Glastonbury Representation In Text

Glastonbury Representation in Text
The texts given are both based on Glastonbury and the conditions there, despite this the language
included is almost completely different.
The most obvious difference between the two is that Text A is spoken mode and contains multiple
speakers, text B is in the written mode and has only one author.
Mary is the main person being interviewed in Text A and you can tell she's nervous and is not used
to being on the radio due to her use of non–verbal fillers such as 'um' and 'err'. You can see this even
more when she seems distracted by the things around her, we can see this in the quote '[Timmy
squeaks] but erm Luke err probably after ah after..'. In this we can see she's clearly distracted by the
noise her son made due to the 3 non–verbal fillers she uses and repeats herself as if she's forgotten
what she was going to say. In contrast Nick, the interviewer, it clearly used to being on the radio and
asks several questions in a row to keep conversation flowing such as 'what about Luke and Timmy
(.) did they get tired at any stage'. Despite it being spoken we can tell it's a question due to the words
what and did at the start of the sentence.
Text B does contain questions such as '..who will provide the memorable moments this year?' which
is a interrogative sentence. However instead of being answered the questions mentioned are
rhetorical and used to engage the reader.
Both of the texts seem to be aimed at middle aged people, we can see this from the language and the
content
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Diversity Within English Essay
Diversity Within English
In order to understand how language variation descriptors are used, we first must understand what
language variation is. We can say that the U.S. is linguistically diverse because of the multitude of
languages spoken here, but we can also find diversity within these languages. All languages have
both dialectical variations and registral variations. These variations, or dialects, can differ in lexicon,
phonology, and/or syntax from the Standard Language that we often think of as Œcorrect' Language,
although they are not necessarily less proper than, say, Standard English. It depends on where, by
whom, and in what situation the dialect is used as to whether or not it is appropriate. ... Show more
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There are three main types of reactions to these socially significant items. 1. Social indicators – the
speaker, and often the listener, is not aware that these items are socially significant in revealing one's
social status, so the speaker makes no attempt to avoid them when speaking in a more formal style.
This would be someone who wants to take your picture, rather than your photograph. 2. Social
markers – the speaker is sensitive to these items and will avoid them in a more formal style of
speech, although the speaker may not be fully aware of why. Examples would be avoiding
contractions, and phrases like gonna or didja. Social markers are much more prevalent in American
English than social indicators.
3. Social stereotypes – even speakers who regularly use these types of dialects are fully aware of the
stigma attached to them. Social stereotypes would include the copula deletion in Black English, and
the loosing of sounds a la Joe Pesci that produce phrases such as doze tree guys.
Closely related to these social class factors are education and occupation. While occupations often
produce their own jargons, a person's occupation will also determine what style of speech is used. A
lawyer and a laborer would not be likely to use the same dialect on the job. Likewise, a person with
little education is not likely to use the same style of speech as a college professor. This does not
imply that

Learning English Is Becoming Essential For A Time Of...
Learning English is becoming essential in a time of worldwide communication. That's why
theoreticians and language teachers are more curious nowadays by the causes behind L2 errors and
the developing stages of learning an L2. They also have always recognized the important role that a
native language (L1) has in the acquisition of a second language (L2). The purpose of this paper is
to examine the extent to which Arab students rely on their L1 knowledge in acquiring an
understanding of grammatical rules in English and to predict some learning difficulties that might be
caused by differences between Arabic and English.
Around 40 years ago, the transfer concept was first introduced in the contrastive analysis (CAH)
hypothesis, which assumes that certain elements in the first language hinder second language
acquisition through negative interference. Therefore, linguists assumed that by contrasting L1 and
L2 they could predict those areas in which the learners would have difficulties. However, after 1960
the role of the native language in learning a second language started to be regarded as facilitative
because of the underlying similarities of languages. These similarities emanate from "language
universals" (Koda 1988; Smith 1978).
Consequently, I truly believe that the core of language learning is understanding the source of errors
as an essential step in the process of correcting it, and never making it again. Therefore, I think that
establishing comparative analysis studies

Examples Of Systematic Function Framework
1. INTRODUCTION
According to traditional grammar a subject has always been explained as the main topic of the
message and the subject always came before the predicate, however the Systematic Function
framework explains things in a different light (Halliday, 2004, p.53). The Systematic Function
postulates that the subject of a clause can be divided into three elements, the grammatical subject,
the theme and the actor (Halliday, 2004, p.53).
This essay discusses the dynamics surrounding the concept of subject, actor and theme and explains
the conflations of these terms using a systematic function framework as well as traditional grammar.
The essay begins discussing the three elements and provides examples that explain the difference
amongst the three. It further more discusses the conflations of the three concepts and examples are
provided to explain how the concepts can be conflated.
2. THE DYMANICES SURROUNDING THE ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theme
The theme is the psychological subject, it is what the speaker or the author had in mind when they
began to produce the clause (Halliday, 2004, p.56). The theme can be labelled as something which is
the concern of the message and it is always the point of departure (Halliday, 2004, p.55). For
example 'The coffee shop' is the theme of the message because it is placed in the forefront.
Example: The coffee shop around the corner The theme
The theme of a message is what the author or the speaker wants his audience to pay attention to,
hence it is placed in the forefront of the clause. The theme has to be at the beginning of the sentence
to be identified as a theme while the subject can be predicated. For example in the clause: My
family and I visited the orphanage, 'my family' is the theme because it is the starting point of the
message and 'I' is the subject because it is predicated and it is also placed before the verb.
Example: My family and I || visited || the orphanage. Theme Subject Verb
2.3. The

Examples Of Logical Opposition
V. Logical Opposition (Square of Opposition) Opposition is the relation existing between
propositions having the same subject and predicate but different quality or quantity or both. There
are four types of opposition: contradiction, contrariety, sub–contrariety, and sub–alternation. While
quality and quantity are absolute properties of proposition, logical opposition is considered as a
relative property of proposition because opposition happens only when we relate two propositions
with the same subject and predicate. Types of Opposition A. Contradiction Contradiction is the
opposition existing between two propositions having the same subject, the same predicate, but
different quality and quantity. It is the opposition between A and ... Show more content on
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Subject copula predicate 2. Contradict the predicate – this means replacing the predicate with a term
of an opposite or contrary meaning. By prefixing the term with non–, un–, im–, dis–, il–, and other
similar terms, we form their contradictory or opposite. Or we can give a different term with an
opposite meaning. All men are not immortal. Subject copula predicate men mortal 3. Negate the
copula – this means changing the quality of the proposition. If the original proposition is negative
then it is changed to affirmative, if it is affirmative it is changed to negative. All men are not
immortal. Subject copula predicate men mortal 4. Retain the quantity. All men are not immortal.
Subject copula

A Discourse Analysis of a Classroom Interaction
Republic of the Philippines
Tarlac State University Graduate Studies
Tarlac City
AN ANALYSIS OF A CLASSROOM INTERACTION
IN GRADE 7
A term paper submitted to
DR. CECILIA L. CALUB
In partial fulfillment of the course requirement in
ENGLISH 503–Discourse Analysis
By: MR. MAR CHAN N. MANGUERA
MAEd–English
October 201
I. INTRODUCTION
In this globalization era, the value of English as an international language is significantly escalating
in different aspects. Its significance is considered in classroom to prepare students in their future
line of endeavor. Despite the innumerable benefits that English language can give, it has still a wide
variety of components that are needed to be considered and examined in ... Show more content on
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III. METHODOLOGY
The study used a videotape to record a classroom interaction of Grade 7 students of Don Bosco
Tarlac. A transcript was prepared, and an analysis was made to fully understand and explore the
classroom interaction.
IV. Presentation of Data
Teacher: Yesterday, we talked about the difference between a sentence and a sentence fragment.
Yesterday also, you answered exercises in the workbook. Yes or No?

