The Effect Of Metabolic Acidosis On The Body

The Effect Of Metabolic Acidosis On The Body
The cause of acidosis in the body is when the kidneys and lungs do not maintain the balance (proper
pH level) of chemicals called acids and bases. It can either occur when bicarbonate (a base) is lost or
when acid builds up. Acidosis can be defined as either respiratory or metabolic. Too much carbon
dioxide (an acid) in the body leads to respiratory acidosis. When the body gets into a situation where
it is unable to remove enough carbon dioxide through breathing, it causes respiratory acidosis. This
kind of acidosis is also called hyper–capnic acidosis and carbon dioxide acidosis and could be
caused by: chest deformities, such as kyphosis, Chest injuries, chest muscle weakness, chronic lung
disease and overuse of sedative drugs. The symptoms that can be caused by respiratory acidosis are
confusion, fatigue, lethargy, shortness of breath, and sleepiness. Metabolic acidosis develops when
too much acid is produced in the body. It can also occur when the kidneys cannot remove enough
acid from the body. There are several types of metabolic acidosis: Hyperchloremic, Lactic and
diabetic. Things that could cause acidosis are: Dehydration, Aspirin poisoning and kidney disease.
Diabetic acidosis (also called diabetic ketoacidosis and DKA) develops when substances called
ketone bodies (which are acidic) build up during uncontrolled diabetes. The symptoms of metabolic
acidosis symptoms depend on the underlying disease or condition. The metabolic acidosis itself
usually causes rapid
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Assignment Notes On Respiratory Acidosis
Assignment Template
Name: Janett Perez Respiratory Acidosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
Metabolic Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis
Define condition
Respiratory Acidosis is a condition that occurs when the lungs cannot remove all the carbon dioxide
the body produces. This causes body fluids, mainly the blood to become too acidic.
Respiratory Alkalosis is an acid imbalance due to a condition called hyperventilation which is where
you take in too much oxygen and it decreases the carbon dioxide being produced in your body.
Metabolic Acidosis is a condition that occurs when the body produces excessive quantities of acid or
when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body.
Metabolic alkalosis is a metabolic condition in which the pH of tissue is elevated beyond the normal
range (7.35 –7.45) Causing Increased bicaronate in the blood.
List PCO2 levels
The normal range for Pco2 is between 35–45 mmHg. Anything above 45mmhg would be high.
(Tortora & Derrickson, 2013)
The normal ranges are 35–45 mmHg. Anything below 35 mmHg causes respiratory alkalosis.
(Tortora & Derrickson,2013)
N/A
N/A
List HCO3– levels
N/A
N/A
When metabolic acidosis happens, it means that the HCO3 levels drop below 22mEq/liter. (Tortora
&Derrickson, 2013)
When metabolic alkalosis happens, this means the HCO3 levels rises above 26 mEq/Liter. (Tortola
& Derrickson 2013)
List pH levels
Normal arterial blood pH is between 7.35 and 7.45 when respiratory acidosis is in affect your pH
level would be lower than 7.35.

Essay On Respiratory Acidosis
Morgan Cook
T. Rhodes
Paramedic Outreach
February 5, 2017
Acidosis vs. Alkalosis There are many factors that keep the human body functioning on a normal
level. One of the factors is a person's pH level. In a regularly functioning body a human's blood pH
level should stay around 7.4, a level between 7.35 and 7.45 is considered normal. Anything above
7.45 or below 7.35 is considered dangerous. If the pH level is above 7.45 it is considered alkaline,
while anything below 7.35 is considered acidic. In most cases the body has compensatory
mechanisms that will help to maintain a correct pH. However, in some cases the body cannot
compensate and a healthcare provider may have to intervene with medical treatment. There are
many different causes, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the respiration rate is too slow, more CO2 is retained with each breath instead of it being removed
as it is during regular breathing. Other causes of respiratory acidosis can be chest injuries (that cause
the chest to not be able to rise enough for normal respirations), abuse or overuse of sedative or
depressive type drugs (which slows the breathing rate), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(which causes damage of lung tissue over time, making full breathes impossible). Some of the
symptoms that can occur in a person that is in respiratory acidosis can be that the person is
confused, has shortness of breath, has skin that is red or flushed, and fatigue . There are several
treatments for respiratory acidosis. Most include processes that are designed to aid a person's lungs
or breathing. In some instances, a patient might be given oxygen or be put on a continuous positive
airway pressure(CPAP) device . The CPAP device will push a continuous flow of air into the lungs
which helps to open the alveoli in the lungs which will improve oxygenation. CPAP also is very
useful for a constricted airway or a person with muscle weakness because it keeps the airway open
which will assist in the person being able to maintain a more normal respiratory

Respiratory Acidosis Case Study
The ABG testing above shows that this patient is experiencing respiratory acidosis. Respiratory
acidosis is a respiratory dysfunction in which there is a retention of carbon dioxide (CO2) and a
decrease in the blood pH leading thereby, in increased hydrogen. This dysfunction in the respiratory
function decreases oxygen (O2) and CO2 exchange which leads to a sudden breakdown in the body
ventilation causing hypoventilation (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013). A PCO2 greater than 45mmhg
with a pH less than 7.35 is considered an acute respiratory acidosis whereas chronic respiratory
acidosis is a PCO2 greater than 45mmhg with normal or close to normal pH and an HCO3 greater
than 30mmhg due to renal compensation (Byrd & Roy, 2015).
Respiratory depression, inadequate chest expansion, airway obstruction, and decrease alveolar
capillary diffusion are respiratory dysfunctions that increases the production of hydrogen ions
causing inadequate ventilation. Respiratory depression is an outcome of reduced functions of the
brainstem neuron ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In treating respiratory acidosis, the nursing priority is to retain a patent airway and improve the
patient's oxygenation and ventilation by drug and oxygen therapy, positioning, teaching the patient
various breathing techniques, providing ventilation support and preventing complications. Drug
therapy enhances oxygenation and ventilation whereas, oxygen therapy assists with gas exchange.
Patients with respiratory muscle fatigue or with an oxygen saturation below 90% may need
ventilation support. A nurse can prevent the complication of respiratory acidosis by monitoring the
patient's respiration, every 2 hours for chronic respiratory acidosis, assessing the patient for
cyanosis, the use of accessory organs while breathing and auscultating breath sounds for
abnormalities (Ignatavicius & Workman,

Respiratory Acidosis Case Study
Respiratory acidosis is a condition closely related to patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease (COPD). According to Ranson & Pierre, respiratory acidosis is characterized by lab values
including an increased amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood and a lower, more acidic pH
level (2016). More specifically, a CO2 value greater than 26 mEq/L and a pH level below 7.35
(Ranson & Pierre, 2016). These lab values signify the lungs inability to effectively eliminate the
CO2 produced by the body. In turn, this produces "more carbonic acid H2CO3, which then increases
the acidity of the blood" (Wasserman, 2017). The patient that prompted me to research respiratory
acidosis was admitted due to an exacerbation of COPD and asthma. This patient's lab results showed
an elevated CO2 level of 31 mEq/L. The form of COPD that the patient had was chronic bronchitis.
The pathophysiology behind chronic bronchitis is inflammation and constriction of the bronchial
tubes making a perfect environment for mucus to accumulate and inhibit breathing (Pietrangelo,
2016). Because inspired oxygen cannot flow as freely to the alveoli, the diffusion of carbon dioxide
from the bloodstream into the lungs is impaired. Since CO2 is forced to stay in ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, the nurse must identify the contributing factors to that underlying condition and make
sure that the patient thoroughly understands them. In regard to COPD, smoking is the biggest
causative factor. A nursing consideration, in this case, may include educating the patient on smoking
cessation. Incentive spirometry and deep breathing exercises can also be encouraged by the nurse.
Having the patient demonstrate proper spirometer use is a great nursing outcome that may influence
a patient to continue using it after discharge. If these actions are successful, the lab values should
reflect lower CO2 and normal

