Leadership ideas for HR PROFESSIONALS .
In This presentations essential and vital leadership concepts are outlined.
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Leaders are readers and readers are only leaders.Therefore please read my latest e book in amazon.com.amazon.in.The Invisible hand -How to reward employees...
Leadership is not about leader it has followers' influence, and situations and leader's own personality.
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A good leader must have courage ,conviction, and clarity of the vision besides sound knowledge, and wisdom.People rally around leaders because of trust
3. TRAIT APPROACHES TO LEADERSHIP
LEADERS ARE âBORN,â NOT MADE
⢠PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
APPEARANCE, HEIGHT, AGE
⢠PERSONALITY
EXTROVERSION, PERSISTENCE, SELF-ASSURANCE, DECISIVENESS
⢠INTELLIGENCE
KNOWLEDGE, ABILITY, JUDGMENT
⢠SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
TACT, DIPLOMACY, SOCIABILITY, FLUENCY
.THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS
EXTROVERSION (AMBITION, ENERGY) (remember people mgt module ?)
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE
* EMOTIONAL STABILITY (SELF-CONFIDENCE)
AGREEABLENESS
4. CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP
⢠VISION & ARTICULATION
PROPOSES A BETTER FUTURE â AN OPTIMISTIC GOAL
DELIVERED CLEARLY IN A CONVINCING FASHION
⢠PERSONAL RISK
WILLING TO TAKE RISKS & INCUR COSTS TO ACHIEVE THE VISION
SELF-SACRIFICE WILL BE NECESSARY
⢠ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY
KNOWS WHETHER THE ENVIRONMENT WILL BE SUPPORTIVE
KNOWS WHAT RESOURCES ARE NEEDED TO BRING ABOUT
CHANGE
⢠SENSITIVITY TO FOLLOWERS
PERCEPTIVE OF OTHERSâ ABILITIES, NEEDS & FEELINGS
TAPS INTO FOLLOWER EMOTIONS
⢠UNCONVENTIONAL BEHAVIOR
MAY DO THINGS THAT ARE NOVEL, OR CONTRARY TO THE NORMS
5. TRANSACTIONAL LEADERSHIP
Saama-Confidential Page 5Tuesday, October, 11, 2011
Transactional leader leads by doing these:
⢠MANAGEMENT BY EXCEPTION (Watches for deviations)
⢠KEEPS THE SYSTEM OPERATING SMOOTHLY
o USES REWARD AND COERCIVE POWER
o RECOGNIZES WHAT followers WANT & TRIES TO
DELIVER IT
o REWARDS ACCORDING TO significant contributions
o RESPONSIVE TO peopleâs SELF-INTERESTS
THE ENXT QUESTION IS TRANSFORMATIONAL
LEADERSHIP BUILT âON TOP OFâ TRANSACTIONAL
LEADERSHIP, OR IS IT JUST A SPECIAL CASE OF
CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP?
6. TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP
⢠INSPIRATIONAL, IDEA-ORIENTED, VISIONARY
⢠DRAMATIC, AROUSES INTENSE FEELINGS
⢠COMMUNICATES HIGH EXPECTATIONS & A
NEED FOR CHANGE
⢠UNPREDICTABLE
o RELIES ON REFERENT OR CHARISMATIC
POWER
o RAISES LEVEL OF AWARENESS AND
COMMITMENT
o GETS FOLLOWERS TO TRANSCEND THEIR
SELF-INTERESTS
o REQUIRES TRUST AND BELIEF IN THE VISION
PRESENTED
7. SUMMARY OF TRAIT APPROACHES TO
LEADERSHIP
ASSUMPTION
LEADERS ARE BORN, NOT MADE!
IMPLICATION
WE MUST BE VERY CAREFUL IN HOW WE SELECT OUR LEADERS
LIMITATIONS
IT OVERLOOKS THE NEEDS OF FOLLOWERS
IT IGNORES SITUATIONAL FACTORS
CAUSE AND EFFECT ARE NOT CLEARLY DEFINED
DO SELF-CONFIDENT LEADERS CAUSE FIRMS TO BE SUCCESSFUL, OR
DOES A SUCCESSFUL FIRM ALLOW A LEADER TO FEEL SELF-CONFIDENT?