Students: Yes!
Teacher: Thank you for your response. In connection to that, I'll be introducing a new topic which is
about Recognizing Subject and Predicate. And I believe you have a good idea as regards these two
basic parts of a sentence. Let's continue. Let's try to differentiate a complete subject from a complete
predicate. Someone to read? Yes, Mr. Pascua.
Student: The complete subject names what or whom the sentence is telling about.
Teacher: Okay, that's the complete subject. In other words, it is the one being talked about in a
sentence. What makes it different from a predicate now? Someone to read?
Student: The complete predicate says something about the complete subject.
Teacher: Okay, the complete predicate tells something about the complete subject. It describes the
complete subject. Okay, let's continue. Later on, I'll be giving examples of it. Anyway, let's have
some examples of complete subjects and

Essay On Aunt Chloe
This woman has one of the most interesting linguistic varieties among the African Americans in this
text. Her most common language attribute is her negation of the word endings in present progressive
verbs. She tends to omit the word ending "–g" in words like "cookin'," "interesin'," and even the
noun "feelin's". The form of these verbs agrees with the Southern drawl as well as AAVE. This
pattern and feature of AAVE is still used in today's form of the language. Stowe displays many other
orthographic representations of various words spoken by Aunt Chloe in the novel. Her character has
a very unique AAVE dialogue for the mid–1800s, that of which stands out from other characters in
the novel. She changes the pronunciation of certain words, and Stowe expresses this through special
spellings in dialogue. When Aunt Chloe is introduced, she pronounces the word "that" as , "the" as ,
"there" as , "give" as , "your" as , and you as . The pronunciation of some of Aunt Chloe's pronouns,
articles (?), and particular verbs are represented with a Southern replacement of the initial and
middle morphemes with various phonological replacements. ... Show more content on
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In the fourth chapter of the book, Aunt Chloe's dialogue includes the phrases , representing "allow
us" and "the other". Similarly, the character Pete pronouns "always" as as well. This is a common
aspect of AAVE dialect, however, Aunt Chloe also depicts this function due to her Southern accent.
Another example that illustrates regressive assimilation is when Aunt Chloe says . This is
representative of "maybe it will do him some good", and is a great example of Southern AAVE
dialect during the

Global Revision
Every writer experiences the daunting task of writing, revising, perfecting, and completing a paper,
essay, or book at some point in life. Whether it is for school or a profession, writing and revising
papers will always be a part of life. While writing and revising multiple papers for Written
Communications, I learned a lot about my writing style, technique, and revision process. Through
complicated steps, I performed both global and local revisions in order to increase the clarity of
paper, erase all sentence–level confusions, perfect my ideas, and organize my thoughts into a
coherent, unified argument. First and foremost, I performed the global revisions. Global revision
includes revising clarity, organization, content, and the unity of paragraphs including the transitions.
In my paper, i performed a global revision in the way of paragraph unity and clarity. I made sure
each paragraph discussed only one idea and not multiple. One of the most confusing and unclear
spots in my analytical paper of the "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" was the paragraph in which I
analyzed the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This included eliminating expletives, modifying verbs, examining sentence length, and improving
diction. In order to exemplify my writing, I eliminated all expletives (except for the ones used in
direct quotes) from my paper. I only found one expletive ("there were") and it was after the word
that in the below sentence. My original sentence read, "By using a well known historical event ––
the Holocaust –– King illustrates his point that there were unjust laws placed on Jews during the
middle of the 20th century." After revising it and eliminating expletives, I saw a more concise idea
which was, "By using a well known historical event –– the Holocaust –– King illustrates his point
that society placed unjust laws on Jews during the middle of the 20th century." Eliminating the only
expletive in my paper helped clear up my

Clinician Weaknesses
The purpose of this article is to indicate the important tasks of a clinician and the challenges that
continue in depicting a language disorder compared to a language due to linguistic factors that exist
in a speaker of African American English. One of the biggest issues is differentiating this deficit.
One of the most significant strengths identified in this article is on how many clinicians are skilled
in that they identify language delays or language in children. However, it continues to be
incomprehensible the language differences as compared to the language pathology in children who
do speak AAE. As strength, research says that there has been an increase of AAE features with ages
3 and 5 years old. One of the weaknesses is how clinicians

African American Vernacular English Language Essay
African American Vernacular English African American Vernacular English can be described as an
assortment of American English that is mostly used by urban–working class and mostly bi–
dialectical middle–class black Americans. The language is also commonly known as Black
Vernacular English or Black English. In some cases, particularly outside the academic community, it
is referred to as Ebonics given its distinctive features and similarities with other non–standard
English varieties. The similarities with other varieties are evident when compared to various
standard and non–standard English languages that are commonly used in the United States and the
Caribbean. In the past few years, African American Vernacular English has been the subject of
various public debates and attracted considerable attention among sociolinguists. This paper
examines the development of this language, its distinctive features, cultural context, and socio–
economic implications of the use of African American Vernacular English.
Roots of African American Vernacular English The history and origin of African American
Vernacular English and other varieties associated with it has been an issue of increased controversy
(Sidnell, n.d.). However, the roots of this language were undoubtedly established in the rural South
whereas its 20th Century development as a socio–cultural variety is strongly linked to its use in
non–Southern urban regions. In essence, the emergence of urban Black English is a

Examples Of Emphatic Adverb
EMPHATIC "SO" So what it is about the word so that is so enticing? Is it used by so many people
in so many different ways that it has become ambiguous, so to speak? This little word is so versatile
that it can function as an adjective, adverb, conjunction, pronoun, or interjection, just so you know.
It can also be used idiomatically, but so what? So you may ask, what's my point? I wouldn't pretend
there was one if it weren't so, so here it is. OK, enough with the exaggeration. The point here is that
the use of so is widespread and still changing perhaps not so fast that it has become commonplace,
but it is changing never–the–less. One such recent transformation is the function of so as an
emphatic adverb. Thus far the usage illustrated adheres ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Example (8b) necessarily inserts do to form the negation of (8a), but it does not work when do has
been inserted for emphasis as in (8c). While definitely seems to work in all cases, examples (8d) and
(8e) are similar to the negative structure of (7c) which we will not address. Additionally, so would
not work in (8c) or (8e), and would take a different type of emphatic in (8d), more like the adverb
too as a