Essay On Acid Base Imbalance
Alkalosis is a medical condition in which the body's acid–base ratio is thrown out of balance
because there is excess base in the body. On the other end of the spectrum, acidosis is a medical
condition in which there is too much acid in the body, which also causes an acid–base imbalance.
For this assignment, I will be explaining two types of each acid–base imbalance, including the
following conditions: respiratory acidosis, metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, and metabolic
alkalosis. In respiratory acidosis, there is a characteristic PCO2 level of above 45 mmHg and a pH
below 7.35. Common causes for this condition include: diseases of the airways (such as asthma and
emphysema), diseases of the chest (such as scoliosis), pulmonary edema, severe obesity, obstructive
sleep apnea, and other diseases that compromise the muscles and nerves used to promote inhalation
and exhalation (Medline Plus, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In metabolic alkalosis, there is a characteristic HCO3 level of above 26 mEq/liter and a pH above
7.45. Common causes for this condition include the use of diuretics, excessive intake of antacids,
severe dehydration, and the loss of gastric secretions through vomiting. "Respiratory compensation
through hypoventilation may bring blood pH into the normal range" (Tortora & Derrickson, 2013).
Medical treatment includes IV fluids and, in more severe cases, hemodialysis or hemofiltration.
Homeopathic treatments for both respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis include eating raisins,
spinach, and tomatoes because all three of these fruits and vegetables are alkaline in nature and will
help increase the alkalinity of the blood and neutralize acids in the body (Natural Home Remedies,
2013). Homeopathic treatments for both respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis include
breathing into a paper bag, eating citrus fruits, drinking cranberry juice, and sipping a mixture of salt
and sugar in water (Home Remedy List,

Respiratory Disease Research Paper
The human body's normal pH level is between 7.35 and 7.45. If this level of pH is below 7.35 that is
considered acidosis. If the level is above 7.45 it is then considered alkalosis. Respiratory acidosis is
the slowing of ventilation from the lungs. Your body eliminates carbon dioxide from liquids through
the lungs. If the level of carbon dioxide increases this will form with water and become carbonic
acid. Carbonic acid forms hydrogen ions, which cause the pH levels to decrease. If these levels start
to go below 7.35 it is respiratory acidosis related. Our kidneys help regulate the pH levels when the
lungs can no longer help. The kidneys will help secrete hydrogen ions by urinating. When
respiratory acidosis occurs the buildup of carbon dioxide is very fast and the kidneys cannot
function fast enough to retain a balance. Respiratory acidosis is usually caused by respiratory
failure. Some conditions that cause this are asthma, COPD, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, and
sleep apnea. Doctors have also found that severe obesity can cause respiratory acidosis because it
restricts the lungs from fully expanding. Some patients may complain of a headache or blurred
vision. Others may feel anxiety, restlessness, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Your body loses too much acid and gains too much base fluid. This can be brought on by extreme
vomiting. The use of diuretics can cause to body to expel fluids quickly. Other known causes
include laxatives, adrenal disease, alcohol abuse, and antacids. Metabolic alkalosis may induce
symptoms like confusion and lightheadedness. Some may feel nausea and vomiting. They have also
reported muscle spasms, numbness or tingling in the face, hands, or feet. Metabolic alkalosis is
diagnosed by measuring electrolytes and blood gases. Depending on the tests results a patient may
be administered an IV to help balance the pH levels in the body. (Medical Dictionary, May 6,

Hydrogen Ions Within A Patients Blood
Acidosis is a condition when the body has too much acid circulating in the body causing the pH of
the body to become too acidic (Wisse, 2013). This will then cause the acid/base balance to tip as the
acid is building up and the base is lost. Since pH is measured on a scale of 0 to 10 and "normal"
blood pH is kept between 7.35 – 7.45, minute deviations can cause disruptions throughout many
different systems of the body (McAuley, 1993). A decrease below the recommended 7.35 means that
there are too many hydrogen ions within a patients blood and they cannot be absorbed by the body.
PCO2 is the measurement of "partial pressure of carbon dioxide dissolved in arterial blood" and
helps us understand how much CO2–gas is floating in the blood ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When this happens there is a low plasma bicarbonate (HCO3–) concentration due to the loss of
storage or renal tubular wasting and an increase in chloride concentration. Respiratory acidosis on
the other hand develops when a patient has an increased amount of carbon dioxide that cannot be
expelled through regular breathing (Wisse, 2013). Within the classification of metabolic acidosis
there are several sub–classifications: Diabetic acidosis, Lactic acidosis, hyperchloremic acidosis and
a number of other contributing causes such as severe dehydration, poisoning: by aspirin, ethylene
glycol or methanol or renal disease/failure (Wisse, 2013).
Diabetic acidosis is due to an increased amount of ketones in the bodies of those suffering from
uncontrolled diabetes. Diabetics rely upon insulin as fuel to "run" the body and when the body is
unable to use glucose it uses fat. Ketones are the "waste" that is left after fat is broken down for fuel,
they are acid and when they build up in a diabetic's blood and eventually urine, their kidney's are
unable to dispel it as fast as it is being used (Wisse, 2013). Since ketones are acidic any impairment
in removal of the ketones or continued uncontrollable diabetes will cause the sudden change that
could cause life–threatening complications and severe illness.
Lactic acidosis is due to, as

Reaction Paper On Salicylates
Salicylates are nonsteroidal anti–inflammatory agents that are widely used as antipyretic, analgesics,
and anti–inflammatory products. Variety of prescriptions and over–the–counter preparations contain
salicylates, therefore chronic dosing which can cause toxicity is a common emergency problem.
Salicylates are weak acids and well absorbed from the stomach and small intestine. Peak plasma
salicylate levels occur in 15 to 20 minutes after ingestion of therapeutic doses, whereas with
overdose peak serum salicylate concentrations are delayed and achieved after 4 to 6 hours due to
bezoar formation and pylorospasm. Also, taking extended–release, enteric–coated preparations delay
absorption and peak concentrations. Approximately, 80 to 90 percent of salicylate is protein–bound,
mainly albumin, and distributed throughout body tissues. In the case of overdose, however, patient
will experience an increase in the free fraction of salicylate in the plasma and the amount of drug
reaching the tissues will be enhanced due to the saturation of protein–binding sites. At physiologic
pH, which is 7.40, most salicylate molecules are ionized and if the pH is 3, 50% of the drug will be
nonionized. A decrease in the systemic pH produce more nonionized lipophilic molecules that can
cross cellular membranes, including the blood–brain barrier and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Absorption and distribution of these drugs are altered with increasing the dose. High doses of
salicylates also affect the drug hepatic and renal elimination. The clinical There are different
methods to detect toxicity, such as monitoring plasma salicylates concentration, Done nomogram,
serum creatinine concentration. The management of this condition consist of maintaining supporting
vital signs and organ function. Administering supplemental oxygen and volume resuscitate, and
multiple doses of activated charcoal are treatment methods for this

