Roman Culture And Empire: Military, Architecture, Religion

Roman Culture And The Roman Empire
Roman Culture
The Roman Empire is among the greater ancient civilizations known to man. In 753 B.C. Rome at
one point consisted of The Rhine River to Egypt and from Asia Minor to Britain accumulating some
2 millions square miles. This essay goes over some of their culture and the great strides made
throughout 753 BC to 27 BC and from 64 AD to 1453 A.D.
I. Military
The Roman military focused on teamwork and making their soldiers brave throughout their training.
The Equitatus played a major role in legionary tactics. The Romans military was far more superior
and successful than any other army for a thousand years. Over many centuries the Romans
dominated the world which brought most of Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East under
their rule. The only way to obtain citizenship was to serve in the Roman military and basically get
what we call an honorable discharge nowadays. The Army didn't allow marriage until Cladius came
to power in 10 B.C. The military frowned upon being married even after Cladius. Roman tactics and
advanced weaponry was extremely influential to their success. They had tremendously brutal heavy
cavalry called Franks and Lombards. They also came out with a genius design of an advanced cross
bow that was far more accurate than that of an average archer.
II. Architecture
One of the biggest advances in architecture during Ancient Rome was definitely their water systems.
The Roman Empire had extensive aqueducts that carried a vast quantity of water to
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Roman Invasion: Positive Changes In Culture And Culture
Even though Britain would have been less advanced, positive changes occurred after the roman
invasion because it caused improvements in culture and religion and it caused improvements in
language and writing. The Briton's before the Romans were people who lived simply. In the first
century of BC, the Celts ruled Britain. Britain was barely populated with less than a million people
in 1400 BC. The Beaker people who originated from Spain brought metalworking skills.The
Beakers made gold, copper and bronze implemented accessories. They used the circle of standing
stones to help them to establish the correct days and seasonal festivities .The Britons are known as
the Celtics . Each holiday or festivity would be followed by a chariot race, followed ... Show more
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At first, the Romans let the Britons worship however the liked, as long as the Britons respected who
the Romans wanted to worship, and how Romans wanted to worship their gods. The Romans
believed that their gods could protect or punish them . They believed that bad luck was triggered, by
not pleasing the gods that they were supposed to be worshiping . To be blessed you have to appease
the gods by praying, sacrificing, and practicing rituals. The ancient Romans took part in something
called a cult, but all cults weren't the same . A cult that was popular out of all is the Mithraism, a cult
only open to men. That cult did not have a lot of blood shed unlike one of the other cults. The cult
with most bloodshed was the cult dedicated to a Turkish goddess . This cult was open to both
women and men, and had had them doing such cruel

Roman Empire Dbq Essay
Rome, the ever growing metropolis, one of the most strongest military forces we know today, a
haven for riches and trade, and one of the most successful empires to history today. Rome was a
growing empire, with its professional army quickly conquering several kingdoms left, right, up, and
down, from the two Punic wars with Carthage, a war with Gaul, the conquering of Egypt, and Iberia,
but, these expanding territories had its advantages and disadvantages. Rome had to quickly invent
something able to move its soldiers to all of its territories that would give them enough time to get
around to manage conquered people. The seas connecting Rome's empire also played a role into
how it's geographical location would play into their success and prosperity. ... Show more content on
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It all started in the invasion of Britain; the Roman army was forced into using old grass and mud
track trails the Britons created, Roman Roads describes the roads as "Track ways that were
sometimes thousands of years old and often went up and down hills for reasons that nobody could
remember." To add, the Roman legions needed new roads to move quicker to areas of trouble in
Britain to keep them under control, and Roman generals also needed better roads to relay orders
from soldiers stationed as far away as Hadrian's wall. Good roads meant better trade on land making
Rome and it's emperor richer from taxes. Roman soldiers were given the task of planning and
building roads, Roman Roads implies that "Roads did not always run perfectly straight, and they
sometimes zig–zagged up hills and avoided obstacles, but the long stretches of roman roads that ran
straight were the ones they remember today. These roman roads were so straight due to an
instrument called the Groma, a pair of boards stuck together in a cross–shaped figure. Which had
lines with weights hung from each corner to get a straight line by lining the weights with a pole a
hundred meters away. They then dug ditches from each side to take the role of the drains, the earth
from the ditches would be piled into the center and rammed down into a flat shape. Stones were then
gathered and laid down into multiple layers as the means