Ambiguity In The Theory Of The Description Theory
In this essay I argue that the understanding of proper names seems to go beyond definite
descriptions. Therefore the Description Theory is not an adequate theory of proper name. I first
provide a brief explanation of the Description Theory, and its sub–theory, the Name Claim, followed
by a brief overview of the main arguments for the Description Theory. I then provide a more
detailed explanation of one direct argument: That it captures the intuitive logic of claims involving
proper names. I then explain the problem of 'Which description?', that there is 'no single determinate
description' (Lycan, 2000: 41) of a proper name. Finally I provide my own critique, showing why I
believe that the Description Theory leaves us with ambiguity in the description ... Show more
They are equivalent to definite descriptions and therefore must be treated as definite descriptions
are. The Description Theory goes further saying that descriptivism about definite descriptions
asserts the existence and the uniqueness of the subject and ascribes a predicate to the subject. The
Description Theory captures the intuitive logic of claims involving proper names (Lycan, 2000: 39)
However, the Description Theory leaves us with ambiguity in the description of a proper name
because more than one description can be applied to one name and it does not enable us to know
which description is relevant. Therefore, there is a need to define what a relevant description of a
proper name is. This makes the Description Theory an inadequate theory of proper

The Analysis : The Quantifier Essay
The quantifier is the first part of the sentence, and tells you how much of the subject that is talked
about. Quantifiers include words such as "all", "some," or "no". The quantifier in the first premise of
the example is "all." The second term the subject term. The subject refers to what is being discussed
in the sentence. In the first premise, the subject is the term "souls." The next term is the copula, and
the copula links the subject and predicate together. The copula can be either "is" or "are," or "is not"
or "are not." In the case of the example, the copula in the first premise is "are." The last term is the
predicate term. The predicate refers to the other category that is being talked about in the sentence.
In the example from above, the predicate in the first term in "immaterial things." When all four parts
of the sentence are put together properly, you have a correctly translated categorical proposition
Square of Opposition: The Square of Opposition is shown above. Each proposition form is in the
corner of the square and the lines show the relationship between each other. Since the first premise
is in the A form, the contradictory would be O. The contradictory of the first premise would translate
to "some souls are not immaterial things." Since both the second premise and conclusion, are in the
O form, the contradictory to these would be in the A form. The second premise's contradictory
would be "All immaterial things are immortal," and the

African American Vernacular English
African American Vernacular English (AAVE) refers to the specific dialect of English spoken by
African American people. Many other terms are also used, such as Black English, Inner–city
English, and Ebonics, but they all refer to the same vernacular of English (Lewis, 160). While
Standard English is the English generally spoken in formal academic settings, AAVE is considered
nonstandard (Lewis, 157). For many years, AAVE was the most highly researched English dialect,
with more papers dedicated to it than to any other form of English (Wolfram, 282). Much of the
research on AAVE focuses on its origins, the way it is viewed in society, how it diverges from
Standard American English, and its effect on and place in the education of African American ...
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In 1977, an Ann Arbor elementary school was sued for declaring children learning disabled simply
because of their use of AAVE, even though they did not belong with that label. The judge in the case
ruled that "the school board had to accommodate the student's English while trying to teach standard
English" (Lee, New York Times). However, if schools do not effectively integrate AAVE with
Standard English, it does make it difficult for students to learn to read (Dandy, qtd. in Lewis, 162).
If teachers taught Standard English using AAVE, "the reading process should smoothen, because the
expectations from the mesosystem become more compatible" (Lewis, 163). Additionally, according
to Smitherman, it is detrimental to students if an attempt is made to stop them from speaking AAVE
altogether because "it discourages the AAVE speaking child to participate in education" (qtd. in
Lewis,

African American Vernacular English
African American Vernacular English Background: African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is
the variety previously known as Black English Vernacular or Vernacular Black English by
sociolinguists, and commonly called Ebonics outside the academic community. However, some
characteristics of AAVE are seemingly unique in its structure. It also includes a number of standard
and nonstandard English varieties are spoken by the US and the Caribbean people. AAVE has been
the core of many public debates and also the analysis of this variety has encouraged and sustained
debates amongst sociolinguists. Some speakers may use some special aspects of pronunciation and
vocabulary. Nevertheless, the grammatical features are not connected with the variety. Several
sociolinguists would reserve the term AAVE for varieties which are marked by the existence of
specific distinctive grammatical features and some of them are discussed below. The history of
AAVE and what language varieties it is related to are also a matter of argument. Some scholars
confirm that AAVE developed out a connection between speakers of West African languages and
speakers of vernacular English varieties. According to such an opinion, West Africans learnt English
on plantations in the southern Coastal States from very few native speakers. Some say that this led
to the development of a rudimentary pidgin, a very simple language which has been extended
through a process of colorization later. VOCABULARY: AAVE

Present Tense In MSA
Present Tense
The present tense in MSA is usually indicated by the imperfective form. The imperfective form in
MSA is an ambiguous form. It can express all types of present tense in MSA, namely, it can be used
to give a right now reading, habitual present and present progressive. When researchers discuss the
present tense, they usually distinguish between two main groups of verbs that are state verbs and
dynamic or event verbs. State verbs usually give the right now reading. For example:
(32) a. amir–un yaarifu al–mushkilat–a alaan Amir–NOM know.IPFV.3SGM DEF–problem–ACC
DEF–now–ACC Àmir knows the problem now' b. Mahir–un yusaddiq–u alibara alaan Mahir–
NOM believe.IPFV.3SGM DEF–statement DEF–now–ACC ... Show more content on
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In contrast, dynamic verbs in the imperfective form in MSA usually have two possible
interpretations and the context or adverbs determine one of them. For example, verbs in the
imperfective form such as yamshi `walk' or yakulu èat' can have the two interpretations. Therefore,
both verbs can be used with adverb like kull–a yawm–in èvery day' which denotes a habitual
interpretation or adverb like alaan `now' which denotes a progressive, Also, they are called stative or
static