A Person 's Normal Ph Range
A person's normal pH range is between 7.35 and 7.45. (Tortora, G., Derrickson, B. H. ,2014–01–22).
This range is important for the body to function properly. There certain conditions that can cause the
pH range to fluctuate. Acidosis is a condition in which the blood pH is below 7.35 and alkalosis is a
condition in which the blood pH is higher than 7.45. Significant changes in pH range can affect
cellular function and possibly lead to death. "Your blood needs the right balance of acid and basic
(alkaline) compounds to function properly". (George, K., 2013)
Respiratory acidosis is a condition that happens when there is too much carbon dioxide in the lungs.
When this happens, the blood becomes too acidic. People with respiratory acidosis will have a pH
less than 7.35 with a PaCO2 greater than 45mm HG. (sitelms.org) This particular form of acidosis
can be caused by diseases of the airways, lungs, and chest. It can also be caused by diseases that
may affect the nerves and muscles that tell the lungs to inflate or deflate. Certain narcotics may
cause this to happen as well. If respiratory acidosis does not become too severe the kidneys will help
to raise the blood pH to the normal range. The kidneys increase the amount of hydrogen it releases
and the reabsorption of bicarbonate. When medical treatment is necessary, it is usually aimed at the
underlying disease, or cause of the condition. (.nlm.nih.gov, 2016) Bronchodilator drugs may be
prescribed to help reverse some types of

N-Methyl-Glutamate Carrier Protein Analysis
Overstimulation or prolonged activation of excitatory amino acid receptors is called excitotoxicity
(64, 65). Overactivation of these excitatory receptors causes opening of post–synaptic ion channels
which consequently increases intracellular Ca2+ and this affects Ca2+ regulatory mechanisms.
Excitotoxicity seems to be a major contributor to many neurodegenerative disorders such as PD, AD
and HD (65, 66). Although the pivotal role of excitotoxicity in neurodegenerative disorders has been
proved, the exact mechanisms through which it promotes neurodegeneration still is unclear and
more studies are needed (67). The N–methyl–D–aspartate (NMDA) and 2–amino–3–(3–hydroxy–5–
methylisoxazol–4–yl) propionate (AMPA) subtypes are the main determinants, ... Show more
Acidosis influences L–glutamate carrier proteins and changes the 3–dimentional structure of the
transporter which may finally halt L–glutamate transport (71). Furthermore, acidosis can change the
ratio of OH–in to OH– out. This ratio plays an important role in the L–glutamate transporting
system on neurons (72) and in turn its disturbances will inhibit L–glutamate (70, 73, 74). Acidosis
also stimulates L–glutamate release and this stimulation may participate in the mechanisms by
which acidosis inhibits L–glutamate uptake (70, 75). When the stimulation of L–glutamate release
and its (re–)uptake inhibition occur simultaneously, it probably leads to an increase in extracellular
glutamate which subsequently activates NMDA and AMPA receptors and cause excessive influx of
Ca2+ and excitotoxicity (69, 76) Consequently, these NMDA receptors trigger more changes in pHi
which seems to be toward acidification. Such a shift results from increases in intracellular sodium
and extracellular potassium which is mediated by NMDA receptor activation and subsequently
stimulates glycolysis in neurons (77). The mentioned pHi acidification is accompanied by the
increased production of lactate whose pathological concentrations may play a role in NMDA
receptor–induced neuronal injury or death and neurodegeneration (77–80). It is noteworthy to
mention that just severe acidosis

Similarities And Differences Between Acidosis And Alkalosis
Differences between Acidosis and Alkalosis
Acidosis is when the pH of one's blood is below the normal level of 7.35. Alkalosis is when the pH
of one's blood is above 7.45. These can be broken down into two categories respiratory and
metabolic. Normal oxygen (CO2) levels are 35–45 mmHg in systemic arterial blood. Normal levels
for HCO3− 22–26mEq/liter in systemic arterial blood.
Respiratory Acidosis occurs when the lungs cannot remove all the carbon dioxide that the body
makes. In turn this makes fluid in the body become too acidic. The distinctive feature of respiratory
acidosis is an abnormally high PCO2, meaning above 45 mmHg. Improper exhalation of oxygen can
cause the blood pH to drop." Any condition that decreases the movement of CO2 from the blood to
the alveoli of the lungs to the atmosphere causes a buildup of CO2, H2CO3, and H+ (Tortora, 2014,
p.1036)". Symptoms of this condition may include: confusion, lethargy, fatigue, sleepiness, and
shortness of breath. Probable causes are: obesity, disease of the chest, diseases of the lungs and
airways, and drugs that suppress breathing (MedlinePLus, 2012). A health care provider will
perform a physical exam to see if this is what is happening. He may do so by: arterial blood gas
which measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, basic metabolic panel, a chest x–ray,
or possibly a pulmonary function test (MedlinePLus, 2012). Treatment is mainly aimed at the
underlying cause not at condition itself. It is treated

Homeostasis Of The Ph Levels
Homeostasis of the pH levels in the body is very important to the overall survival rate of human.
Secondary to the brain and heart, the arterial blood pH is one of the most critical levels that must be
maintained in order to avoid serious complications including death. Four conditions that can be
associated with an abnormal arterial blood pH level are respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis,
metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis. The body has natural compensatory mechanisms in
place to regulate the arterial blood pH balance, however if they fail to regulate the pH level there are
other treatment options available. Many factors can affect the acid–base balance such as gender,
body size, environmental temperatures, lifestyle choices, and age. The elderly is at a higher risk of
acid–base imbalances, especially the arterial blood pH levels. The normal pH level for arterial blood
is between 7.35–7.45, which is slightly alkaline. If a pH of 7 is considered neutral, then if the pH
level is greater than 7, it is more alkaline, and if it is less than 7, it is more acidic. Since the pH
range for arterial blood has such as small window, it is very important for the other organs and fluids
to fluctuate in their range in order to maintain homeostasis. Arterial blood pH must remain within
the range of 7.35 and 7.45 to ensure that there is an adequate amount of oxygen in the blood and
within the cells ("pH balance," n.d.). If the level drops under 7.35, this indicates acidosis

Tuular Acidosis Case Study
I was born on May 1, 1999 in San Diego, California. At this time my father, Charles Sullins was a
Staff Sergeant in the United States Marine Corps and my mother was a preschool teacher and a stay
at home mom to myself and my older two brothers. Unbenounced to my family I stopped growing at
three months old in both height and weight. My physicians and family were particularly concerned
because of how pivotal growth is at this point in an individual's life. The doctors and nurses tried
relentlessly to interpret what had happened and after nine months of running tests they found out
that I had renal tubular acidosis or RTA. RTA is a disease in the kidneys and affects the acidity levels
in an individual's bloodstream. Without the correct acidity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
My decision for choosing nursing as a career is not only due to my own health concerns but also
from seeing and hearing the experiences of my cousin Chase. My cousin was diagnosed with stage 4
medistinial testicular cancer when he was 24 years old . This effected my family in an unimangible
way, not only for his own diagnosis but for the fact that this was the third cancer diagnosis within
my family in 4 years. Throughout the duration of his care and treatment the doctors and nurses were
able to help not only him but also my family in a way that I've never seen before. From my
grandfather and Chase being admitted into the hospital at the same time and allowing them to be in
rooms close to each other to allowing his sister Katrina stay overnight with him on occasions. As
Chase's cancer progressed and he moved to different areas in the hospital and to other hospitals his
doctors and nurses would continuely check in on him and the rest of my family, even going as far as
attending his funeral and giving a supporting shoulder to my