8. BASES OF LEADER POWER &
INFLUENCELEGITIMATE POWER
Authority to command, based on the position
REWARD POWER
Able to award positive, desired outcomes
COERCIVE POWER
Able to threaten, punish or harm
EXPERT POWER
Influence based on knowledge and information
REFERENT POWER
Influence based on charisma, identification and trust
9. BEHAVIORAL LEADERSHIP THEORIES
OHIO STATE STUDIES
Talked about STRUCTURE v. CONSIDERATION
MICHIGAN STUDIES
JOB-CENTERED v. EMPLOYEE-CENTERED
THE MANAGERIAL GRID BLAKE & MOUTON (64)
CONCERN FOR PEOPLE
CONCERN FOR PRODUCTION
FIVE STYLES
Impoverished, Authority/Obedience (Task), Middle of the Road, Country Club, Team
The next question is IS THERE A THIRD DIMENSION---DEVELOPMENT
ORIENTED BEHAVIOR?
11. SUMMARY OF BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES
TO LEADERSHIP
ASSUMPTION
Leaders are effective because of the actions they take
IMPLICATION
We can learn to become leaders by studying what effective leaders
do
LIMITATIONS
Situational factors that influence success or failure are ignored
Leaders need to be flexibleâŚyou canât lead the same way all the
time
13. CONTINGENCY THEORY OF LEADERSHIP
FIEDLER (65)
LEADER CHARACTERISTICS (Least-Preferred Coworker Scale)
HIGH LPC --- EMPLOYEE RELATIONS ORIENTED
LOW LPC --- TASK ORIENTED
SITUATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
LEADER-MEMBER RELATIONS
TASK STRUCTURE
LEADER POSITION POWER
FAVORABLE LEADER SITUATIONS
MOST FAVORABLE - - - - - - - - - - - - - LEAST FAVORABLE
LEADER-MEMBER RELATIONS G G G G N N N N
TASK STRUCTURE G G N N G G N N
LEADER POSITION POWER G N G N G N G N
EFFECTIVE STYLE TASK EMPLOYEE TASK
14. MANIPULATING THE SITUATION
MODIFY LEADER-MEMBER RELATIONS
SPEND MORE (OR LESS) TIME WITH SUBORDINATES
ORGANIZE SOME OFF-WORK GROUP ACTIVITIES
INCREASE (OR DECREASE) YOUR AVAILABILITY TO followers
RAISE MORALE BY OBTAINING POSITIVE OUTCOMES FOR SUBORDINATES
TRANSFER SUBORDINATES INTO (OR OUT OF) YOUR UNIT
REQUEST COMPATIBLE PEOPLE FOR WORK IN YOUR GROUP
MODIFY TASK STRUCTURE
ASK FOR TASKS WHICH ARE MORE STUCTURED
LEARN ALL YOU CAN ABOUT THE TASK
BREAK THE JOB DOWN INTO SMALLER SUB-TASKS
LEAVE THE TASK IN RELATIVELY VAGUE FORM
ENRICH JOBS THROUGH HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EXPANSION
MODIFY POSITION POWER
SHOW SUBORDINATES WHOâ BOSS --- EXERCISE YOUR POWERS FULLY
BECOME AN EXPERT ABOUT JOBS AS SOON AS POSSIBLE
ALL INFORMATION AND FEEDBACK TO SUBORDINATES IS CHANNELED THROUGH YOU
ASK MEMBERS TO PARTICIPATE IN DECISIONS AND PLANNING
TRY TO BE âONE OF THE GANGâ --- DOWNPLAY YOUR POWER
LET ASSISTANTS EXERCISE MORE POWER
ASK MANAGEMENT TO GIVE YOU MORE DISCRETION AND AUTONOMY
15. LIFE-CYCLE (MATURITY) THEORY
(SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY) HERSEY & BLANCHARD (77)
LEADER BEHAVIORS NEED TO VARY, DEPENDING ON THE MATURITY OF THE
followers
DIRECTIVE STYLE (TELLING)