Modification Of Rome: The Civilization Of Ancient Rome
Modification of Roman Civilization
Rome began as a small city and over time expanded to a great empire. After the period of seven
kings ruled the Romans established a republic. The Roman Republic died and the birth of the
Roman Empire began. The first emperor in 27 B.C. was Gaius Octavius Thurinus the senate gave
him the name Augustus Caesar. A time in Roman history for peace called pax Romana began in 27
BC and lasted until 180 A.D. Augustus brought desperately needed peace and stability to Rome
through government and laws. Trade, culture, and wealth flourished during his reign. Roman
civilization was complex, from the people that lived in Rome to the provinces of Rome. Rome
expanded their territory, so the population increased, and cities ... Show more content on
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Myths had role in founding the religion in Rome. In 753 B.C.E The myth of Romulus and Remus
explains the beginning of Rome. Romans practiced polytheism, they had multiple gods that they
worshiped. In 295 BCE they built a temple dedicated to Venus. Many temples were erected in
dedication to gods and goddesses. In the 5th Century Romans began to adopt Greece's gods and
change their names. The earliest Greek gods adopted by the Romans were Castor and Polydeuces in
484 BC. (Roman gods) The Romans began to follow mystery cults such as: Cybele Isis, Epona, and
solar gods. The cults of were brought to Rome by travelers, traders, and legions. These cult practices
originated in Egypt, Greece, Iberia, India and Persia. From the 2nd century onward, the Church
Fathers began to condemn the diverse religions practiced throughout the Empire collectively as
"pagan." (Religion) In the third century emperor Diocletian tried to restore the gods blessing by
persecuting Christians. In the Fourth Century Rome begins to adopt Christianity. 305 AD
Constantine became the first Christian Emperor. He moved Rome capital to Constantinople. Judaism
was no longer accepted and Jews were persecuted. In 380 Christianity is declared the religion of the
Roman empire. Roman contact with other people was beneficial, for trading, gaining political
power, and integrating cultures. It was also detrimental to Rome. Christine Smith tell us that
Antonine plague, occurred during the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161–180 A.D.). It was brought back
by soldiers returning from Seleucia, it had affected Asia Minor, Egypt, Greece, and Italy. The plague
destroyed as much as one–third of the population in some areas, and decimated the Roman army.
(Smith) This had an impact on art, literature, and culture. Also on the defense of the

The Impact the Romans Made on British Isles
Examine the impact the Romans made on the British Isles Although there had been increasing
contact between the British Isles and the classical world during the Late Iron Age, the first real
Roman presence here was that of Julius Caesar. In 55BC a Roman army of around ten thousand men
crossed the channel and invaded Britain, yet were defeated and had to return to Gaul. Then in the
following year; 54BC, Caesar came to Britain again. This time with a much larger army, although on
this occasion he won the majority of battles and was victorious, he still returned to Gaul. It wasn't
until 43AD that the real invasion took place and the real 'Romanisation' of the British Isles began.
Romanisation is commonly seen as the coming of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those from the lower social class still lived in Iron Age houses within poor rural communities. They
still relied on Pre–Roman farming technology to live and trade from. This was shown when
archaeologist discovered a settlement in Devon dating back to the Roman period. The remains show
inhabitants were still living in native roundhouses, as Britons had done for centuries before, despite
the presence of Roman pottery and coins.[4] One of the most visible changes in landscape was the
construction of Roman roads. Prior to this, Britain used unpaved track ways for their
communications. The Roman created straight, paved roads which could be used in all weather
conditions. The development of Over 9,000kilometres of roads meant communication and travel
from one area of Britain to another was made substantially easier. Although they were mainly
designed for a military purpose, it had a positive impact on trade as it became easier to transport
goods. Speaking of trade, the Romans made vast improvements in agriculture. They introduced to
Britain a range of new crops, as well as better farming equipment. Iron equipment created by the
Romans allowed farmers to work on much larger and tougher areas of land which would have
proved too difficult during the pre–roman era. Along with this, livestock was also improved;

Similarities Between The British And Roman Empire
As the series Game of Thrones starts a new season, illustrating a bloody scenario of Kings and
Queens contesting for total control of lands and supremacy, we may be reminded that such a fiction
was a reality in past history– minus the dragons and the walking dead of course. As history
progresses in time, empires rise and fall. Historians look back on once strong empires and are
divided, concerning if the damage they caused and slaughter they wrought was worth the advances
they gave to the world. When comparing once powerful empires like the British and Roman Empire,
one clearly rises above all in terms of all–out strength and domination, but the way they become
powerful is similar. Governments that hold true power seem to be reflected on the most. Both the
British and Roman Empire reigned with significant authority and yielded to defeat or declinism;
however, the Roman Empire stands superior not only for its lengthy rule, but for its everlasting
influence over others, and its expansion of citizenship.
Both empires found great power and peaked at some point in their long reign, but with every great
empire comes an end. According to the New World Encyclopedia, The British Empire was the most
extensive empire in world history for a time as the foremost global power. It was a product of the
European age of discovery, which began with the global maritime explorations of Portugal and
Spain in the late fifteenth century. According to the Ancient History Encyclopedia, The Roman