Respiratory Acidosis Essay
Respiratory acidosis is when the lungs are unable to remove the normal amount of carbon dioxide as
the body produces it. This leads to an increase in PaCO2 (hypercapnia) which lowers HCO3. The
blood becomes too acidic because of the excess amount of CO2. The average range for PaCO2 is
35–45m Hg. Respiratory acidosis is caused by an issue with the lungs ability to remove CO2
properly, a form of lung disease. Most causes are asthma, neuromuscular disorders, obesity and
COPD. The lungs and the kidneys regulate the body's pH. Lungs remove CO2 and the kidneys
remove acid through the urine. Treatment would include bronchodilator drugs to open airways,
oxygen therapy and a breathing machine might be prescribed. A person that is much older is more
likely to develop this type of disease since the strength of the kidneys and lungs has weekend with
age. Also certain medications can affect the pH balance of the body. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This leads to a decline in PCO2 and increases pH. The Main cause for Respiratory alkalosis is
hyperventilation which is over breathing. Panic attacks (anxiety), heart attack, drug use, asthma,
fever, COPD and pulmonary embolism can cause respiratory alkalosis. Again, the lungs here are
important in keeping the blood pH balanced by releasing the perfect amount of carbon dioxide.
Treatment is dependent on the cause of respiratory alkalosis. For instance, if it was for anxiety you
would exhale into a paper bag carbon dioxide and breathe that into the lungs. Doing this can restore
the carbon dioxide back into the body. The body's pH depends on the kidneys and lungs so in elderly
it is much harder to maintain this balance due to the decline in the kidneys and the lungs ability to

sc131 CrystalElmalahUnit7Assignment
Crystal Elmalah
Unit 7 Assignment
Anatomy & Physiology II
Respiratory acidosis is a condition that occurs when the lungs cannot remove all the carbon dioxide
the body produces. This causes body fluids, especially the blood, to become too acidic. Chronic
respiratory acidosis occurs over a long period of time, this leads to a stable situation, because the
kidneys increase body chemicals, such as bicarbonate, that help restore the body's acid–base
balance. Acute respiratory acidosis is a condition in which carbon dioxide builds up quickly, before
the kidneys can return the body to a state of balance. Some of the symptoms may include:
confusion, fatigue, lethargy, shortness of breath, and sleepiness. Some causes of ... Show more
Other causes for metabolic acidosis include: kidney disease, poisoning by aspirin, and severe
dehydration. With metabolic acidosis, respiration will increase to blow off CO2, decreasing the
amount of acid in the blood. In some cases, sodium bicarbonate may be given to reduce the acidity
of the blood. (Medline Plus, 2014). Metabolic alkalosis is a condition in which the body fluids have
excess base. The kidneys and lungs maintain the proper balance of chemicals, called acids and
bases, in the body. Decreased carbon dioxide or increased bicarbonate level makes the body too
alkaline. There are different types of alkalosis such as: respiratory alkalosis, which is caused by a
low carbon dioxide level in the blood. This can be due to: fever, lack of oxygen, lung disease, or
liver disease; hypochloermic alkalosis is caused by an extreme lack or loss of chloride, from
prolonged vomiting; hypokalemic alkalosis is caused by the kidneys' response to an extreme lack of
potassium, this can occur from taking certain water pills. Compensated alkalosis occurs when the
body returns to the acid–base balance to normal in cases of alkalosis, but bicarbonate and carbon
dioxide levels remain abnormal. Symptoms of alkalosis can include: confusion, hand tremor, light–
headedness, muscle twitching, vomiting, and numbness or tingling in the face, hands, or feet.
Treatment for alkalosis depends on

Raaspatory Alkalosis: An Excess Amount Of Acid In The Heart
When you hear the words acidosis and alkalosis what comes to your mind ... Not much right, yeah
me either. One of the main things you would need to know is the meaning of the words raspatory
and metabolic. Then you would need to know the meaning of the words acidosis and alkalosis.
Respiratory refers to breathing. Acidosis refers to an excess amount of acid in the body. Alkalosis
refers to a lack of fluids in the blood. And finally, metabolic refers to the body's metabolism.
The first thing we will discuss is raspatory acidosis. Respiratory acidosis occurs when someone does
not breathe enough causing an excess amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. Some common
examples of respiratory acidosis are Trauma, Infection, and Stroke. People who have ... Show more
It helps keep the body clean and helps regulate the homeostasis. The kidneys help keep the acid in
balance by absorbing and reabsorbing them. The lungs help in metabolic acidosis and alkalosis.
Changes such as breathing can help rid the body of carbon dioxide and can also help consume more.
Does age affect these conditions? I do not believe that age affects these conditions. I do however
believe that health condition and what you put into your body affects these conditions. I believe that
someone who smokes has higher risks of experiencing metabolic acidosis and

Trade and Generic Name, Drug Classification and Mechanism...
Trade and Generic Name, Drug Classification and Mechanism of Action Metoformin is a
medication used to treat Type 2 diabetes. Metformin is classified as a biguanide and antidiabetic
medication. Its therapeutic classification is an antihyperglycemic. Metformin, which is the drug's
generic name, is also known under its trade names: Fortamet, Glucophage, Glucophage XR,
Glumetza and Riomet. Metformin is an oral hypoglycemic medication and has three main actions:
Metofrmin increases the binding of insulin to insulin receptors in skeletal muscles and fat, which
works to improve tissue sensitivity to insulin. Through this action, glucose is able to be transported
into skeletal muscles and fat and the body is able to use glucose to function properly. Metformin
also suppresses gluconeogenesis, which is the production of glucose from non–carbohydrate sources
such as fat and protein. Metformin also prevents the liver from converting stored glycogen into
glucose. All these actions work together to lower the level of blood sugar and also lower the
Hemoglobin A1C value, ensuring diabetics have better control of their blood sugar.
Indication for Use and Contraindications Metformin is used to treat patients with Type 2 diabetes in
addition with proper diet and exercise. Metformin is contraindicated in patients with
hypersensitivity to metformin, hepatic or cardiopulmonary insufficiency, alcoholics, patients with
multiple infections, acute myocardial infarction,

What Is The Pathophysiology Of Phillip Morris's Case Study?
Phillip Morris is a 64–year–old, pack a day smoker for 20 years, with a complaint of shortness of
breath and a productive yellow cough for three days. He also has a three–year history of progressive
renal failure. Currently, he is receiving care at a local intensive care unit with a diagnosis of
pneumonia and sepsis. His physical exam and vital signs reveal an elevated temperature, low blood
pressure with elevated heart rate, decreased breath sounds, and respiratory rate of 22 breaths per
minute. His arterial blood gas (ABG) results include a potential of hydrogen (pH) of 7.18, partial
pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) of 52 mm Hg, bicarbonate (HCO3–) of 19 mEq/L, sodium (Na+)
of 138 mEq/L, chloride (Cl–) of 105 mEq/L, and creatinine clearance of 45 mL/min/1.73 m2. The
following paragraphs will discuss the pathophysiology of Mr. Morris's case. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Morris suffers from pneumonia that progressed rapidly to sepsis. Fever, tachycardia, tachypnea, and
elevated white blood cell count are all the clinical signs of sepsis (Conelius, 2014). When this
systemic inflammatory response in sepsis goes unchecked, organ dysfunction occurs due to hypo–
perfusion, hypotension, hypoxemia, oliguria, and metabolic acidosis (Conelius, 2014). Mr. Morris is
experiencing a mixed, uncompensated respiratory acidosis with metabolic acidosis. The low pH
indicates uncompensated acidosis, and an elevated pCO2 point to a respiratory origin. Processes
such as sepsis and fever also contributes to an increase in CO2 production (Kessler, 2014). The
anion gap (AG) is in a normal range of 14. Calculated by the difference between the plasma
concentration of Na+ and the sum of Cl− and HCO3–, this value indicates a diagnosis of mixed
acid–base disorder (Kessler,