GIVES CLEAR DIRECTION & INSTRUCTIONS TO IMMATURE EMPLOYEES
FOLLOWERS ARE UNABLE AND UNWILLING (INSECURE)
COACHING STYLE (SELLING)
EXPANDS TWO-WAY COMMUNICATION, HELPS MATURING EMPLOYEES BUILD CONFIDENCE AND
MOTIVATION
FOLLOWERS ARE UNABLE, BUT WILLING TO TRY
SUPPORTING STYLE (PARTICIPATING)
EMPLOYEE FEEL COMPETENT, ACTIVE TWO-WAY COMMUNICATION STILL NEEDED FOR SHARED
DECISIONS
FOLLOWERS ARE ABLE BUT APPREHENSIVE
AUTONOMOUS STYLE (DELEGATING)
GIVES RESPONSIBILITIES FOR PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING TO HIGHLY MATURE EMPLOYEES
FOLLOWERS ARE ABLE AND WILLING
TASK BEHAVIORS START OUT HIGH, AND GRADUALLY DECLINE
RELATIONSHIP BEHAVIORS START LOW, BUILD, THEN DECLINE AGAIN
AN INTUITIVE THEORY, BUT EMPIRICAL SUPPORT HAS NOT BEEN STRONG
16. PATH-GOAL THEORY OF LEADERSHIP
HOUSE & MITCHELL (74)
SITUATIONAL FACTORS
CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBORDINATES
LOCUS OF CONTROL
EXPERIENCE
PERCEIVED ABILITY
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENVIRONMENT
TASK STRUCTURE
FORMAL AUTHORITY SYSTEM
WORK GROUP
LEADER STYLES
DIRECTIVE
SUPPORTIVE
ACHIEVEMENT-ORIENTED
PARTICIPATIVE
THE LEADER COMPENSATES FOR THINGS LACKING IN EITHER THE
EMPLOYEE OR THE WORK SETTING TO HELP THE follower PERFORM
EFFECTIVELY
17. PATH-GOAL LEADERSHIP STYLES
DIRECTIVE
LETS SUBORDINATES KNOW WHAT IS EXPECTED
PLANS AND SCHEDULES WORK TO BE DONE
GIVES SPECIFIC GUIDANCE -- WHAT SHOULD BE DONE AND HOW IT SHOULD BE DONE
MAINTAINS CLEAR STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE
SUPPORTIVE
SHOWS CONCERN FOR WELL-BEING OF SUBORDINATES
TREATS MEMBERS AS EQUALS
DOES LITTLE THINGS TO MAKE THE WORK MORE PLEASANT
IS FRIENDLY AND APPROACHABLE
ACHIEVEMENT-ORIENTED
SETS CHALLENGING GOALS
EXPECTS SUBORDINATES TO PERFORM AT THE HIGHEST LEVEL
SEEKS IMPROVEMENT IN PERFORMANCE, WHILE SHOWING CONFIDENCE IN followers
PARTICIPATIVE
CONSULTS WITH SUBORDINATES
SOLICITS SUGGESTIONS
TAKES SUGGESTIONS SERIOUSLY INTO CONSIDERATION BEFORE MAKING DECISIONS
18. VERTICAL DYAD (EXCHANGE) MODEL
(LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE MODEL) GRAEN (75)
⢠LEADERS INVEST THEIR TIME & ATTENTION IN THOSE EXPECTED TO PERFORM
BEST
⢠LEADER CREATES AN âIN-GROUPâ (THE âFAVORED FEWâ) & AN âOUT-GROUPâ
⢠IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS MAY DEMONSTRATE THE âSELF-FULFILLING
PROPHESYâ
IN-GROUPS
⢠RECEIVE SPECIAL DUTIES AND HAVE SPECIAL PRIVILEGES
⢠ARE GIVEN MORE AUTONOMY AND RESPONSIBILITY
⢠EXPERIENCE HIGHER SATISFACTION
⢠ARE MORE PRODUCTIVE
⢠ARE PART OF THE LEADERâS SUPPORT NETWORK
OUT_GROUPS
⢠ARE NOT TRUSTED
⢠ARE NOT GIVEN DESIRABLE WORK ASSIGNMENTS
⢠RECEIVE LESS LEADER TIME AND ATTENTION
⢠âLIVE DOWNâ TO LEADER EXPECTATIONS
⢠ARE LESS LIKELY TO SUPPORT THE LEADER
IN-GROUP MEMBERS SELECTED BASED ON:
⢠COMPETENCE AND ABILITY
⢠PERSONAL COMPATIBILITY WITH THE LEADER
19. SUBSTITUTES FOR LEADERSHIP