The Development of Anglo-Saxon Village West Stow Essay...
West Stow is an area in Britain located within modern day Suffolk, which through the mid 5th
century to early 7th century CE, housed a small Anglo–Saxon village. The setting for the formation
of West Stow, and for Anglo–Saxon Britain in general, begins around 407 CE with the exit of
Roman troops from Britain. In this paper, I will provide an overview of the circumstances that led to
the Angles and the Saxons invading/migrating to Britain, what they built in West Stow, and
whether/how we know what we do about this time period from archaeological findings, or from
primary text sources. To begin, as stated in the introduction, the Roman empire pulled it's armies
stationed in Britain to Gaul and possibly other locations within the empire ... Show more content on
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One of the big things from a cultural standpoint is the approximate social order of the Anglo–
Saxons, as determined from references to various laws regarding them in the Salic Law. At the top
of the order were the Kings in the various kingdoms within Britain, under them were freemen in the
king's service, clergy, regular freemen, freedmen (Freed slaves), and at the bottom, slaves. These
texts also give us some idea of the economy and currency, especially when mentioned in relation to
various fines, as evidenced here; "...if any one be summoned before the court by the king's law and
does not come, he shall be sentenced to 600 denarii, which make 15 solidi.", and other such laws
from the text. A good portion of our historical evidence also comes from archaeological excavation
of various sites in West Stow. One of the most significant archaeological locations has been Sutton
Hoo, grave mounds dating back to the 6th and early 7th centuries. It contains 17 different burial
mounds, the most notable of which (Mound 1) contained an undisturbed ship burial containing art,
jewelry, weapons, armor, textiles, and fine clothing/accessories. It's clear from the richness of the
burial that whoever was buried there was royal and extremely wealthy, there is no direct evidence of
this, but one theory is that it could be Rædwald's (an extremely powerful King in the era that Sutton
Hoo was being used in, Bede writes that he was the fourth

How Did The Provinces Affect The Roman Economy
How the provinces affected general Roman economy? The Roman economy under the empire
depended heavily on agriculture, trade, and mining. The provinces which produce those had a great
effect on the general Roman economy. This week's topic is to do list the effects that provinces had
on the general Roman economy. In the city, the top ranks enjoyed luxury life. They consumed
luxury goods. Romans who are citizens, women and children, freedmen, and slaves did trading corn,
olive oil, wine, precious metals even slaves. They used water through aqueducts. They built roads,
buildings, and bridges and repair aqueducts. They made coins and used. Romans did economic
activities, and the provinces supported those kinds of activities. In the provinces, farmers grew crops
such as wheat, olives, and grapes. The provinces such as Egypt, Sicily, and Tunisia were the
processing provinces of grain forward Rome via Ostia. Olive oil and wine were among the most
important product for making food for Romans as well as the ancient civilized world. Farmers in
provinces donated surplus crops to the Roman government instead of a tax burden. This could be a
free grain distribution– grain dole – to the poor. The need to secure grain provided by provinces was
important to the Roman government that would lead to expanding of the Roman Empire. However,
it hurt the yield of production because the provinces would pay more taxes if they produce more.
Produced agricultural products in the provinces traded and contributed to the Roman economy. ...
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Stones were used for buildings, gold and silver provided for coins and jewelry, and metals created
for weapons in the Roman Empire. Those are transported from the