Damself Flies Ap Bio Paper
Entomology Tag–Recapture Study
By: Brandon Gertler
Honors Biology (Period G)
December 9, 2014
Abstract
New Community Jewish High School honors biology students conducted research on damselflies
using representative data provided by a previous class. Using the lincoln petersen index, it was
determined that there were approximately 140 damselflies. Using morositas index, it was discovered
that the damselflies are arranged in a clumped distribution
Introduction:
Photo 1: Close up of a Damselfly
Damselflies belong to the odonata family. Blue and black damselflies are very common in the
western United states. The two most common damselflies are Enallagma Cyathigerum and Argia
vivida. (Garrison, 1978) They are close relatives of dragonflies. Damselflies have 6 legs 2 antennae
and 3 body parts: wings, a thorax, and large ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The damselflies were caught at Lake Balboa in Encino. The materials the group used include: Boots,
a micropen, string, a compass, wooden stakes, paint, and chalk. The group set up 26 quadrats and
attempted to discover damselfly movement patterns. Each quadrat was set up using either a flag or a
stone marker. The quadrat each damselfly was located in, was recorded and compared to the data of
the quadrats of the recaptures from sunday. Each quadrat is 2 meters on each side. Each flag that
marked a corner of a quadrat was marked by a letter or number, based on where it was located. The
class had a chart of the formation of the quadrats on which they marked large objects such as
bushes, and rocks. The class attempted to catch damselflies, mark them, and after release them.
Once caught, the damselfly would be taken gently by the wing a marked with the micropen. The
following data was recorded: sex, quadrat caught, total body length, behavior. After completion, the
group returned on Sunday in order to attempt to recapture the

Examples Of Verb Phrases
Auxiliary Verbs Auxiliary, or helping verbs, are used before infinitives to add a different meaning.
For example, you use auxiliary verbs to say: that someone is able to do something, that someone is
allowed to do something, or that someone has to do something. The helping verbs are can, could,
would, should, ought to, will, shall, may, might and must.
can and could
Use can and could to say that someone is able to do something. She can draw really good pictures.
Philip can run faster than Matt.
Can you ride a bike?
Can you help me with my homework?
She could already read before she started school.
Our teacher said we could go home early. You may also use can and could to say that ... Show more
Take an umbrella. It might rain.
I may not have time to go swimming tonight.
We might go to the party later.
If you're not careful, you may hurt yourself.
"Are you going to the concert?" "I don't know. I might or I might not."
Verb Phrases A verb phrase consists of a verb and a preposition such as after, into and over. The
preposition gives the verb a special meaning. Here are some sentences that contain phrasal verbs.
Read the meanings in parentheses. Who looks after (= takes care of) the baby when your parents are
at work?
Mike has blond hair and blue eyes. He takes after (= looks like) his mother.
Dad bumped into (= met by chance) an old friend at the station.
My sister is getting into (= is starting to be interested in) pop music.
Is your mom getting over (= recovering from) her illness?
Some health inspectors came to look over (= inspect) the factory.
We hoped that the thieves wouldn't get away with (= escape punishment for) their crime.
I'm going to the store because we've run out of rice (= used all our rice).
– See more at:

Cochlear Intervention Case Study
L.M. presented with a high spectrum of Autism as well language delay and his code diagnosis was
F80.4. The client also had a bilateral cochlear implant. During the session the client presented with
deaf speech which correlates to the cochlear implants. The client was very responsive throughout
the session he either signed or spoke out loud, he was very intelligent.
OBJECTIVES OF THE SESSION:
Form and say simple sentences.
Novel literacy tasks.
Verbal approximation response to "where".
Prepositional phrases and copulas in functional location.
Try to eliminate ASL for L.M. because the school was asking for it since he was at the age of getting
ready to take standardized tests.
Use pronouns in phrases and in a singularity level, such as "he, she, his, and her" increase auditory
and memory skills. KEY TEACHING STRATEGIES/METHODS USED: In the session the
clinician mentioned how he uses the SPICE technique which is a way of making auditory learning
easy and fun for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This type of reinforcement helps the client be motivated and continue going. Another form of
behavior modification that was used was informative feedback, by providing feedback on how well
the client was doing to keep him motivated. For example, when the client signed doctor for hospital,
the clinician said "Yes L. there's a doctor in the hospital!" so overall in this saying he used positive
social reinforcement, and informative feedback ,while also using corrective feedback. As mentioned
corrective feedback was used in the session by correcting the client's response, which was used in
the session. Now for the type of schedule the clinician used to reinforce the client was variable.
Overall the session was extrinsically rewarding for the client, by using activities that he

Analysis of Mrs Hayward from the Novel 'Spies' by Michael...
How is the character of Mrs Hayward developed throughout the opening 3 chapter of Frayn's
'Spies'? Mrs Hayward is a contradictory character who is established through Stephen's fragmented
memory to be both a character of smiling perfection and a broken woman, sitting in the dust
weeping. She is both the embodiment of a perfect British wartime wife and a character of suspicion;
a spy, a traitor, the epitome of deceit and the focus of two young boys' overzealous imagination.
When the reader is first introduced to this character it is through the listing of three declarative
clauses in one of Stephen's long, complex sentences. It is here that his fragmented memory is
emphasised by the fragmented syntax where only glimpses of Mrs ... Show more content on
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The antithesis of 'weeping' and 'laughing' highlight to the reader how Mrs Hayward is a character
who evokes feelings of both happiness and shame in Stephen, due to her respective actions and
emotions. She is a fragmented and incomplete character who is portrayed to the audience through an
anaphoric series of present tense memories, which make her actions, and consequent responses of
the narrator, seem immediate and continual. She is a character who evokes an emotional response in
our narrator almost sixty years after unknown events have occurred, suggesting to the reader that
she is going to be central to his journey down 'memory lane'. When Mrs Hayward is next introduced
to the reader it is through elderly Stephen's third person account of what would have happened if
young Stephen had asked Keith to play at his house for the afternoon. This hypothetical pondering
of the narrator occurs after a substantial amount of description has been dedicated to Keith's home,
room and father, suggesting to the reader that these male characters were the main objects of focus
for young Stephen, Keith because he idolised his friend and his father because Stephen clearly
feared him. Mrs Hayward then appears with her 'perfectly plucked eyebrow' while she is 'reclining
on a sofa' and 'looking up from her library book'. Frayn has positioned Mrs Hayward in the domestic
sphere of the house and then used stative verbs to show her lack of movement

Heidegger, Kant, And The Ontological Argument
Heidegger, Kant, and the Ontological Argument In the introduction to The Basic Problems of
Phenomenology, Martin Heidegger explains that throughout the history of philosophy, there has
been many discoveries of the "domains of being" viz., "nature, space, and soul". However, none of
these discoveries could be appreciated in a way that clarifies "their specific being." As an example,
Heidegger interprets this problem, as the reason Plato understood why the soul, along with its logos,
was a different being from that of a sensible one. It is from this preliminary starting point that
Heidegger investigates the Kantian contention that the ontological argument fails, because "being is
not a real predicate." In this essay, I will discuss the basic history of the ontological argument. This
history will be narrowly focused within the framework of the problems it poses for Heidegger. The
emphasis will be placed on explaining how Heidegger extracts from, and then extends, Immanuel
Kant 's argument that, "being is not a real predicate." It is my contention that through a proper
analysis of Heidegger 's project in part one of The Basic Problems of Phenomenology, the main
theory of Heidegger 's philosophy viz., Being, by itself, cannot be being, because being itself, is not
an entity, can be better apprehended. In the history of philosophy, the ontological argument has its
roots in the work of St. Anselm, and its use as a proof for the existence of God. Anselm never used