KERR & JERIMER (78)
SUBSTITUTES ARE FACTORS THAT CAN NEUTRALIZE THE INFLUENCE OF
LEADER BEHAVIOR
LOOK FOR CHARACTERISTICS OF:
THE SUBORDINATES
THE TASK
THE ORGANIZATION
FOR INITIATING STRUCTURE
ABILITY AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF SUBORDINATES
STANDARDIZED, UNAMBIGUOUS, ROUTINIZED TASKS
DETAILED RULES & PROCEDURES PROVIDED BY THE ORGANIZATION
FOR CONSIDERATION
INTRINSIC APPEAL OF THE TASK ITSELF
ESTEEM OF PROFESSIONAL COLLEAGUES
SUPPORTIVE AND COHESIVE WORK GROUP
20. SUMMARY OF CONTINGENCY THEORIES
THE CONTINGENCY THEORY
Fiedler (65)
PARTICIPATIVE LEADERSHIP THEORY
Vroom & Yetton (73)
PATH-GOAL THEORY
House & Mitchell (74)
VERTICAL DYAD (LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE) THEORY
Graen (75)
LIFE-CYCLE (MATURITY) THEORY
Hersey & Blanchard (77)
SUBSTITUTES FOR LEADERSHIP
Kerr & Jerimer (78)
CONCLUSIONS RE: CONTINGENCY THEORIES
THERE IS NO âONE BEST WAYâ TO LEAD
LEADERS SHOULD KNOW THEIR OWN PREFERRED STYLE
KNOW HOW TO CAREFULLY DIAGNOSE YOUR WORK SITUATION
UNDERSTAND WHICH ACTIONS TO TAKE TO IMPROVE THE SITUATION
22. LEADERSHIP AND TRUST
AN EXPECTATION THAT THE LEADER WILL NOT TAKE UNFAIR ADVANTAGE OF ME
IS MY LEADER TRUSTWORTHY?
FIVE DIMENSIONS OF TRUST
INTEGRITY -- honest and truthful
COMPETENCE -- has good technical knowledge & interpersonal skills
CONSISTENCY -- is reliable, predictable, and has good judgement
LOYALTY -- will look out for me and protect me; wonât take advantage
OPENNESS -- will talk to me and tell me the truth (whatâs going on)
DETERRENCE-BASED TRUST
--WE CAN RETALIATE OR STRIKE BACK IF HARMEDâŚDONâT REALLY HAVE A HISTORY
KNOWLEDGE-BASED TRUST
--CAN PREDICT WHAT WILL HAPPEN BASED ON EXPERIENCEâŚGIVE A SECOND
CHANCE?
IDENTIFICATION-BASED TRUST
--- KNOW EACH OTHER INTIMATELY, ACT FOR EACH OTHER
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF TRUST
MISTRUST DRIVES OUT TRUST
TRUST BEGETS TRUST
GROWTH OFTEN MASKS DISTRUST
DECLINE OR DOWNSIZING TESTS THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF TRUST
TRUST INCREASES COHESION
MISTRUSTING GROUPS SELF-DESTRUCT
MISTRUST GENERALLY REDUCES PRODUCTIVITY
23. CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN LEADERSHIP
1. DO MEN & WOMEN LEAD DIFFERENTLY?
The similarities outweigh the differences
A SLIGHT TENDENCY FOR WOMEN
Lean toward participative, negotiable, information-sharing styles
This tendency declines when women are in male-dominated jobs
A SLIGHT TENDENCY FOR MEN
To be more directive and rely on the formal authority of their position
1. TEAM LEADERSHIP
Difficult for managers to switch from traditional roles
LEARN TO BECOME:
A Facilitator
A Liaison
A Troubleshooter
A Conflict Manager
A Coach
1. EMPOWERMENT
Be careful about jumping on the bandwagon -- does it âfit?â
IT ASSUMES A UNIVERSAL APPROACH TO LEADERSHIP
DOES THE SITUATION CALL FOR MORE EMPOWERMENT?