Acid Base Status Essay
Discuss how changes in acid–base status of a patient can arise and the mechanisms available in the
body to rectify these.
In the body, blood has many different roles. However, one of its main functions is to maintain the
balance between acidity and alkalinity.
Blood acidity increases when the level of acidic compounds in the body rise, or when the level of
alkaline compounds in the body fall. The bodies balance between acidity and alkalinity is known as
the 'acid–base balance'.
The blood's acid–base balance is precisely controlled because even a minor deviation from the
normal range can severely affect many organs. The body uses different mechanisms to control the
blood's acid–base balance.
Effective management of the acid base balance in patients can be a very challenging task. It relies on
an accurate diagnosis of which disorder is specifically affecting the patient. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Some can be easily reversed, however, some can be fatal.
The release of growth hormone is normal in metabolic acidic adults, though insulin–line growth
factor–1 (IGF–1) is reduced by metabolic acidosis. Alongside this acute acidosis reduces plasma and
tissue levels of IGF–1. Together these irregularities can cause impaired growth in infants and
children. Acidosis can cause the thyroid hormone to be depressed, this could affect the energy
metabolism and cell function in the body. (Davies, Carter and Wells, 2004).
The main consequence of metabolic alkalosis is decreased ventilation, causing in hypoventilation.
Cerebral blood flow is also decreased due to vasoconstriction, this may result in confusion or even
seizures. In hospitalised patient it is mostly occurs due to large doses of penicillin based drugs,
causing severe Hypokalemia.
As with metabolic acidosis, respiratory acidosis can affect the central nervous system. Resulting in
headaches, confusion, apathy and motor disturbances such as

A Study On The Plasma Ph
KenToria Suggs
Biology 101
Professor Byfield
27 October 2015
Writing Assignment: #1 "Bicarbonate infusion and pH clamp moderately reduce hyperventilation
during ramp exercise in humans", executed and written by Francois Peronnet, Tim Meyer, Bernard
Aguilaniu, Carl–Etienne Juneau, Oliver Faude, and Wilfried Kindermann was first published on
September 7th, 2006. The purpose of the study was to test and determine if the decrease in plasma
pH contributes to the hyperventilation observed in humans in response to high intensity workload.
During the experiment, the plasma pH was the vocal point of this experiment where five healthy
male subjects preformed a ramp exercise. The experiment was done to see if the reduction in plasma
pH and the development of exercise hyperventilation is conclusive data to the hypothesis that says,
"...Hyperventilation is a ventilatory compensation of the metabolic acidosis that develops at high
workloads and could be triggered, at least in part, by the reduction in plasma pH." (Journal of
Applied Psychology) The plasma pH and the hyperventilation from exercise were the main focuses
of the experiment and the end results data suggest that the decrease in plasma pH is one of the
factors that contribute to the hyperventilation observed at high workloads. In the conclusion of the
experiment, in the control situation, plasma pH decreased greatly below resting value and reached
7.270 at the conclusion opposed to 7.414 at a resting position. However, pH

Pathophysiology Research Paper
1a. Pathophysiology is a key factor in understanding how the body works. One aspect where it is
very important is pH disturbances of the body. Respiratory alkalosis is when there is a commotion in
the pH balance when there is alveolar hyperventilation in the lungs. This in return can cause a
decline in pressure of carbon dioxide causing an increase in bicarbonate. In return the pH level
increases. Respiratory acidosis is a pH balance disturbance that occurs in response to alveolar
hypoventilation. As carbon dioxide is produced ventilation failure increases the pressure of carbon
dioxide. After this happens the pH level decreases. Metabolic alkalosis is an increase in the body's
amount of bicarbonate. When the body loses too much hydrogen from the body, and/or retains too
much bicarbonate, this issue can occur. Metabolic acidosis is an occurrence during which there is an
increase in acids or a decrease in bicarbonate. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An example of respiratory alkalosis is hyperventilation. An example of respiratory acidosis is
hypoventilation. An example of metabolic alkalosis is hyperemesis. An example of metabolic
acidosis is severe dehydration. Respiratory alkalosis has lab levels of a pH greater than 7.45, a
PaCO2 less than 35, and a normal bicarbonate level. Respiratory acidosis has lab levels of less than
7.35, a PaCO2 greater than 45, and a normal bicarbonate level. Metabolic alkalosis has a lab value
of greater than 7.45, a normal PaCO2 level, and a bicarbonate level greater than 26. Metabolic
acidosis has a lab value of a pH less than 7.35, a normal PaCO2, and a bicarbonate less than 22.
Respiratory alkalosis and acidosis are both compensated by the kidneys and metabolic alkalosis and
acidosis are both compensated by the lungs (SW,

Acid Base Balance Research Paper
Acid–base balance in the body is important to maintain our normal functions. The regulation of
hydrogen ions is essential for the body to perform normally and to achieve homeostasis. Our bodies
maintain a pH level between a small margin of 7.35 to 7.45. If the pH level becomes too low, the
body goes into a state called acidosis. On the contrary, if it elevates too far, the body enters into a
state called alkalosis.
Acidosis is caused by an overproduction of acid in the blood, an excessive loss of bicarbonate from
the blood, or by a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood. Acidosis is categorized into two separate
categories; Metabolic acidosis and Respiratory acidosis. As the pH in the blood lowers, the body
starts to react to the drop. Respirations can become faster and deeper to try and release carbon
dioxide which is slightly acidic, and the kidneys will excrete more acid into the urine. If the body
cannot compensate for the drop in pH, it can enter into a coma.
Metabolic acidosis occurs when the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Just as in acidosis, the two types of alkalosis are metabolic and respiratory. When the pH becomes
too high due to too much base in the blood, the body can start to have uncontrolled skeletal muscle
contractions.
Metabolic alkalosis occurs when the body gains too much base or loses too much acid. Some causes
of this would be vomiting for long periods of time where stomach acid is lost or too much fluid and
electrolytes such as sodium or potassium is lost. Ingestion of large amounts of a base can also cause
alkalosis. An overactive adrenal gland and the use of diuretics are also a major cause of metabolic
alkalosis. Treatment of metabolic alkalosis includes the replacement water and electrolyte loss and
treating the underlying issue of alkalosis. Diluted acid can also be given for alkalotic

A Patient With Respiratory Acidosis Essay
a) In a patient with respiratory acidosis, the partial pressure of CO2 in the plasma (PCO2) rises
above normal levels of 40 mmHg (1). Airway resistance due to asthma, respiratory depression due
to drug use as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease all cause hypoventilation, lowering
partial pressure of plasma oxygen (PO2) to below its normal value of approximately 100 mm Hg (1)
and can lead to respiratory acidosis. The equation below describes the equation between CO2 and
H2O with H+ and HCO3–. According to the law of mass action, all reactions tend towards
equilibrium, and any disturbance in the amount of any of the products or reactants will shift the
reaction in a direction which leads to re–establishment of equilibrium. If CO2 concentration rises,
the new chemical equilibrium will favour further production of both H+ and HCO3– through
disassociation of H2CO3. Each additional molecule of CO2 would lead to production of one
molecule of H+ and HCO3–.
〖CO〗_2+H_2 O→ H_2 CO^3→H^++HCO_3^– (1).
Production of H+ will cause plasma pH to fall below 7.4. Normally, increases in H+ concentrations
are buffered mostly by haemoglobin, however buffers can only resist small changes in pH. The
HCO3– levels increase slightly, but are likely to still remain within normal levels of 22 to 26
mEq/L. This is because equilibrium changes in concentrations is slight compared to the large
compensatory changes (1). Renal mechanisms can assist in excreting H+ and reabsorbing HCO3–.