Tiberius Claudius: The First Roman Emperor
Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) was a Roman emperor from 41 to 54. He
was born at Lugdunum in Gaul on 1 August, the first Roman Emperor to be born outside Italy. He
was a member of the Julio–Claudian dynasty and he was also the son of Drusus and Antonio Minor.
His family kept him from the public eye because of the fact that he had a limp and slight deafness
due to being sick at a young age. When Augustus died in 14 AD, Claudius – then 23 – appealed to
his uncle Tiberius to allow him to begin the cursus honorum. Tiberius, the new Emperor, responded
by granting Claudius consular ornaments. Claudius requested office once more and was snubbed.
Since the new Emperor was no more generous than the old, Claudius gave ... Show more content on
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43 a Roman army invaded Britain. Claudius himself entered that country soon after, and returned to
Rome in triumph. His first acts were popular and mild, but, having fallen under the control of his
wife Messalina he put to death many of the best of the Romans. When, however, Messalina ventured
to marry C. Silius, a young Roman knight, Claudius directed her execution. Claudius then married
his niece Agrippina, who prevailed upon him to set aside his son Britannicus, and to adopt her own
son Nero. Claudius became suspicious of the ambitions of his wife for Nero and she resolved to
have Claudius killed. Locusta, a noted poisoner, was hired to prepare a dish of poisoned mushrooms,
of which Claudius ate: but the poison not proving fatal, the physician Xenophon forced a larger
quantity into his throat and Claudius died October Claudius proved to be an able and efficient
administrator. He was also an ambitious builder, constructing many new roads, aqueducts, and
canals across the Empire. During his reign the Empire began the conquest of Britain. Claudius was
constantly forced to shore up his position; this resulted in the deaths of many senators. These events
damaged his reputation among the ancient writers, though more recent historians have revised this
opinion. Many authors contend that he was murdered by his own wife. I do believe that Claudius
was a good leader. Yes. He healed the Roman Empire after Caligula's reign of terror. He is best
remembered for the conquest of Britain. He reformed the Roman legal system, strengthened the
frontiers and the ruined economy. I'd say he was a good leader. Not great, or brilliant, but

Did the Romans civilise Britain
This essay is about how Britain changed Britain, and how they brought civilisation to it. The
definition of civilisation has been questioned over the centuries. There are many different meanings
of the word but in the Romans case it is "The type of culture and society developed by a particular
nation or in a particular era or time."In other words, this is what the Romans did to Britain. In
particular, I will discuss the Roman invasion and the effect the Romans had on housing and roads.
Before the Romans invaded, Celts lived in Britain. There were no towns so most people lived in
villages and were farmers. People were separated into tribes ruled by kings or chiefs. Chiefs were
the leaders in battle; they would lead warriors into battle in ... Show more content on
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The Romans brought lots of things that we take for granted every day. For example calendars, the
census, indoor plumbing, fruit and vegetables, the police and even cats! One of the most influential
things the Romans did for Britain was build roads. When the Romans established in Britain they
built lots of high–quality straight roads. The main roads that the Romans built were from London to
York (via Lincoln), London to Wroxeter (a village in Shropshire), London to Dover and Exeter to
York via Bath, Cirencester and Lincoln. The new roads meant that it was much easier and simpler
for the emperors to control their empire. This was because they could send messages and orders
quickly. The roads helped Romans to trade with each other. They also provided people with a much
easier option than to walk. The roads were mainly built by Roman soldiers as the authorities could
guarantee that the Roman soldiers would do the best they could for the sake of Rome. The Roman
roads were used a lot but many had to walk as chariots and horses were expensive. In spite of all the
work that was put in with the Roman roads, when they left Britain the Britons did not make use of
the roads. The Britons did not use the villas or baths either because of their close association to the
Romans. Moreover the Britons did not have any knowledge of how to repair the roads because they

Roman Empire Dbq
Ancient Rome grew from a small town that was on central Italy's Tiber River into an empire that
took up most of Europe, Britain, western Asia, northern Africa and the Mediterranean islands
(History, n.d.). Legend said that Rome was found by twin sons of Mars, Romulus and Remus were
god of war. After 450 years as a republic," Rome became an empire in the wake of Julius Caesar's
rise and fall in the first century B.C." (History, n.d.). What led to the rise and fall of the Roman
Empire? There are a lot of factors that contributed to the rise and fall of the Roman Empire.
Military, leadership, and architecture lead to the rise of the Roman Empire. Religion, economic, and
invasions led to the fall of the Roman Empire.
The Roman Empire military ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Barbarians people like the Goths, Vandals, Huns, Franks, and Saxons were groups that invaded
the Roman Empire. Barbarians' are people outside of the Roman Empire, "they did not have the
same level of government, education, or engineering as the Romans" (Ducksters, n.d.). The Goths
were a powerful and organized group, the Goths divide into two branches known as Visigoths and
the Ostrogoths (Ducksters, n.d.). The Visigoths took over the Western Europe and would constantly
battle the Roman, the Visigoths sacked Rome in 410. The Vandals were from Northern Europe, they
established a powerful kingdom in North Africa. The Vandals had a battle with the Roman Empire,
when the Roman Empire broke the Vandals treaty. In "455 AD the Vandals sacked Rome and
plundered the city for two weeks" (Ducksters, n.d.). The Huns were warrior people from the east,
the Huns defeated the Ostrogoths and invaded the Eastern Roman Empire (Ducksters, n.d.). The
Franks were Germanic tribes that settled in today France, they invaded the Roman Empire in 300
AD. The Franks became powerful after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Saxons was what
actually led to the weakening of the Roman Empire, the Saxons took over the Roman settlements in
Great Britain. "But the Roman Empire was too weak to send the Romans in Great Britain aide"
(Ducksters,