24. 4. IMPORTANCE OF FOLLOWERS
The qualities of effective followers:
THEY MANAGE THEMSELVES WELL â CAN THINK, WORK INDEPENDENTLY
THEY ARE COMMITTED TO THEIR WORK
THEY ARE COMPETENT AND WORK TO HIGHER STANDARDS THAN THEIR JOB REQUIRES
THEY ARE HONEST AND CREDIBLE
5. IMPACT OF NATIONAL CULTURE
Culture is an important situational variable
HIGHER POWER-DISTANCE â autocratic leadership style is preferred
Arab, Far East, Latin countires
LOWER POWER-DISTANCE â more success with the participative style
USA Canada, Scandinavian countries
6. BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS ON LEADERSHIP
Seratonin improves sociability and reduces aggression (PROZAC)
Testosterone increases competitive drive and assertiveness
Women in professional jobs have higher levels
7. MORAL DIMENSIONS OF LEADERSHIP
What sort of example does the leader set?
IS THE LEADER A GOOD ROLE MODEL?
CORRUPTION WITHIN THE FIRM OFTEN STARTS WITH BAD EXAMPLES AT THE
TOP
25. Saama-Confidential Page 25Tuesday, October, 11, 2011
In this session we will learn
What is leadership,
People management philosophies
and how it affects style of
management leadership,
And know what kind of leader
behaviour can be effective.
We laid the foundation in our
managing people programme by
learning about personality and
behaviour
26. Saama-Confidential Page 26Tuesday, October, 11, 2011
Let us talk about
Theory X and theory Y belief
And also about theory Z
hard and soft style
27. Hard VS soft style
⢠The hard style of management led to restriction of
output, mutual distrust, unionism, and even
sabotage.
⢠McGregor called the second style of management
"soft" and identified its methods as permissiveness
and need satisfaction.
⢠McGregor suggested that the soft style of
management often led to managers' failure to
perform their managerial role. He also pointed out
that employees often take advantage of an overly
permissive manager by demanding more but
performing at lower levels.
28. A Leadership Story:
⢠McGregor drew upon the work of Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) to explain
why Theory X assumptions led to ineffective management.
⢠Maslow had proposed that man's needs are arranged in levels, with physical
and safety needs at the bottom of the needs hierarchy and social, ego, and
self-actualization needs at upper levels of the hierarchy.
⢠Maslow's basic point was that once a need is met, it no longer motivates
behavior; thus, only unmet needs are motivational. McGregor argued that
most employees already had their physical and safety needs met and that
the motivational emphasis had shifted to the social, ego, and self-
actualization needs.
⢠Therefore, management had to provide opportunities for these upper-level
needs to be met in the workplace, or employees would not be satisfied or
motivated in their jobs.
29. Saama-Confidential Page 29Tuesday, October, 11, 2011
Such opportunities could be provided by allowing
employees to participate in decision making,
by redesigning jobs to make them more challenging, or
by emphasizing good work group relations, among
other things.
According to McGregor, neither the hard style of
management based on the classical school nor the soft
style of management inspired by the human relations
movement were sufficient to motivate employees.
Different sets of approaches are required in todayâs
context of managing intellectual property
30. Who is responsible for what?
Saama-Confidential Page 30Tuesday, October, 11, 2011
Organisational philosophy or faith that Management
is responsible for organizing
the elements of productive enterprise-
Belief that People are not by nature passive or
resistant to organizational needs
drives the policies
Believing that the motivation, potential for
development, capacity for assuming responsibility,
and readiness to direct behavior toward
organizational goals are all present in people-
31. Saama-Confidential Page 31Tuesday, October, 11, 2011
Management does not put them there.
It is a responsibility of management to make it
possible for people to recognize and develop these
human characteristics for themselves.
The essential task of management is to arrange
organizational conditions and methods of operation
so that people can achieve their own goals by
directing their efforts toward organizational
objectives
32. Creating organizational style
Saama-Confidential Page 32Tuesday, October, 11, 2011
Is it possible to create a completely
Theory Y-type organization ?
Theory Y assumptions would lead to more effective
management. ?
decentralization of decision-making authority,
delegation, job enlargement, and participative
management. What impact they have?
Job enrichment programs that began in the 1960s
and 1970s also were consistent with the
assumptions of Theory Y.