What Factors Cause Respiratory Acidosis?
Acidosis is known when one's body fluids contain too much acid. Acidosis occurs when one's
kidneys and lugs cannot keep the body's pH in balance. Many of the body's processes produce acid.
For example, the lungs and kidneys usually compensate for slight pH imbalances, but problems with
these organs can lead to excess acid in the body. Acidosis is characterized by a pH of 7.35 or lower.
There are two types of acidosis: respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis. Respiratory acidosis
occurs when there is too much CO2 builds up within the body. The lungs would normally remove
CO2 while one breathes, but there are times the body cannot get rid of enough of the CO2¬. There
are several factors that can cause respiratory acidosis. Some of the factors is the overuse of alcohol,
a deformed chest structure, injury to the chest, obesity, problems with the nervous system, sedative
misuse, muscle weakness in the chest, and chronic airway conditions like asthma. ... Show more
There are four different types of metabolic acidosis: ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, renal tubular
acidosis, and hyperchloremic acidosis. Ketoacidosis occurs when one has diabetes and does not get
enough insulin and gets dehydrated, the body burns fat instead of carbs as fuel, and that produces
ketones. Lots of ketones in the blood will turn the blood acidic; people who drink a lot of alcohol for
a long period of time and does not eat enough also build up ketones. It can also occur when one does
not eat at all. Lactic acidosis occurs when there is too much lactic acid within the body. Lactic acid
is produced when the cells within the body do not have a lot of oxygen to

Respiratory Case Study
Respiratory Case Study
The following case study is of a 37–year old Hispanic male weighing 145 lbs and 70 inches tall
found unconscious by his girlfriend. According to her he was unconscious for about 15 hours and
she was concerned because he would not wake or respond and was breathing shallow and slow. She
then called 9–1–1. The patient entered the ER by emergency vehicle and on my initial assessment Pt
had an altered mental status, was very unresponsive showing symptoms of a possible drug overdose.
The girlfriend told the physician the Pt had taken 75 mg of methadone and an unknown amount of
Xanex and other amounts of Benzodiazepines. On assessment, the doctor noticed his altered mental
status and unconscious status. He had a gag ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another follow up ABG at 0100 shows a small improvement on the Ph to 7.18, the Pco2 became
more acidotic moved to 53, the Po2 improved to 77 which shows he is oxygenating better but still
hypoxic, his Hco3 acidosis is improving at a change to 19.8, and sating 91% now. The Pt is now
breathing at a rate has come down to 10 BPM on his own above and beyond the vent. After
consulting with the physician we changed the Vt to 600 and the pressure support to 20 and Cpap to
15. The Pt continued on these settings till 0415. The physician then made the change to Bi–level
with the settings of a rate of 14 pressure support of 25, and an H/L pressure of 35/15. The Pt at this
time is pulling a Vt of 745 and a spontaneous rate of 17 and still at 100% Fio2 and sating 92%. This
is the point when the Pt makes the turn. The Bi–level or APRV was the proper setting for this Pt. He
continued to improve over the next several days with his peek pressure climbing to 40. The Pt
continues these settings and slowly improves and eventually weaned from the ventilator till the Pt
no longer needs support.
Pt received AP diameter X–ray to confirm tube placement and to see if there were any kind of
infiltrates because of possible aspiration and to eliminate possible pneumothorax and pleural
effusion. Findings included mild patchy infiltrates in the right upper to middle lobes. The left lower
lobe also has some similar findings but less concerning. This may either be due to lung infection or
pulmonary

Acidosis and Akalosis
The normal pH value for the body fluids is between pH 7.35 and 7.45. When the pH value of body
fluids is below 7.35, the condition is called acidosis, and when the pH is above 7.45, it is called
alkalosis. (Tortora, G., Derrickson, B., 2014)
The major effect of acidosis is depression of the central nervous system. When the pH of the blood
falls below 7.35, the central nervous system malfunctions, and the individual becomes disoriented
and possibly comatose as the condition worsens. Causes for acidosis include things such as; obesity,
disease of the airway and diseases involving the chest. (Hadjiliadis, 2014)
A major effect of alkalosis is hyperexcitability of the nervous system. Peripheral nerves are affected
first, resulting in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, the kidneys are not effective in compensating for respiratory alkalosis that occurs in
response to hyperventilation triggered by emotions, which usually begins quickly and subsides
within minutes or hours. However, if alkalosis results from staying at a high altitude over a 2 or 3
day period, the kidneys play a significant role in helping to compensate.
Metabolic acidosis results from all conditions that decrease the pH of the body fluids below 7.35
and HCO3– levels are <22 mEq/L, with the exception of conditions resulting from altered
function of the respiratory system. As hydrogen ions accumulate in the body fluids, buffers first
resist a decline in pH. If the buffers cannot compensate for the increase in hydrogen ions, the
respiratory center helps regulate the body fluid pH. The reduced pH stimulates the respiratory
center, which causes hyperventilation. During hyperventilation, carbon dioxide is eliminated at a
greater rate. The elimination of carbon dioxide also eliminates excess hydrogen ions and helps
maintain the pH of the body fluids within a normal range. (Angus, 2006)
If metabolic acidosis persists for many hours and if the kidneys are functional, the kidneys can also
help compensate for metabolic acidosis. They begin to secrete hydrogen ions at a greater rate and
increase the rate of bicarbonate ion reabsorption. Symptoms of metabolic acidosis appear if the
respiratory and renal systems are not able to maintain the pH

Explain The Five Steps Of Correcting The Pao2 Level
Step one of the five steps approach to interpret the above values is to look at the PaO2 level which is
currently 70. Since the normal level is between 80 to 100 mm hg, the current PaO2 of 70 means
Mary is experiencing hypoxemia. However, the patient's current oxygen delivery is at 100% thus the
nurse needs to continue to monitor the patient closely. A strategy to correct the PaO2 level is
correcting the PaCO2 level first because as CO2 rises, PaO2 falls. The nurse can adjust the PEEP
level and can be increased to 6 or 7cm H20 since that will help keep the alveoli open to better the
oxygenation for the patient so we are able to eventually decrease the delivered O2 to protect the
patient from any possible oxygen toxicity. The second step is

Supplemental Failure: A Case Study
Ms. Blake ABG means she has an uncompensated metabolic acidosis with a positive anion. This
means she has an acidosis associated with an anion other than chloride. The anion gap measures the
difference between an anions and a non–anion in serum (Kraut & Nagami. 2013). The test is
routinely performed in patients with known acidosis, altered mental status, unknown exposures,
acute renal failure, and acute illnesses. In Ms. Blake's situation, her pH is less than 7.30, and her
HCO3– is less than 24mEq/L. She has an acidosis that is caused by starvation and/or diabetes
related illness. Usually, when an individual is in the metabolic acidosis state, he or she may
encounter hypoxia. In this case, Ms. Blake PO2 is less than 80; so therefore, supplemental