Cultural Changes During The Classical Civilization
History is often a term that comes up with reference to the Classical Civilization. Although, history
by definition is the study of past events, history defines and set a tone for the societies that grew and
developed over time. Throughout the early struggles in time, the concept of change brought about
many problems as well as solutions. During the Classical Civilization, civilization like Rome,China,
and the Greece experienced prosperity, as a result leading to the demise of certain aspects of the
society. In addition, Rome, China, and Greece impact on trade influenced the development of the
early societies with varying degrees in success.
Trade encouraged the influx in prosperity and trade in China. In other words, trade was major aspect
of the early Chinese society as it made up majority of Chinese economy. For example, the Silk Road
located in China enabled for trade to happen from Asia to Europe. As stated by the National
Geographic, "The Silk Road allowed for trade goods such as silk, cloth and clothing, as well as
spices to spread from China to India, Arabia, Persia, Egypt, and extended all the way to Europe."
This Silk Road not only increased the trades occurring in the Ancient World but it also allow
Chinese products to permeate throughout. This trade in China and its connection to the silk road also
encourage means of cultural diffusion. "Trade goods produced in China were cloth and clothing,
spices, and silk" as stated by National Geographic. This demonstrates

Roman Empire Dbq
The Roman Empire was one of the most popular empires that there ever was. It was also one of the
largest as it went as far as Memphis in the South and Europe in the North (document 3). The
empire's location was not the best. Water practically surrounded the entire empire. The
Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Atlantic Ocean, and Caspian Sea were all ports of water around it.
However, that did not hold back the empire's power, as it quickly adapted and used it to their
advantage. Sea trade, deep harbors, and roads are a few of the ways that the Roman Empire used
their location to help themselves.
Sea lanes provided a lot for the Roman Empire. It helped expand the empire and encourage
interaction. Trade, also took place mostly through the waters

How Did Julius Caesar Invade Britain
Intro Roman Britain, or Britannia, was the name of England and Wales when they were ruled by the
Romans. Julius Caesar was the first of the Roman emperors to invade Britain. The native Britons
were overrun by other Celtic tribes. These tribes however aided Caesar's enemies, thus the need to
invade Britain. But it wasn't until a hundred years later that the Romans actually ruled Roman
Britain, thanks to the defenses of the Celtic tribes. Culture The Romans brought culture to Ancient
Britain. They built brick and stone buildings with central heating, sewage systems, paved roads,
libraries etc. The Romans also brought their language to Britain: Latin. Housing The floor on which
someone lived depended on his or her income. The lower apartments – ground or first floor – were
more comfortable than the top floors. They were spacious, had separate rooms for dining and
sleeping, they had windows and had access to running water. The higher floors however usually
housed an entire family per room. There was no natural light, no running water and thus no 'private'
toilets. Instead, they often had to use public toilets, or dump their waste outside. The wealthiest
residents lived in private villas, close to the imperial palace. They consisted of a shop at the front of
the villa, and an atrium connected to many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Families were centered around the paterfamilias, the male head of the household. The paterfamilias
literally had the power of life and death over all members of the family: when a disfigured child was
born, he could reject it, if another daughter was born, he could reject her, if someone questioned his
authority, he could order him to be killed. Another fun fact is that he could also sell his children as
slaves. The wife would run the household and sometimes tutored the children. Later in time, the
wife was permitted to go to the baths, attend theater, and even to have an actual