35. Types of Leadership Style
⢠Autocratic:
o Leader makes decisions without reference to anyone
else
o High degree of dependency on the leader
o Can create de-motivation and alienation
of staff
o May be valuable in some types of business where
decisions need to be made quickly and decisively
36. Types of Leadership Style
⢠Democratic:
⢠Encourages decision making
from different perspectives â leadership may be
emphasized throughout
the organization
o Consultative: process of consultation before decisions
are taken
o Persuasive: Leader takes decision and seeks to
persuade others that the decision
is correct
37. Types of Leadership Style
⢠Democratic:
o May help motivation and involvement
o followers feel ownership of the firm and its ideas
o Improves the sharing of ideas
and experiences within the business
o Can delay decision making
38. Types of Leadership Style
⢠Laissez-Faire:
o âLet it beâ â the leadership responsibilities
are shared by all
o Can be very useful in businesses
where creative ideas are important
o Can be highly motivational,
as people have control over their working life
o Can make coordination and decision making
time-consuming and lacking in overall direction
o Relies on good team work
o Relies on good interpersonal relations
39. Types of Leadership Style
⢠Paternalistic:
⢠Leader acts as a âfather figureâ
⢠Paternalistic leader makes decision but may consult
⢠Believes in the need to support staff
41. Change Leadership
⢠The most challenging aspect of business is
leading and managing change
⢠The business environment is subject to fast-
paced economic and social change
⢠Modern business must adapt
and be flexible to survive
⢠Problems in leading change stem mainly from
human resource management
42. Change Leadership
Self-esteem
Time
1. Immobilization â as
rumors of the change
circulate, the individual feels
some sense of shock and
possible disbelief â so much
so that they deem it worthy
of doing nothing.
1
2. Minimization: As the
change becomes clearer,
people try to fit in the
change with their own
personal position and may
try to believe that it will not
affect them.
2
3. Depression: as reality
begins to dawn staff may feel
alienated and angry, feelings
of a lack of control of events
overtake people and they feel
depressed as they try to
reconcile what is happening
with their own personal
situation.
3
4
4. Acceptance/letting go: The
lowest point in self-esteem
finally sees people starting to
accept the inevitable. Fear of
the future is a feature of this
stage.
5
5. Testing out: Individuals
begin to interact with the
change, they start to ask
questions to see how they
might work with the change.
6
6. Search for meaning:
Individuals begin to work
with the change and see
how they might be able to
make the change work for
them â self esteem begins to
rise.
7
7. Internalization: the
change is understood
and adopted within the
individualâs own
understanding â they
now know how to work
with it and feel a
renewed sense of
confidence and self
esteem.
44. Theories of Leadership
⢠Trait theories:
⢠Is there a set of characteristics
that determine a good leader?
o Personality?
o Dominance and personal presence?
o Charisma?
o Self confidence?
o Achievement?
o Ability to formulate a clear vision?
45. Theories of Leadership
⢠Behavioral:
⢠Imply that leaders can be trained â focus on the
way of doing things
o Structure based behavioral theories â focus on the
leader instituting structures â task orientated
o Relationship based behavioral theories â focus on the
development and maintenance of relationships â
process orientated
46. Theories of Leadership
⢠Contingency Theories:
⢠Leadership as being more flexible â different
leadership styles used at different times
depending on the circumstance.
⢠Suggests leadership is not a fixed series of
characteristics that can be transposed into
different contexts
47. Theories of Leadership
⢠May depend on:
o Type of staff
o History of the business
o Culture of the business
o Quality of the relationships
o Nature of the changes needed
o Accepted norms within the institution
48. Theories of Leadership
⢠Transformational:
o Widespread changes
to a business or organization
⢠Requires:
o Long term strategic planning
o Clear objectives
o Clear vision
o Leading by example â walk the walk
o Efficiency of systems and processes
49. Theories of Leadership
⢠Trait theories:
o Are such characteristics
inherently gender biased?
o Do such characteristics
produce good leaders?
o Is leadership more than
just bringing about change?
o Does this imply that leaders are born not bred?
50. Theories of Leadership
⢠Invitational Leadership:
o Improving the atmosphere and message sent out by
the organization
o Focus on reducing negative messages
sent out through the everyday actions of the business
both externally and, crucially, internally
o Review internal processes to reduce these
o Build relationships and sense of belonging and
identity with the organization â
that gets communicated to customers, etc.
51. Theories of Leadership
⢠Transactional Theories:
o Focus on the management
of the organization
o Focus on procedures and efficiency
o Focus on working to rules
and contracts
o Managing current issues
and problems
53. Factors Affecting Style
⢠Leadership style may be dependent
on various factors:
o Risk - decision making and change initiatives
based on degree of risk involved
o Type of business â creative business
or supply driven?
o How important change is â
change for changeâs sake?
o Organizational culture â may be long embedded
and difficult to change
o Nature of the task â needing cooperation? Direction?