Metabolic Acidosis Research Paper
Metabolic acidosis happens when the blood becomes too acidic. It can happen in infants, children,
and adults for many different reasons. Metabolic acidosis may range from mild to severe, or even
life–threatening.
CAUSES
Metabolic acidosis happens as a result of one of the following:
The body produces too much acid.
You consume a toxic substance that increases the acid content in the blood.
The body loses an important element, such as bicarbonate, which helps to balance acid.
The kidneys do not remove enough acid from the body.
There are many causes. Metabolic acidosis can be brought on by chronic or life–threatening
conditions, such as:
Diabetes.
Kidney disease or failure.
Liver failure.
Seizures.
Diarrhea. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you get dialysis, do not miss any appointments.
Get plenty of rest.
See your caregiver for close follow–up. You may need more blood tests.
PREVENTION
To prevent metabolic acidosis in the future, follow these guidelines:
Manage chronic conditions. Take your medicines as directed. Failure to take certain medicines, or
taking too much of them, can predispose you to acidosis.
Avoid exposure to poisons and toxins.
Limit alcohol intake.
Drink enough water and fluids to keep your urine clear or pale yellow.
Understand your medicines and supplements, and their possible side effects.
SEEK MEDICAL CARE IF:
SEEK IMMEDIATE MEDICAL CARE IF:
You have shortness of breath, chest pain, or a fast heartbeat (palpitations).
You develop worsening nausea, vomiting, or uncontrolled diarrhea.

You develop worsening body aches, fatigue, or lethargy.
You experience worsening levels of consciousness or you faint.
You develop worsening signs of dehydration, you cannot eat, or you are producing less urine.
You have uncontrolled pain in your joints and limbs.
You have uncontrolled, severe abdominal

Respiratory Acidosis Symptoms
What are some of the possible signs and symptoms of respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis,
metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis? Respiratory acidosis occurs when the rate of oxygen
eliminated from the body fluids via the lungs drops this causes the concentration of carbon dioxide
to increase in the body fluid. This increases the concentration of hydrogen to increase in turn this
causes the decrease of the pH in the body fluids to drop below 7.35. This causes respiratory acidosis.
Respiratory acidosis is usually a symptom of an underlying condition such as asthma, COPD,
pneumonia, obesity, or sleep apnea. Signs and symptoms include (acute) headache, anxiety,
restlessness, confusion, and blurred vision. (Chronic) memory loss, sleep

Acid Base Disturbance Report
Acid–Base Disturbances is any condition which results in changes of the extracellular fluid pH from
the normal range of pH 7.35 – 7.45. ... Because the blood pH and the ECF pH are almost always
equivalent, disturbances of acid–base homeostasis are diagnosed by measuring blood pH. "When the
pH is below 7.35, the condition is called acidosis; when the pH is above 7.45, it is called
alkalosis". (VanPutte, 2013). Acidosis or Alkalosis states are categorized as being either metabolic
or respiratory so the imbalance or condition maybe respiratory acidosis, or respiratory alkalosis,
metabolic acidosis and or metabolic alkalosis. Because the body is always striving for or attempting
to maintain normalcy (homeostasis), regardless of the etiological source all initial acid–base
disturbances will result in an imbalance of the normal pH ratio. To combat the effects of acidosis
and or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Ketoacidosis the body is making too many ketones due to fats being burned for absent
carbohydrates as source of energy, excessive amount of fats in the body become acidic creating the
ketones. Possible cause are diabetics not receiving proper insulin and hydration, excessive alcohol
drinking with low po intake, as well as anoxia. The patient have the following signs and symptoms
tachypnea, tachycardia, HA, confusion, tired or weakness, loss in appetite, and or N/V. Treatment is
to correct the imbalance or the underlying cause of the imbalance ie hydration fluids, Insulin
Respiratory Acidosis– has two forms Acute and Chronic it is usually caused by other condition or
disease such as Asthma, Pneumonia, COPD, and Sleep Apnea. With chronic respiratory acidosis the
patient may be asymptomatic, however; acute clinical findings are but not limited to decrease in
respiratory rate/volume, HA, drowsiness, confusion, and tremors. Treatment is usually oxygen and
or mechanical

Acute Respiratory Acidosis And Chronic Respirtory Acidosis
Respiratory Acidosis, or respiratory failure, makes the blood pH and other fluids in the body
decrease, which makes them acidic. Respiratory acidosis can occur when the lungs cannot remove
the right amount of carbon dioxide from the body. Too much CO2 can make the blood too acidic.
This is from the body needing to balance the ions that help control pH. Normally, lungs take in
oxygen and remove by exhaling, CO2. Oxygen passes from the lungs into the blood, and CO2
passes from the blood into the lungs. However, if the lungs can not remove the right amount of CO2,
respiratory acidosis can occur. There are two kinds of Respiratory acidosis: Acute respiratory
acidosis and chronic respirtory acidosis. Acute acidosis happens quickly and is an emergency.
Chronic acidosis usually develops over a period of time. The normal range of pH is supposed to be
7.4 and PaCO2 at 40 mmHg. Acidosis happens when the pH drops below 7.35 and a primary
respiratory problem is determined if the PaCO2 is greater than 45 mmHg. Some of the following are
causes for chronic respiratory acidosis: COPD, asthma, neuromuscular diseases, and obesity that is
very severe. Acute respiratory acidosis is usually caused by obstructed air ways, such as choking,
over dose of sedatives, or cardiac arrest. The compensatory mechanism for acute respiratory acidosis
is intracellular buffering (hemoglobin, intracellular proteins). Cell buffering will occur within
minutes after the onset of acute respiratory

Chemicals Derived rrom Salicylic Acid
The term salicylate refers to any of a group of chemicals that are derived from salicylic acid. The
best known is acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin). Acetylsalicylic acid is metabolized to salicylic acid
(salicylate) after ingestion. Salicylates are nonsteroidal anti–inflammatory (NSAI) agents commonly
used for their analgesic and antipyretic properties. They act on the cyclooxygenase enzymes to
impair peripheral and central prostaglandin biosynthesis. (1)
Planned salicylate overdose usually occurs mostly in teenagers and young adults. Overdoses in
children are usually accidental and in the elderly they occur as therapeutic misadventures. (1) First
clinical appearances of acute salicylate poisoning are gastric irritation, vomiting producing
metabolic acidosis, UGI ulceration or bleeding. Stimulation of the respiratory center may produce
respiratory alkalosis and secondary renal bicarbonate wasting, hypokalemia and dehydration.
These metabolic changes finally lead to renal depletion of fluid and electrolytes, hypoglycemia,
hypokalemia and a mixed of respiratory and metabolic alkalosis coupled with metabolic acidosis
which may provoke cardiac dysrhythmias, acute pulmonary edema, renal failure or neurological
injury. (1) (5)
There is no antidote for salicylate poisoning. Treatment is directed toward preventing further
intestinal absorption of the drug, preventing its entry into the CNS, enhancing removal of drug from
CNS and speeding elimination of the drug from the body. (2)