Why Is The Pax Romana Important
Pax Romana ("the Roman peace") is the long period from 27 BCE to 180 CE ,when the Roman
empire brought peace, success, Economic prosperity and the government that mostly support law,
order, and stability to an area that spread from Britain to Euphrates. The Pax Romana began when
Octavian start being leader so the role of Caesar Augustus in 31 BC. He unified the Roman Empire
under a single ruler after a century of civil discontent and expanded to the Rhine and Danube rivers.
The Pax Romana ended for over 200 years, largely because the Roman allowed the conquered
people to keep their languages, traditions, and religions. The government and the social conditions
of the period are critical factors to discuss. During the Pax Romana, the Roman Empire obtain the
highest terms of land area and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The large number of Romans accept religions of the Easts. Spread in to Mediterranean allowed
Romans to contact with Jews. Jews in Palestine were therefore permitted to train Judaism until they
rebel; the temple was then damaged by the Romans in 70 AD. As long as Pax Romana made
possible St. Paul's movements, it was not completely promoting to the spread of the Gospel message
about Christ. The increased travel throughout the period allowed Roman Citizens to discover about
many unknown religions, creating within some people a philosophical hunger and religious
discontent that many resolved those issues by converting to Christianity. Also, the politics on that
time (involving the worship of the emperor), and the closed nature of Christian worship, led to
charges of treason and cannibalism against the Christians. The relatively easy travel allowed St. Paul
to moralize throughout the Mediterranean and permit these terrible charges about Christians to
lengthen throughout the empire, fueling the extreme dislike of Christians during later

Essay On How Did The Fall Of The Roman Empire
Could the same mistakes that caused the collapse of Rome happen today in America? The Roman
Empire was founded in 753 BCE by Romulus, and it encompassed most of Europe, Britain, western
Asia, northern Africa and the Mediterranean islands. The Roman Empire prospered and grew for
many years and it was the largest city in the world, it was doing very well until it started to face
challenges. The Roman Empire started to deteriorate and over a period of time, the cities were left in
ruins. The Roman Empire fell for many reasons, the three that affected them the most was the
excessive military spending to defend the empire, barbarian invasions, and urban decay. The
extreme amount of money that was spent on the Roman military was one of the main reasons that
Rome to fail. Rome had ample land from Europe to Asia and they thought that it was vital for them
to expand their empire. The civilizations around Rome did not want Rome to take over them, ...
Rome at one point was flourishing and it had many apartments and workplaces but the rent became
very high and the buildings slowly started to decrease. This caused for people to become poor and
there to be more people out of work. Rent became very high and anyone who could not afford to pay
was forced to move out and live on the crime infested streets. Because so many people lived on the
streets, the number of cities began to decline. Also, the unemployed, poor people crowded into the
cities and lived off of the government. The emperor was forced to feed these people and this was
very expensive for Rome. Rome needed to get the economy back to being stable but, instead, the
economy got worse and more Romans became poor and homeless. Rome's government should have
come up with a solution to the diminishing of their cities. Rome's economy was vital to Rome not
collapsing but, the government never got around to a solution so instead, the cities became

Roman Environment Dbq
Rome is like a chameleon. It has a preferred environment, but it can adapt if needed. The Romans
learned about their geography, or surroundings, and made the needed adjustments to themselves, and
their land. Rome had a problem. They wanted to expand, trade, but the sea was blocking them from
reaching other lands. Which brings us to our first way Rome adapted to its geography. Rome
changed, in their way of living, to their geography. In Document 1, it shows Rome's trading routes.
And, they're all on water. Rome built boats that would be able to "transport more goods in a shorter
amount of time," says Document 2. Since Rome had such a distance to travel, they had to build
strong and durable boats that could withstand the weather/waves. Document 1 shows how far the
Romans traveled. From Britain all the to Eastern Egypt. Now Rome had to deal with their extremely
flat beaches, it was impossible to park their boats. So, according to Document 2, "In order to
increase the effectiveness of shipping, the Romans developed deep harbors in key locations."To stay
safe, Rome built lighthouses. Document 2 says, "At its peak, Rome set up lighthouses in forty
different locations to aid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The roads ended up reaching all the way to Modern Day Egypt and Northwestern Europe.
Document 4a explains Rome's need for good roads. "Roads meant that orders, troops, and supplies
could be sent quickly throughout the empire." Rome was able to be quick and efficient in war
because they chose to develop their geography to their advantage. Document 4b shows the
intelligent way. Romans built their roads. They made three layers: large stones, small stones, and
cobble, making it curved, with ditches on either side for drainage, to prevent