Bad Hooks Catch No Fish
Bad Hooks Catch No Fish
A good hook is what, best, brings a reader into any form of writing. If not, then all could be lost,
unless it is mentally forced upon. This is especially true for a novice, or introductory, reader getting
into the finer aspects of literature or composition. Such as, Paul Rankin's (2005) essay, on
Hemingway's "Hills like White Elephants," lacks a motivated lead. The opening transition word
could throw a reader in the opposite direction Rankin would have hoped for. The beginning
paragraphs poor lead could cause one to become lost before the revelation of thesis which makes a
poor asset to novice readers.
With the opening word "Although" (Rankin, p. 234) would make sense if a complete thought was
presented prior. It leaves one to ask, what this complete though could be. With this lingering thought
of "what" was the original, paves the way for a very complex sentence, which is still a continuation
of the leading thought. Now for someone venturing into the literary scene, to read a sentence of this
magnitude, could become hesitant to continue. Although, the composition of the first sentence is
artful, it could still be a hard read. Which, from a scholar's perspective is refreshing and at par. But
the little guy becoming a scholar has not earned his letterman mark yet. It is wise to be careful into
reading a sentence with complex composition of over 100 words. Additionally, the first sentence, a
summation of multiple views could introduce a novice

Ethical Behavior And Its Relative From American Business
Ethical behaviour, and its relative absence in American business
In a school setting, grade school or university, when the subject of cheating comes up,the matter is
generally discussed with the gravity you might expect. When the recent cheating scandal erupted at
harvard University, one of the points made by way of explanation was the fear of failure, an
extension of which is the unwillingness to fail...
If a popular? discussion of cheating in university examinations starts with ambiguity over the nature
of the act, that is, is the sin cheating –or getting caught? you 're already half way along on the
destruction of moral integrity and more than half way to understanding American corporate crime.
What exactly is a criminal act, or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the last three years, the banks have spent according to one estimate, just south of two billion
dollars spread over some three thousand lobbyists to defeat financial regulation. And this is only the
tip of the iceberg floating slightly above and hugely below the surface of Dodd–Frank. The
ideologically based appointment of regulators unsympathetic to the idea of regulation, had the kind
of effect you might suppose. When the regulated door to the henhouse was thrown open, every foxy
banker on Wall Street came to dine.
The rampant opposition to regulation in the States is understandable when you consider the money
to be made in its absence. The current state of the US economy may be traced back to the lack of
effective regulation of the banking industry, starting with the apparently totally unregulated
mortgage brokerage. Had there been enforcement of existing regulation obliging due diligence in
the granting of mortgages, there could have been none of the fraudulently granted mortgages that
proved to be the toxic ingredient in certain mortgage–based investment instruments dreamed up by
the banks. Known as Collateralized Debt Obligations, these are individual loans sold in packages––
such as groups of mortgages.
If you nailed a Wall Street banker, trader or ratings agent to the nearest wall and demanded a
definition of ethical behaviour, he 'd be more likely to offer a

Morphological Development Is The Best Ways For How...
Morphological development is one of the best ways as to how children gain, and become
knowledgeable. Morphemes assist in helping, and guiding children with learning how to read, and
how to spell. Morphemes are the building blocks that children need in order to succeed, fully grasp,
and master language. For a couple of weeks now we have taken apart child's X language sample,
and have studied her usage on pragmatics, now we will be taking a closer look at her morpheme,
and syntax. The first step in analyzing Child X's usage on morphemes was to collect data from her
two videos that would allow us to gain further knowledge. In her first video, child X had an MLU
score of 2.3 resulting in stage III according to Brown's stages of development. The second video of
child X had an MLU score of 4.26 resulting in stage V. In both of these two video's child X used a
couple of Brown's 14 morphemes. In video one, child x used three out of the fourteen that Brown
has listed, child X used prepositions, plural, and lastly uncontractible auxiliary. Prepositions were
said in utterances 3, 20, 27, 35, 38, and 44, in these utterances child X says for example "I want to
see" or "I need to open it" (Gomez Transcript 1 Video 1). Child X used plural words in utterances 1,
2, 7, 8, 15, and 19 were she says "That's my lunch" (Gomez Transcript 1). Lastly child X used a
uncontractible auxiliary, child X says these in utterances 37, 45, 46 and 48 where she says "It's so
squishy!" (Gomez Transcript 1 Video

Native American Cultural Characteristics
Cultural and linguistic characteristics of various populations Native American Population According
to 2011 U.S. Census, Native Americans make up about 1.7% of the U.S. population. "Native
Americans" is the general term used to describe American Indians of various different tribes such as
the Cherokee, Navajo and Choctaw. They are a family oriented cultural group that usually live in an
extended family inclusive of older adults (Roseberry–McKibbin, 2014). In many instances, mothers
are the head of the household. Upon the demise of this cultural genocide, Native American families
have been able to reestablish their tribes. However, many Native Americans continue live in poverty
and suffer from chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes, liver cirrhosis and heart disease. Social
ills such as alcoholism correlate with their impoverished lifestyle as well as high rates of depression.
Traditions remain an important part of the Native American culture. With so many Native American
tribes, there are more than 200 languages and dialects spoken. The U.S. Census (2011) has revealed
that 28% of Native Americans over the age of five speak ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
There are numerous linguistic and cultural variations between AAE and Standard American English
(SAE). In AAE, the copula deletion of "is" and "are" such as You funny (You are funny) or She
walking the dog (She is walking the dog). Wolfram (1986) explains that this language variation has
made a shift toward SAE whereby "is" deletion has been removed from AAE yet "are" deletion
remains in AAE. For instance, during a language assessment, the examiner asks a seven year old girl
who speaks AAE to recall the sentence "The children are working" and she says, "The children
working." If she is penalized for copula deletion, the examiner is using grammatical bias because
this is a language difference from

A Memo Requesting a Workshop on Writing Skills Essay
As you are well aware by now there was a memo circulated recently that was a very poor reflection
on our company. Unfortunately the memo was seen by a client and those on the sales force has been
suffering from very low morale. I'm requesting your support in starting a workshop on improving
individual writing skills. At this point in time I don't think that there is a more important project. It is
extremely clear that we need to help our coworkers learn how to communicate more effectively. As
unfair as it may seem, we are judged by the way we communicate, the words that we use, and the
way we use them.
I plan on breaking the workshop into three main categories; Content in Context, Back to Basics, and
Making the Most of Your Tools. These ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Make sure you are using the proper terminology. As I stated earlier, it's not enough just to pick up a
couple of buzz words out of a trade magazine. When you are talking to someone that lives and
breaths their work, they'll know very quickly if you really understand what you are talking about.
Many times small departments use their own taxonomy in dealing with a certain projects. Take the
time to talk to those departments and find out why they are referring to those items in that manner. It
will go a long way in gaining respect from your peers. Plus it could very well impress those
potential clients when they see how effectively the company communicates.
Lastly, keep it simple. Unfortunately people don't like reading when they don't have to. Stick to the
topic at hand. When you know the subject at hand quality beats out quantity. "Short, sweet and to
the point" never meant as much as it does today.
Back to the Basics:
Punctuation; make sure you know what you are doing. Believe it or not, there are actually rules to
punctuation. The correct punctuation will help set the appropriate tone. Not to mention that it will
help you from looking like a fool. I know it has been a long time since we actually had a class on
punctuation, so this should be a welcomed refresher. Here are just some of the rules;
Rule: Use an apostrophe and an –s to form the plural of an abbreviation that contains periods.
Example: R.N.'s who wish to further

