confucian Analects, one can come to a great many conclusions or
interpretations regarding the meaning of each passage within his "Confucian Classics". Given the
historical context and background in which Confucian ideals were created during, there is one
particular set of notions in which the authors hoped that a society would derive from this literary
masterpiece. Within this essay, my attempt is to provide a detailed evaluation of one of the passages
of the Analects, from within the framework of a Confucian society. In doing so, one must associate
three key terms with Confucian ideology: that of "Ren", which speaks to the goodness of an
individual as well as at the societal level; "Li" which is represented by ... Show more content on
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It can be said that this sort of self–analysis speaks to the high degree of practical foresight and self–
observation that one is required to attain in a Confucian sense of being. For Master Zeng and
Confucians, the concept of "Ren" relates to the goodness within oneself and how that goodness is
shared among society as a whole. Therefore, for Master Zeng, his internal observations and
cognitive awareness leads him to a higher level of consciousness that enables him to be good to
himself, as well as extending that kindness to the rest of society. Humanitarianism is a key element
in Confucian thought. To best explain the concept "Ren", in practice, one would need to focus on
conveying compassion and understanding to all living things. Under Confucianism, doing any harm
to oneself or their environment goes against what is termed as being "The Way", or put in other
words, if one were to inflict harm on anything they would not be following the path of
righteousness. Master Zeng is urging his students to pay attention to their inner desires and to keep
them under control.
Moving to the next sentence, it is stated that, "When dealing on the behalf of others have I been
trustworthy?" This question relates to the highest esteemed level of integrity and honor that a perfect
gentleman has, displays, and is remembered by from the viewpoint of those which he interacts with.

The Confucian Virtue Of Socrates
In this video, Botton introduced some good Confucian virtues for audiences, but it also has some
strange opinions that will not get the approval of audiences. For example, "let the ruler be a ruler,
the subject a subject, a father a father and a son a son" (3:12), Confucius said in the ancient time.
The virtue means that people need to obey the strict social class because the society is made up by it.
The author directly states that the modern society should learn Confucius' thought by introducing a
strange ideology to the audience. So audiences will confuse why they should learn an odd opinion
which comes from an Eastern philosopher. In the another aspect, the author points out that
Confucius believed that inferior people should keep an attitude

Confucian Punishment And Punishment
Worthy Emperor, I have respectfully considered the system of rewards and punishments in
Confucian society and I present my thoughts concerning this subject. According to Confucian
principles, punishments and rewards should only be used when the situation warrants it. It is
important that all people understand the moral consequences of their actions. The Master said,
"Guide them by edicts, keep them in line with punishments, and the common people will stay out of
trouble but will have no sense of shame. Guide them by virtue, keep them in line with the rites, and
they will, besides having a sense of shame, reform themselves" (Analects, 2.3). Those who rule
solely with punishments do not reflect the teachings of Confucius. Punishments are only necessary
when someone has acted against what is morally correct. If the ruler acts with virtue, what reason
does his people have to rebel? The Emperor must set the proper example for his people. The Master
said, "To govern is to correct. If you set an example by being correct, who would dare to remain
incorrect"; therefore, what use is there for punishments (Analects, 12.17). In society, an emperor
should only punish those who do not have the best interest of the community driving their every
move. Moral force must originate within our high officials and our high officials, along with the
commoners, will follow the example set by you, most excellent Wanli. As the Master says, "Raise
the straight and set them over the crooked

What The Confucian Ideas And Practices Are Essay
In this essay, to make it easier to understand when I begin to address the main problem presented by
the question I will first give a brief outline of what the Confucian ideas and practices are. I will then
do as the question asks and evaluate the critique, I will do this by going on to decide how valid I
believe the critique to be and proposing some responses to it to see how the critique really holds up,
before going on to discuss some alternative critiques and whether I see them to be more valid. So to
begin some context, Confucius was born in 551 B.C.E. as far as the books say, to a class of society
that despite being noble had fell upon hard times. (Yu–lan, 1952, P.43) All thinkers during this time–
the warring states– were looking back to an imagined golden age, when China was a unified empire,
the people were at peace, and people knew and followed the Way or Dao. Most thinkers of this time
looked to achieve this once again. (Yu–lan, 1952, p.43) Confucius's main ideas and practices then.
To Confucius the Dao or way, is considered to be nothing more or less than the way a person
choices to live their life. (Cua, Ames, 2003, p.61) The root of Confucius ideas is the idea that there
is no individual or self but that one is one's roles and relationships. For Confucius then the goal of
life to achieve happiness for oneself and the people we believe to make up ourselves via roles and
relationships. (Cua, Ames, 2003, p.61) That is we should focus on bringing

Confucian Universalism And The Son Of Heaven
I think the Confucian Universalism claims that the Son of Heaven was the most powerful person
All–Under–Heaven. And because Chinese culture was superior, so China was superior. Barbarians
can transform into Chinese if they follow the Chinese culture which inherited from our ancestors.
Moreover, the loyalty to rulers also fosters a sense of ethnic identity (Patricia Buckley Ebrey). It
may mean that the power of the emperor was given by Heaven and people need to follow the edict
made by the Son of Heaven. Also, it reveals the importance of culture. I think there are both positive
and negative sides of Confucian Universalism. First off, the positive side is that it emphasizes on the
importance of follow the laws. As Patricia Buckley Ebrey suggested