Vindolanda's Impact On The New Roman Cursive
Is a Roman fort continuously built atop one another until the decline of the Western Roman Empire
and is a major archaeological site located North of England, in the county of Northumberland, and
was one of the major forts south of Hadrian's Wall. It is connected to other forts through a major
road system called Stanegate Road that was built even before the wall, and is still very much extant
up to this day. The fort served as a defensive position at the frontier of the Roman–occupied Britain
from around AD 85 to AD 410 against the unruly tribes in the North (Reeves 51). Vindolanda
demands that it be protected and preserved for the incredible amount of history and preserved
artifacts, like the wooden tablets with the transcribed words of earlier peoples, buried underneath the
fort that once sheltered soldiers, commanders, slaves and common people offering a glimpse into the
everyday lives of people who lived then. The name Vindolanda in Latin means "white field," which
provides clues to archaeologists in that the site was built on what used to be an agricultural area or
farm. Theoretically, the 'white' posits that the Romans settled in at the frontier of the empire ... Show
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Paleographers debate about the transition of Old Roman Cursive into New Roman Cursive and they
believe that the tablets provide answers to the problem. An article written by Jan–Olof in 1979
proposes that the New Roman Cursive was only influenced by the private script– used for personal
correspondences– and not by the official script, which were used for military purposes, from the Old
Roman Cursive. Additionally, he posits that a popular script existed alongside the two scripts which
contributed to the development of the New Roman

Unpaved Roads In Ancient Rome
The importance of the paved and unpaved roads leading out of the heart of Rome was crucial to the
spread, advancement, and growth of the Empire from where the roads came from (Beers, World
history: patterns of civilization, 1993, pp.115). These roads were built from about 300 BC through
the expansion and consolidation of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire (Forbes, Robert J.
Studies in Ancient Technology. Leiden: Brill, 1993. Print). Roman roads were a part of the
development of the Roman state. Roads were also a visible indicator of the might of Rome, and they
helped unify what was a vast melting pot of cultures, races, and institutions. The Roman road
system spanned more than 400,000 km of roads, including over 80,500 km of paved roads. When
Rome reached the height of its power, no fewer than 29 great military highways radiated from the
city. ("Roads in Ancient Rome" – Crystalinks) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For this reason many roads began and ended in a triumphal arch, and the imperial official associated
with noticing the project was demonstrated in the fact that roads were often named after the
magistrate official who funded it. (Cartwright, "Roman Roads", 2014) Many of these roads still exist
up to this day, stretching from Spain, Britain, France, Italy, Asia Minor, Greece, Palestine, Egypt,
and North Africa. The Romans planned and built these networks of roads that reached the far
corners of their empire, and connected them to the Roman Capital City. (Fisher, World history for
Christian schools, 1984, p.

What Were The Similarities Between The Han And Roman Empire
The Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty were similar through trade because they both utilized the
silk road. The Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty were different in the areas of technology. The
Roman Empire developed several different innovations such as aqueducts and hypocaust along with
many others. The Han Dynasty developed silk, a secret their dynasties kept for a long time. Other
new technologies include paper, The Roman Empire had various technological innovations such as
aqueducts. The Romans were the first to build aqueducts. The system was much like a bridge built
on arches, aqueducts were genius because of the mountainous terrain of Rome which made
supplying water difficult. Aqueducts were built to supply towns with water from lakes, springs, or
rivers. They sloped downhill towards town using gravity in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Silk became a symbol of high status. Most Romans were infatuated with silk and were willing to
pay and travel for it. Sea Roads transported bulk goods for everyone whereas the Silk Roads were
limited to luxury items for the wealthy. Merchants from the Roman Empire (Greeks, Syrians, and
Jews) established settlements in southern India and along the coast of East Africa. This created a
longterm cultural impact on trade. Most trade was taken by ship. Huge shipwrecks from the time of
the Roman Empire have been found by archaeologists. There was an extensive trade network to take
produce to the towns. The Empire can be seen as a system to take produce from the provinces to the
city of Rome. The Romans built straight, paved roads, such as the Via Appia in Italy. In Britain,
Watling Street ran from London to Wroxeter in Shropshire. It was a saying that 'all roads lead to
Rome', and the routes and remains of many of them still