Structure?
54. Saama-Confidential Page 54Tuesday, October, 11, 2011
Theory Y was not always more
effective than Theory X, but that the
contingencies of each managerial
situation determined which of the
approaches was more appropriate.
Still others suggested extensions to
Theory Y. One of these, William
Ouchy's Theory Z, attempted to
combine the strength of American
management philosophies based on
Theory Y with Japanese
management philosophies
55. Saama-Confidential Page 55Tuesday, October, 11, 2011
In summary we may state the foundation of leadership is based on
Leader âs personality,
His /her belief systems,
The situations and the type of people the leader is engaged with.
Editor's Notes
In the first module we talked about the basics of leadership. From completely autocratic to democratic styles vary in range We also saw how personality factor affects the leadership In this module we will go a little more deeper to understand few of the outstanding research efforts in modeling the leadership concepts.
Leadership as a subject matter has been of interest for many behavioral researchers. It is relevant to understand the dynamics of being leader or being in the leadership role.
Many believe that there are some inborn traits that make one a leader, how much of that is true? There is this classic case of the perception people had about the president of USA. He has to be tall, good looking , well groomed etc. Galdwell the well known author of Blink speaks about waren harding the 29 th president who was compromise candidate. Traditionally, polls of historians and scholars have ranked Harding as one of the worst Presidents; primarily due to the multiple scandals in his administration caused by the "Ohio Gang"; Harding's cabinet and appointees who warranted federal corruption investigations, charges, and convictions. He was chosen accidentally to lead the country over many candidates for his external appearance We talked about emotional intelligence and extroversion. These are traits that influence leader behaviour
The next question is Do we need to be charismatic? Answer is yes and no. it surely helps in attracting followers.We are not talking of external appearance but how the person conducts IS THE VISION VALUE-BASED? WILL THE FOLLOWERS BECOME ENTHUSIASTIC? Charisma adds to effectiveness Did Gandhi have charisma? The question is not about charisma but DO THE PEOPLE BELIEVE in THE VISION leader creates and is that ATTAINABLE? ARE CHARISMATIC LEADERS âBORNâ OR CAN THEY BE TAUGHT? Charisma is: CORRELATED WITH HIGH SATISFACTION AMONG FOLLOWERS EFFECTIVE WHEN THERE IS AN IDEOLOGICAL PART TO THE TASK, OR FACING STRESS & UNCERTAINTY CHARISMATIC LEADERS â DONâT TOLERATE CRITICISM, SURROUND THEMSELVES WITH âYESâ PEOPLE A STUDY --- FOUND AN ABSENCE OF EGO-DRIVEN CHARISMATIC LEADERS
There is the higher form of transformational leadership- when the leader is required to shift the paardigms. Bring about dramatic changes. Let us know what transformational leaders do?
MANY think that power is what makes aleader effective. Let us look at various forms of power. Expert power is what commands respect. Who is ultimate leader? A true leader is one who makes â mahajano yena gatah sa panthahâtraverse the trail which the leader passed, Leaders are good only if they make followers willingly do what they want them to do. Power therefore comes not from vested authority but comes from with in
Let us understand few pioneering works which hold even today
Robert blake and james mouton modelled the two prime factors- Concern for people and concern for production 1-1 is low low 9-9 is high high Depending on the degree of orientation the style is defined
FIEDLERâS CONTRIBUTIONS LEADER EFFECTIVENESS IS SITUATIONAL TASK LEADERSHIP IS VALUABLE AND IMPORTANT MODIFY SITUATIONS TO FIT THE LEADERâS STYLE
MODIFY LEADER-MEMBER RELATIONS SPEND MORE (OR LESS) TIME WITH SUBORDINATES ORGANIZE SOME OFF-WORK GROUP ACTIVITIES INCREASE (OR DECREASE) YOUR AVAILABILITY TO followers RAISE MORALE BY OBTAINING POSITIVE OUTCOMES FOR SUBORDINATES TRANSFER SUBORDINATES INTO (OR OUT OF) YOUR UNIT REQUEST COMPATIBLE PEOPLE FOR WORK IN YOUR GROUP MODIFY TASK STRUCTURE ASK FOR TASKS WHICH ARE MORE STUCTURED LEARN ALL YOU CAN ABOUT THE TASK BREAK THE JOB DOWN INTO SMALLER SUB-TASKS LEAVE THE TASK IN RELATIVELY VAGUE FORM ENRICH JOBS THROUGH HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EXPANSION MODIFY POSITION POWER SHOW SUBORDINATES WHOâ BOSS --- EXERCISE YOUR POWERS FULLY BECOME AN EXPERT ABOUT JOBS AS SOON AS POSSIBLE ALL INFORMATION AND FEEDBACK TO SUBORDINATES IS CHANNELED THROUGH YOU ASK MEMBERS TO PARTICIPATE IN DECISIONS AND PLANNING TRY TO BE âONE OF THE GANGâ --- DOWNPLAY YOUR POWER LET ASSISTANTS EXERCISE MORE FREDOM AND AUTONOMY ASK MANAGEMENT TO GIVE YOU MORE DISCRETION AND AUTONOMY