Relationship Between Mulan And The Ancient Confucian
There are many connection between the movie Mulan and the ancient Confucian guidelines. In
Mulan, when Fa Zhuo (her father) gets called to war, the mother –Fa Li, looks like she want to stand
up and say that her husband is too old and weak but doesn't. Fa Li keeps quiet and doesn't say
anything because one of the Five Key Relationships in Confucian. The relationship is husband to
wife. The husband is the more superior in this relationship and the wife has to listen to him and
accept his choice which is why she didn't say anything.
Another connection is when the general talks to the emperor about how the Huns got past the
Northern border. When he came in in he had to bow and look up at the emperor. The general also
had to obey his wishes even

Confucian Philosophy and Corporate Responsibility
Freedom devoid of responsibility would result in the collapse of the social network. It would cause
strife among individuals, between individuals and society, and essentially would lead to the sacrifice
of the future in order to fulfill short–term desires. Coming under much scrutiny for allegedly doing
just this is today's dominant institution, a legal establishment with pervasive influence on
contemporary life: the modern corporate enterprise. We live in a world plagued with human
exploitation and severe environmental degradation. Many would claim that behind this unfair and
unsustainable global situation lies the profit–hungry hand of corporate power. Accused and often
found criminally guilty in court of having enormous and often hidden ... Show more content on
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(Stevens. 114) Looking at the author of The Corporation Joel Bakan's definition, there appears to be
clear evidence of potentially harmful individualism in a corporation's determined motives.
A corporation is an institution with a unique structure and set of imperatives that direct the action of
the people within it. It is also a legal institution, one whose existence and capacity to operate depend
on the law. The corporation's legally defined mandate is to pursue, relentlessly and without
exception, its own self–interest, regardless of the often harmful consequences. (Bakan. 2)
In truth, the publicly traded corporation has been widely criticized due to the fact that its
responsibility rests exclusively with its shareholders as opposed to resting with society at large. The
essential goal of a corporation as an institution is to create monetary wealth for those in communal
possession of it. This leads, however, to another facet of the corporation in terms of Confucian
philosophy. It could be said that a corporation is, in fact, a microcosmic reflection of a unified,
collectivist whole. Much as Confucius defined the ideal Confucian monarchy as a reflection of the
patriarchal family unit, (McGreal. 57) the corporation can also be seen as a cooperative
organization, modeled after a collectivist monarchy. Confucius placed great value on unifying
cultural ideals, and a corporation is undoubtedly a group concept with a common, unifying goal.

Filial Piety In Confucian Ideology
In Confucian ideology, filial piety is perhaps the most sacred of traditions. This concept literally
refers to the virtue of respecting one's parents, elders, and one's ancestors. However, filial piety was
not limited to the familial sphere: it was also meant to serve as a model for organizing society. The
earliest records defining filial piety's significance in Confucian ideology can be traced to a text from
the third–fourth century B.C.E., The Canon of Filial Piety. Throughout succeeding eras and
dynasties, this work had been consistently regarded as the official source on the subject. The text
recounts a conversation between Confucius (referred to as "the Master") and one of his disciples,
Zeng Zi (referred to as "Master Zeng"). Confucius explains to Zeng Zi that ... Show more content on
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Following the initial conversation between Confucius and Zeng Zi, Confucius subsequently
provides guidelines of how to act filially for people of different positions in society. These include
the common people, ministers, feudal lords, the Shi (scholars), and even the Son of Heaven. In each
case, no matter the position, Confucius strongly advocates for people to "revere their parents."
Additionally people will indirectly honor their parents by acting decently towards others: "those
who love their parents dare not be hateful to others" (Mair, Steinhardt, Goldin, 107). Confucius
elaborated on other concepts relating to filial piety and their value within society. Regarding "The
Essential Way" and "Utmost Virtue," there is "nothing more efficacious" to teach the people of
"intimacy and love" than filial piety. Through these teachings of respect for their parents, the people
learn to revere authority figures. Therefore they will come to respect the emperor and other rulers.
However, Confucius makes clear that a child is not acting filially if they

The First Digital Generation and The Confucian Culture in...
Tasks the First Digital Generation has to do
Practically, the first digital generation has less authority than the older generation in Korean
churches. However, the role of the first digital generation is very important in terms of a bridge
generation. According to Lee, the first generation is the bridge generation in Korea that understands
but only Confucianism, but also the digital culture.
To begin with, the young people, the first digital generation, should try to separate themselves from
the negative influences and experiences the older people give them in terms of Confucianism. Even
though they not only prefer the digital environment to the Confucian one, but also criticize the
Confucian culture, they often criticize the second digital generation just as the older generation does
because they have been influenced by the negative Confucian effects, such as paternalism, and
authoritarianism. As mentioned earlier, they unwillingly follow the Confucian order because they
usually work under the leadership of the older people. In other words, they have a hatred for the
older people, who force them to follow the hierarchical order.
Unfortunately, instead of breaking out of the vicious circle of the negative Confucian effects, they
tend to treat the second digital generation the way the older people treat them. As a result, I think
that in order for the young people, the first digital generation, to bridge between the gap between the
older generation and the younger

The Ethics Of Confucian Business Ethics

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