The Similarities And Differences Of Passive Voice In English
During the acquisition of English, Vietnamese learner have to encounter many difficulties because
of these two languages belong two different groups. One of the most difficult problems is passive
voice. Take these sentences as example : " The rice is cook" and " Cơm chín rồi". We can see that
these two sentences have the same meaning but one in passive form and the other in active form.
Thus, It makes learners confused about using passive form properly when translating because
sometimes an active sentence in Vietnamese can be a passive sentence in English. As a teacher–to–
be of English, a Vietnamese learner, I want to do this paper to help English learner clear about all
the similarities and differences of passive voice in English ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
These are some definitions:
"In grammar, the voice of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb
expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is
the agent or doer of the action, the verb is in the active voice. When the subject is the patient, target
of the action, the verb is said to be in the passive voice". ( " Voice" n.d.)
"Voice is a grammatical category of verbs that is related to what thing or person is acting and what
thing or person is being acted upon." (Crystal, 2002)
There are two voices in English : active voice and passive voice. While active is used to focus on
the doer, passive voice is used to emphasize on the reciever or the act rather than the performer.
Take this sentence as a example:
" Her brother was captured by the police."
"Her brother" is the recipient of the action "captured" was emphasized and the performer is " the
police.
As a matter of fact, passive voice is not widely used as active. However, in some cases like
acadamic writing, passive is the chosen over active.

Archimedean Comulas Essay
2.2 Archimedean Copulas and Their Application
"Archimedean copulas" are an important family of copulas described by Genest and MacKay (1986
a, b) and their applications explained in many fields such as actuarial science, mathematics,
statistics, finance and insurance; for more information, see Frees and Valdez (1998), Klugman and
Parsa (1999) or Denuit, et al., (2004). One of the important features of this family is being
parametric. The General structure of Archimedean copula is a function called generating function.
Theorem 2.2. Nelsen (2006). Let be a continuous, strictly decreasing function from to and satisfying
Every function satisfying (2.2) generates a bivariate copula given by
For , Copulas of the form (2.2) with satisfying (2.3) are referred to Archimedean copulas. The
function is called copula generator.
As we know, one of the most common criteria for dependency is the measure of the ... Show more
The insurer reserves are defined expected of present value for these payments at the beginning of
each year until the death. Since the death of a person is a random variable, the calculation of the
insurer's reserves is of particular importance. By considering the annual payments of the whole–life
annuity, we can obtain the insurer's reserves for different periods of time in "survival of both
individuals", with using the Archimedean copulas of the previous sections. From equation (2.6) we
have, where (2.7) is the annual reserves of the whole–life annuity (defined at Gerber (1997)) in the
"survival of both individuals" status. Reserve for Archimedean copula at "survival of both
individuals" status has been shown in table 2.
Table 2. Reserve for Archimedean copula at "survival of both individuals" status
3. Calibrating the Model on Iran Insurance

Copula Variation Across Two Decades of Hip Hop Nation...
This paper is missing several charts.
For many people, the only form of African American Vernacular English that reaches their world
comes solely from the media, specifically popular Hip Hop music. On the other hand, there are
those who have lived completely immersed in it. Hip Hop music is a genre whose medium was
originally derived from African American Vernacular English. There are many popular musical
artists in the United States and other countries today who are involved in this cultural movement
that began decades ago. Over time, questions have risen about African American Vernacular English
(AAVE), its origins and how it stands unique from Standard English. More recently a new term has
come about in the sociolinguistics field ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally I will comment on what implications any trend may hold for natural language change in
AAVE and for cultural events during this time and compare the results with previous studies on the
environmental constraints for the copula in AAVE and HHNL.
Although the current study examines language use in HHNL, it is first necessary to go further back
in time to the origins of AAVE and look at specific features AAVE has in contrast with standard
English and also examine further developments of AAVE through cultural movements such as Hip
Hop. In one of the earlier studies done on language use in AAVE, John R Rickford, Arnetha Ball,
Raina Jackson Blake, and Naomi Martin (1991), stated that AAVE is the only American dialect
where is deletion is found. He had found occasional instances of are deletion in some European
American dialects. Rickford also discussed copula variation playing a large role in the origin debate
of AAVE. He presents all previously stated methodologies of the origin debate including the
Dialectologist and also the Creolist Approach, in order to compare all theories of copula variation in
AAVE. There are two specific views on the origin of AAVE. Labov's Dialectologist approach (1969)
assumes that AAVE was created into a dialect of American English. This means that all of the
distinguishing features of AAVE were created out

Rise Of The Corleonesi Essay
"The Rise Of The Corleonesi" The State of Italy was unified in the year 1861 after being ruled by
the Spanish, French and Arabs. After the unification of Italy, and industry of violence was born out
of Sicily. By this, many people had an idea of the mafia, but the Italian government was in denial
thus aiding in the furtherance and continuation of the mafia. It is said that the "mafia" was actually
developed from the year 1812 (Dickie, p 51). The state of Italy failed to establish a monopoly or a
structure for the violence in Sicily, resulting in the mafia rising to power. Disorder, chaos and crime
would eventually rule over the island as the juvenile Italian government attempted to set up itself. In
the 1870s, Roman authorities even requested that Sicilian Mafia families help them by following
perilous, autonomous criminal groups; in return, authorities would look the other route as the Mafia
proceeded with its security squeezes of landowners. The administration trusted this course of action
would be transitory, enduring sufficiently yearn for Rome to pick up control; rather, the Mafia tribes
extended their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Different Mafiosi would rise and come to power until the late 1900's when "The Corleonesi" would
come to power. The town of Corleone is a small town, known to many Italians, located in Western
Sicily mid–way between Palermo and Agrigento. This town was full of peasants or people you refer
to as "have nots", which made them perfect for the mafia because most families were really big,
producing many boys who would be potential Mafiosi. This town of peasants would grow to breed
the mafia's most gruesome, brutal and volatile criminals ever in the history of Cosa Nostra and the
Corleonesi began to operate like their own faction inside the Cosa Nostra. The Corleonesi was given
its name because most of the men within the faction were born and raised in the small town of