Theory X- Theory X and Theory Y represent two sets of assumptions about human nature and human behavior that are relevant to the practice of management. Theory X represents a negative view of human nature that assumes individuals generally dislike work, are irresponsible, and require close supervision to do their jobs. Theory Y denotes a positive view of human nature and assumes individuals are generally industrious, creative, and able to assume responsibility and exercise self-control in their jobs. One would expect, then, that managers holding assumptions about human nature that are consistent with Theory X might exhibit a managerial style that is quite different than managers who hold assumptions consistent with Theory Y. . After the Hawthorne experiments and the subsequent behavioral research of the 1930s and 1940s, the human relations approach to management joined the classical perspective as a major school of management thought. Whereas the classical school as espoused by management pioneers such as Frederick Taylor and Henri Fayol focused on principles of management, scientific selection and training, and worker compensation, the human relations approach emphasized behavioral issues such as job satisfaction, group norms, and supervisory style.
Management is responsible for organizing the elements of productive enterprise-money, materials, equipment, and people in the interests of economic ends. People are not by nature passive or resistant to organizational needs. They have become so as a result of experience in organizations. The motivation, potential for development, capacity for assuming responsibility, and readiness to direct behavior toward organizational goals are all present in people-management does not put them there. It is a responsibility of management to make it possible for people to recognize and develop these human characteristics for themselves. The essential task of management is to arrange organizational conditions and methods of operation so that people can achieve their own goals by directing their efforts toward organizational objectives.
Thus, Theory Y has at its core the assumption that the physical and mental effort involved in work is natural and that individuals actively seek to engage in work. It also assumes that close supervision and the threat of punishment are not the only means or even the best means for inducing employees to exert productive effort. Instead, if given the opportunity, employees will display self-motivation to put forth the effort necessary to achieve the organization's goals. Thus, avoiding responsibility is not an inherent quality of human nature; individuals will actually seek it out under the proper conditions. Theory Y also assumes that the ability to be innovative and creative exists among a large, rather than a small segment of the population. Finally, it assumes that rather than valuing security above all other rewards associated with work, individuals desire rewards that satisfy their self-esteem and self-actualization needs. Remember we talked about role of self esteem and risk taking as factors that influence personality
Although McGregor did not believe that it was possible to create a completely Theory Y-type organization in the 1950s, he did believe that Theory Y assumptions would lead to more effective management. He identified several approaches to management that he felt were consistent with the precepts of Theory Y. These included decentralization of decision-making authority, delegation, job enlargement, and participative management. Job enrichment programs that began in the 1960s and 1970s also were consistent with the assumptions of Theory Y.
Us talk about factors affecting leadership style, types , change leadership. And few models based on sound research
Theory x-y models relate to autocratic and democratic styles . As two extreme form s.
From completely task oriented style democratic style is focused on relation ship based approach More of team consultative, participative styles
Laissex faire â this style is less of telling but more of participative styles
This style is becoming obsolete as modern organizations rely more on data based style than emotional engagement style
Turbulent times like recent economic uncertainty calls for change leadership. It is not easy to manage change as people go through all 5 stages â solution identification, selling the idea, resentment/resignation, acceptance, and internalization. Leadership needs to be strong in the resentment /resignation stages to make people appreciate mangerâs decisions.
The single factor affecting change management is how the organizations and its managers are equipped to handle people. Therefore it is becoming important for employees aspiring to rise in organizations to learn people management techniques