Asthma Research Paper
In this paper I will be discussing the effects of respiratory acidosis on the body. More specifically, I
will be discussing these effects in the relation to Asthma. I will describe the anatomical changes and
pathophysiology of the disease, explain how it effects elimination of carbon dioxide from the
airway, state the physiological compensation mechanisms and relate this condition back to
respiratory acidosis and its effect on the body.
Asthma is a respiratory disease that directly effects the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles causing
inflammation and swelling. Typically this is caused by a hyper–response to allergens. Symptoms
usually include: wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing.
There are two different types of Asthma: The first is known as "Atopic Asthma". This is usually
diagnosed in childhood and it is believed that genetics play a crucial role in obtaining the disease. In
Atopic Asthma "when exposed to an allergen there is an excess release of immunoglobulin from B
lymphocytes. IgE binds to cells involved in the inflammation which results in bronchoconstriction
and inflammation of airways". (citation journal) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While there are two different types of Asthma they usually have the same set of symptoms though
often differing allergens. They both cause bronchoconstriction as well as inflammation of the
airways but symptoms also result in: epithelial damage, overproduction of mucous. Oedema,
bronchospasms and muscle damage. If Asthma is not properly treated and regularly monitored
permanent damage of epithelium, enlargement of mucous glands, leaks within the airway capillaries
and fibrotic damage can

Fluid Balance Essay
Case 1
1. The first way in which this patient's fluid balance is altered is by the presence of vomiting noted
by the emergency department. Vomiting can cause a significant loss of electrolytes as well. The
patient also has a fever of 102.3, which has probably caused some heat release by sweating leading
to fluid loss. The doctor notes the patient is breathing quickly which indicates he may be losing fluid
through hyperventilation. The large quantity of alcohol consumed by this patient also contributes to
the alteration of fluid balance by inhibiting the pituitary gland from secreting anti–diuretic hormone
(ADH) which acts directly on the kidneys to reabsorb water. When ADH levels are reduced, the
kidneys produce more urine resulting in an increased ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The osmolal gap is elevated in this case.
7. The calculated osmolality with ethanol compensation was = [2*[Na+] + ([BUN] / 2.8) +
([Glucose] / 18) + ([Ethanol] / 4.6)]: 352 mEq/L
The osmolal gap: Serum osmolality – Calculated osmolality: 28 mEq/L. The osmolal gap is elevated
in this case.
8. The clinician repeated the chemistry panel and ethanol level when the serum osmolality was
obtained so that the osmolal gap could be calculated from that particular blood sample. In order to
calculate the osmolal gap, concentrations of BUN, glucose, serum osmolality, and ethanol level are
needed.
9. Based on laboratory results, this patient has co ingested a toxic alcohol i.e. methanol, eythlene
glycol, isopropyl alcohol. Other lab tests that could be ordered to confirm diagnosis include
measuring blood levels for methanol or ethylene glycol. Urine can also be obtained to see if calcium
oxalate crystals are present to confirm diagnosis of ethylene glycol ingestion. I could also request
for a blood lactate to rule out lactic acidosis which could be explained by the decrease in
bicarbonate and metabolic

Acid Base Balance Research Paper
Abstract
In this essay I will be discussing four conditions: respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis,
metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis. I will be defining each condition by including the levels
of PCO2 or HCO3– and the pH levels, common causes for each condition, the compensatory
mechanism for each condition, treatment mechanisms for each condition, and how older age may
compromise the acid–base balance processes.
Acid–Base Balances and Fluids and Electrolytes
This is the most common challenge to acid–base balance develops when the respiratory system can't
eliminate all the CO2 generated by the peripheral tissues. CO2 is the single biggest influence on
acid–base balance in the body, because it is generated as a metabolic waste product 24/7 by virtually
every body cell. Primary symptom is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main cause of acid–base imbalance is production of lactic acid from strenuous activity. Other
organic acids produced through metabolic activities, like the generation of carbon dioxide and its
transport in the blood. A less common cause would be reduced ability to excrete H+ at the kidneys a
drop in bicarbonate ions (HCO3–) impairs the normal buffering ability of the carbonic acid–
bicarbonate system; severe diarrhea can compromise this system, with HCO3– (which would
normally be recovered from the digestive tract. Many digestive secretions have bicarbonate ion in
them being lost in the feces rather than recovered physicians need to look at the causes of the
acidosis. In severe cases requiring treatment, the person receives respiratory assistance, and isotonic
IV's with sodium lactate, sodium gluconate or sodium bicarbonate. These compounds can act as
buffers, lowering the pH of the body's fluids). Respiratory and metabolic acidosis can be linked, as
in a near drowning, when PO2 is low, PCO2 is high, and the struggling person generated a lot of
lactic acid in their oxygen starved tissues. ("Tonicity of solutions,"

Causes Respiratory And Metabolic Diseases Essay
Assignment 8 There are many different part in the body and diseases. Also, many different
treatments for diseases. Also, there many bad side effects these treatments and medication cause.
There are many different people get sick from these diseases. In this paper, I am going to research
about respiratory and metabolic. There two type respiratorys that I am going to research respiratory
acidosis and respiratory alkalemic. There also two types of metabolic that I am going to research
metabolic alkalemic and metabolic acidosis. I am researching POCO2, HCO2, and PH on
respiratory and metabolic. Also, I am going to research what causes respiratory and metabolic
diseases. I am going to research how respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalemic, metabolic acidosis,
and metabolic alkalemic. Also, I am research what treatments and medication that can help treat
repiratory and metabolic diseases In the PCO2 in the respiratory acidosis is when the blood has too
much acidic. Also the abnormal for when the PCO2 the blood is 45 mmHg. Also, the carbon dioxide
is low in the blood Respiratory acidosis is where the lungs cannot remove carbon dioxide the body
make. In respiratory alkalemic is a low–level cardon dioxide that in the blood. ( Medlineplus, 2014)
The PaCO2 in the respriatory alkalemic is where the level is low. Also, it increase the PH level in
the respriatory alkalemic. Also, PH, pCO2, HCO3 can use venous blood gas sample instead of
arterial blood gas samples. (Medlineplus,

Ph Homeostasis Research Paper
Our bodies work in incredible and various ways. Especially when our body is affected by
imbalances in our pH. PH is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood. Solutions with a high
concentration of H+ have a low pH, unlike solutions with a low concentration of H+ have a high
pH. The normal pH is between 7.35–7.45. Anything else that ranges either below 7.35 or above 7.45
is abnormal. With this being said, the pH tells you whether the person is in acidosis (pH < 7.35) or
alkalosis (pH > 7.45). If the human body is too acidic/alakalitic, the body must expend energy to
compensate for this; energy that would be better served in other areas of the body. This is known as
homeostasis, a characteristic system that regulates its internal environment and tends to keep things
constant. A good way of sustaining pH homeostasis is through a short term mechanism called
chemical buffer system, which are bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffer systems. Buffer
systems solution resists changes to its pH when a strong acid or base is added. Another system that
manages severe changes of pH is the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If a doctor notices an imbalance or symptoms, such as shortness of breath, difficult breathing,
confusion, and nausea, an arterial blood gas analysis or commonly known as ABG, is order for
further evaluation. An ABG is performed to measure the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), carbon
dioxide (PaCO2), and the pH of an arterial blood sample. Other values measured in a ABG are
oxygen content (O2CT), oxygen saturation (SaO2), and bicarbonate (HCO3–). In an ABG blood is
taken from an artery in your wrist, arm, or groin. Once the sample is taken, the doctor will be able to
diagnose several diseases. If the values are out of range one must know the functional ranges which
are, PaCO2 (35–45mmHG), pH (7.35–7.45), and HCO3 (22–26mEq/L) should express a high/lower
number than what is

The Effect Of Metabolic Acidosis On The Body

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