Essay on Contemplating Sartre's No Exit
Contemplating Sartre's No Exit
In No Exit, Sartre provides a compelling answer to the problem of other minds through the medium
of drama. He puts two women (Inez and Estelle) in one hotel room with one man (Garcin) for all of
eternity. This is his concept of hell, and he makes this point in one of the last few lines of the play:
"Hell is––other people!" There are no torture racks or red–hot pitchforks in hell because they're after
"an economy of man–power––or devil–power if you prefer." Each person is there (in hell) for a
specific reason: Garcin because he cheated on and tormented his wife, Estelle because she killed her
own child and her lover, then committed suicide, and Inez because she tormented (female) lover
until that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important to note that Garcin's main fear in life was the fear of being cowardly, and this
motivated the majority of his actions, e.g. most of his actions were preformed to demonstrate to
himself and others that he is/was "manly"; for instance, his conquests of multiple women, his
domination and degradation of his wife, and the way he "courted danger at every turn." However, he
performed a cowardly action (fled the country when war broke out) which, when he was caught, led
to a cowardly death which he defines as merely "a physical lapse."
Additionally, Estelle finds another way to seek approval: she needs Garcin's approval (as the only
man there) to establish her superiority over Estelle as an object of desire, by comparison with Inez,
the lesbian.
Finally, Inez does the same thing, although in a different form, as Estelle and Garcin. She seeks
approval over Estelle as a strong, dominant, hones woman, as compared to Estelle, who is a weak,
subservient, dishonest woman. Although Inez criticizes Estelle for having a male–dominated
personality (which since Inez is a lesbian, she does not), Inez does not realize that she herself has an
other–dominated personality.

No Exit also does a fine job of expressing Sartre's idea of negation in his philosophy of
existentialism. Each person negate the person who is attracted to her through the process of denying
that person. However, each person also negates the person whom the

A Copula-Based EDA For a Class of Continuous...
A Copula–Based EDA For a Class of Continuous Multiobjective Problems 1 Introduction An
optimisation problem consist of trying to find the optimal solution in a set of good solution, finding
this optimal solution has a relation with the specific area of research problem, this kind of problem
which have two or more objective function to reach are called multiobjective problem, those
objectives are usually contradictory each others, the optimisation of this problems enter in Decision
making of a huge industrial and research problems. To solve this kind of problems many methods
were proposed citing NSGAII [1] SPEA2 [2] Indicator–based EA [3] [4], those methods are
eventually an evolutionary algorithms which start with an initial population ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
this paper is organized as flow: A definition of the Multiobjective optimisation problem. A definition
of the Estimation of Distribution Algorithm. A definition of the Copula theory. Presentation of the
new proposed Algorithm. Used test problems. Experimentation and results 2 Multiobjective
optimisation problem A multiobjective problem can be viewed as well and if we consider a
minimisation problem for all objectives functions: m functions to optimize and p constraints to
satisfy. The main goal of all optimisation methods is to find an optimal solution of those problems,
and we should precise that a multiobjective problem have many objectives to optimize these
functions are mutually contradictory, so to make a comparison between solution and an other one,
we should describe a relation to made this appreciation, The Pareto Dominance relation can do this.
Considering a minimisation problem, lets u and v two vectors. A solution is an Pareto optimal
solution if and only if it doesn't exist an other admissible solution x where f(x) dominate . So a
solution of an Multiobjective problem is a set of solutions which they are not dominated by any
other solutions, we call this set the "Pareto front" 2 Related work In this

Using Conditional Copula to Estimate Value Risk
Review: Using Conditional Copula to Estimate Value at Risk
ActSc 991 Project
Changwu (Allen) Chen April 14, 2014
1
1 Introduction
Value at Risk (VaR) plays a central role in risk management. By definition, VaR is the maximum
expected loss of a portfolio over a given time horizon with a certain confidence level. VaR can be
seen as a quantile on the lower tail of the distribution of portfolio returns. Although VaR is a simple
measure, it is not easily estimated.
There are several approaches for the estimation of VaR, such as historical simulations, the variance–
covariance, and the Monte Carlo approaches. The first approach does not assume any underlying
distribution, whereas the last two approaches demand the joint distribution to be known, which
frequently assumed to be normal distribution. However, the deviation from normality could lead to
an inadequate VaR estimate. In this case, the portfolio could be either riskier than desired or
unnecessarily conservative.
The theory of copula is a powerful tool in modelling multivariate distributions be– cause it does not
require the assumption of joint normality and it is a marginal free model. Copula have been broadly
used in the statistical literature. And due to its simplicity and convenience, one may be interested in
its application in the financial area.
In this paper I will first give a brief summary of the paper written by Helder Parra Palaro and Luiz
Koodi Hotta [1]. Then I will discuss the key results presented in the paper

Insurance is a very important factor to attaining...
Insurance is a very important factor to attaining financial viability in an economy. It is a very
difficult concept that requires a profound augmentative erudition of insurable interests, viable policy
holders, risk assessment and management. This essay seeks to provide an overview of insurance;
specifically on assessment, measurement and management of both man–made risks and natural
disaster risks. The essay further highlights the re–known formulas adopted in measuring man–made
risks. In addition to this, it would provide a concise development and challenges arising out of the
use of the risk assessment formulas. Finally, the essay will highlight the difficulty, previously
arising, out of assessing, measuring and managing natural disaster ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This aspect increased maritime trade thus increasing the Gross Domestic Product of nations. Since
its inception, the concept of insurance has been revolutionized and is comprehensive enough to cater
for a wide array of risks: man–made or natural risks (Westall 2002 p 95). Every insurance company
must as a prerequisite employ financial risk advisors. The financial risk advisors' herein are referred
to as actuaries. They serve the function of assessing the risk of a particular policy and prescribing
the amount of premium payable as well as determining the financial viability of any policy. In doing
so, the financial risk advisors base their opinions on the historical information available. There are
two types of risks; manmade and natural disaster. Man–made risks as is ostensible, is derivative of
man's actions. They include, though not limited to, automobile or fire risks. Such risks are highly
frequent and less severe; in respect to the insurer. Consequent to this, a proliferation of information
is readily available to estimate the likelihood of prospective loss. On the other hand, natural risks are
derivative of nature. They are less frequent and very severe. Subsequently, information on the
likelihood of loss and occurrence is minimal. This aspect makes it very difficult to cover natural
disasters. Be that as it may, as will be elaborated, the advent of science and technology has
generated a

Heidegger And The Logic Of Categorical Syllogisms
Heidegger and the Logic of Categorical Syllogisms
According to traditional syllogistic logic, which has its roots in Aristotle, there are four types of
propositions: the A proposition ("All S are P"), the E proposition ("No S are P"), the I proposition
("Some S are P"), and the O proposition ("Some S are not P"). These propositional types represent
all of the possible combinations of the dichotomies of affirmative/negative and universal/particular.
Each makes a claim that a certain essent (the particular I and O propositions) or an entire class of
essents (the universal A and E propositions), the subject or subject–class, relates in some way
(belongs or does not belong) to a class of essents designated by the predicate of the ... Show more
For Heidegger, the meaning of a word can never be completely divorced from its etymology;
Steiner, in his work on Heidegger, quotes and then translates Heidegger, saying, "`Das Wort
"Philosophie" spricht jetzt griechisch.' This means, literally, that the word itself, if we hear it rightly,
speaks Greek." (Steiner 22) Steiner later summarizes Heidegger's attempt to find an explanation for
Being [Sein] by tracing the etymological roots of the German word. Heidegger, according to Steiner,
finds three roots for different forms of the German verb Sein. The German ist comes from the Indo–
European es, and is translated by Heidegger as "life itself" and "the integral." The German bin and
bist derive from the Indo–European bheu, which is translated by Heidegger as "that which declares
itself as a phenomenon." Finally, the German Wesen is derived from the Sanskrit vasami, which is
translated roughly as "to belong to and in." (Steiner 46)
Does this etymological study bear any relationship to formal logic, or have we wandered far afield?
As it turns out, this examination has important bearings on the theory and evaluation of categorical
syllogisms. Various forms of the English verb "to be" have differing etymologies, as well. The
English "is" has the same etymological root as the German ist, which means that it also (at least for
Heidegger) carries the meanings of "life itself" and "the integral." The

Goeffry K Pullum Research Paper
Goeffry K. Pullums work is inspired by the Oakland Ebonics resolution. In December 1996 a
nationwide debate ignited when the Oakland school board, as it appeared in the media, decided to
teach African–American students in their "primary language". According to Pullum, the school did
not want to add AAVE to the curriculum, instead they wanted to recognise that, in certain aspects,
AAVE differs from Standard English, and use it as a medium of instruction. The great indignation of
the public rooted in the misconception that AAVE consists of grammatical and prounciation errors
and slang terms, making it an improper version of Standard English. The Oakland case became a
discussion of whether AAVE is a separate language or it is "just" a dialect. Among others, Pullum
also claims that AAVE is the dialect of Standard English which has different features. The key
features are copula omission, negative concord: double negation, negative inversion, dropping
consonants etc. Pullum list several grammar rules which support the idea that AAVE has its own
system. Some of the rules related to the forementioned features the following: "If the copula bears
accent (stress ) for any reason, it is not omitted. ( There already is one!)"; "A stop consonant at the
end of a word may be omitted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was diappointing to see the antipathy against the use of AAVE. Pollum also mentions that this
negative attitude towards AAVE is related to the prejudice still targeted on African American people.
I think the dichotomous thinking of the variations of English of that time is stilll present nowadays.
Standard English has a much higher prestige than the AAVE or any other variation of English. In my
opinion, devaluing students language pattern in school has no benefits, nor does labelling any
language or dialect bad or unaducated just because it differs from the standard. It should be called

Pullum Language
First day of school can be terrifying as a child, but imagine starting and going through school not
knowing half the things you are supposed to have learned by now and being ridiculed for it.
Unfortunately, this is the case for many students across our nation. Many children have difficulty
learning Standard English because they have grown up using a different dialect or another language.
Such is the case with African American English (AAE) in Oakland. There are two point– of –views
that are perfectly depicted by a University of California, Santa Cruz linguistics professor, Geoffrey
K. Pullum, and a fellow at the Bunting Institute at Harward/Radcliffe and author of The Good
Negress, A.J. Verdelle, towards the use of black vernacular. While Pullum ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Since we are teaching children the standard form of English, it is necessary that all primary teaching
is in that form, however, society needs to understand that every child comes from a different
background; a child may have grown up using a different form of English or even an entirely
different language. Coming from an individual that grew up speaking a different language at home,
it is difficult for students like us to make certain connections that children who grew up speaking the
standard can make easily. We have a tougher time with seemingly simple concepts because our
dialects/languages do not adhere to the same rules that the standard does. Although we have one
unifying goal of educating the young in Standard English, all teaching should be based on the child's
background and try to use that to help them learn better and faster. As Pullum described, there is a
lot of misconception involving using AAE to implement student's learning. The point is not to make
dialects like AAE a language course in schools or have classes be taught in those dialects, but rather
to be used in conjunction with the Standard to efficiently ease children into the desired outcome.
Judge Joiner offered a solution to the problem by requiring teachers to dedicate a certain amount of
hours to understanding these children's point of views. Verdelle, on the other hand, seems

Grammar and Writing Class Curriculum Map
Rule Number One: Under no circumstances, will you attempt to chew gum in this classroom. You
might think your slick, but she will always find out.
Rule Number 2: Never ever procrastinate in this class! If you do so, you're bound to fail and
crumble!! There will almost always be a quiz every day, so be prepared.
Rule Number 3: There is absolutely no talking when Ms.Blalock speaks, unless she says otherwise.
Rule Number 4: You can never ever cheat in this class! Don't even think about cheating in any other
classes. It is dishonest, and completely wrong. You will also receive a big fat zero if you dare.
Rule Number 5: This classroom has no cell phone policy. This means, you should not even attempt
to bring your phone in this classroom. The only time you will be allowed to use it, is when you
study vocab.
Noun: A noun can be described as a person, place, thing or an idea.
Examples: animals, houses, phones, dishonesty.
The phone was ringing.
Adjective: An adjective is used to describe pronoun and nouns.
Examples: This I–pad, fifty toddlers, some criminals, several bank accounts
Lilly told her agents that fifty toddlers were missing from the daycare.
Verb: A verb is used to describe an action.
Examples: am, are, is, was, has, had, slap, eat
I am overwhelmed with all this studying.
Simi slapped the security guard with such courage.
Adverbs: Adverbs help change verbs, adjective and even adverbs.
Examples : annoyingly, underground,

English Verb Forms Of English Grammar
According to ELT and Greebaum's The Oxford English Grammar (1996) English verb forms can be
systematized under two huge categories, each of them includes sub–categories of forms.
1.Inflected forms:
1.1. Base Form of verbs: In English grammar a regular English verb has only on principal part, from
which all following verb forms can be derived. This form is available in dictionary and is called
base form. For example, base form is paint, the inflected forms are: paint, paints, painted, painting.
Hence we can notice, that the base may be called the bare infinitive and the another common way to
referring to verbs is combination with –to + infinitive, for example, to paint (Greenbaum, S., 1996,
Pp.118–121)
1.2. Irregular verbs have three principal parts (because the simple past and past participle are
unpredictable). For instance, the verb write with the base form write, past form – wrote, and past
participle – written, the remaining forms (writes and writing) are derived regularly (Greenbaum, S.,
1996, Pp.126–128)
1.3. Also there are such verbs as do, say and have that additionally have irregular third person
singular present tense forms.
1.4. That is, the copular verb be is irregular (forms: be, am, is, are, was, were, been and being),
1.5. On the opposition modal verbs (can and must) are defective verbs and are being used only in
limited number of forms (Greenbaum, S., 1996, Pp.125–129).
Another important part of verb form analysis is grammatical base form or plain form

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