Roman Roads
Roman Roads:
An Empire Connected
LVV4U1
December 16, 2013
"Man has always moved along a road. It's just what the road has looked like that's changed over
time" (Dan McNichol). Some would say that the legacy of the Roman Empire is viewed as the
foundation of civilization, having influenced every aspect of modern society, from literature to
mathematics. Even today, Roman law and foundation of government forms the basis of several
modern democracies. The ancient Empire`s monuments still stand millennia later, awing and
inspiring us. Rome 's extraordinary achievements and the unparalleled string of influential people
shaped the whole of Europe and even the rest of the world. Philosophers blame the success of the
Empire on many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Secondly, the construction of the roads greatly amplified the strength and stamina of the Roman
soldiers. Augustus, the first Roman emperor, made it a policy that the soldiers were to keep busy,
and therefore stay out of trouble, which meant that all of the free time that the soldiers had was
utilized in the maintenance and the construction of the roads. Through the construction of the roads,
the Romans became infamous for their strength and stamina, and were viewed across Europe as a
deadly force to be reckoned with.
`It is no easy task to confine luxury within the limits of an empire. The most remote countries of the
ancient world were ransacked to supply the pomp and delicacy of Rome` (Gibbon, 75). In addition
to strengthening the military, the Roman roads also had numerous economic benefits. With over
53,000 miles of paved roads spanning across Europe, the Roman Empire was much more connected,
and travel was considerably easier. This led to Rome becoming the centre of trade across Europe,
with exotic goods coming in from every corner of the world. Aelius Aristides, a famous orator, is
quoted to have said: ` Large continents lie around the Mediterranean Sea and never–ending supplies
of goods flow from them to you [the Roman people]. Everything from every land and every sea is
shipped to you . . . so that if anyone wanted to see all these things he would either have to travel the
world or live in Rome. ` (La Bédoyère, 104). This statement was

The Ruin
In The Anglo–Saxons, Roman rule in Britain is said to have lasted from around 43 to 410 AD
(Campbell 8). After roughly 350 years, the Roman Britain era came to a full stop, only to be swiftly
overtaken by that of the Anglo–Saxons–this staunch ending is what a number of Anglo–Saxon
historians attempt to convey, at least. In truth, power shifts in such nations are met with great
complexity. Despite the Anglo–Saxon presence within the country, Britain was still rife with Roman
infrastructure, from pre–existing roads to intact buildings. Not only were these constructions
present, but they were utilized for transit and trade, as well as recreationally. If infrastructure
remained past the establishment of Anglo–Saxon power in Britain, cultural trends ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In fact, the ease with which the text approaches the intermingling of Anglo–Saxon and Roman
culture becomes blatantly apparent once considering the use of Latin loan–words within "The Ruin."
When considering the content of a poem, diction is often of the highest importance; by borrowing
Latin amid a poem which is primarily written in Old English, the wall between such cultures begin
to crack. In P.J. Frankis's article on diction in Anglo–Saxon literature, he points to the a–verse of the
first line of "The Ruin," noting that the prefix of the word "waelstan," or "weal–," is taken from
Latin. He continues, pointing to the word "towers," or "torras," another loan–word (Frankis 225).
The poet of "The Ruin" simply may not have had the Old English translations for such words at
their disposal. However, if these Latin terms were purposely integrated into the text, they hold a vast
amount of significance. "The Ruin" literally joins Old English and Latin together in a closed space,
forcing them to coexist in a state that isn't divided by time. While Anglo–Saxon constructs may
frame the entirety of the text, the content of the piece certainly has Roman influences scattered
throughout. In light of the power of diction within "The Ruin," it is also worth looking at how
culturally significant religious phrases and words are filtered through the

Virtue And Concrete In Ancient Rome
Starts off by telling us about roman sculpture, but further explains to us the importance of the arch
and concrete that would set apart the Roman's "domestic architecture, public architecture, and civil
engineering." Ultimately the Romans would use both the arch and concrete to make for bigger, and
more stable structures. These structures would last longer and had the best designs added to them to
aid them in the creation of the arch. The Roman structure can still be seen today and looked back on
to be marveled. The Roman use of concrete and the arch were truly genius designs that have
survived and faced the test of time.
(Kamm, Wilson,2006,2008,2009), We can first begin to look for the development of both the
concrete and arch. Concrete made the Romans ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were able to add to what Greece had founded in the making of Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
The Romans also built theatres that had Greek concepts to them. Then we can look for the
importance of each in the life of Rome. The arch was important in making resolutions for problems
for the Romans. Concrete was used as a filler. They could use their concrete filler to form the
Pantheon a circular structure. The most important for the Romans, however, was building to extend
their empire. Ultimately their empire was even connected to the sea. They built safe routes to the
sea.They used concrete for this. They needed to communicate. So they built roads and bridges.
Some of these roads extended to Italy, Spain, Africa, Gaul, Britain. They also used concrete for this
which also served their military. Through the building of aqueducts they would supply themselves
with water, and all thanks to the concrete they became like a fortress. The arch played a role in their
aqueducts. The arch played a role in their bridges. And finally, the results of their use. From the use
of concrete, the Romans

The Settlement and Innovations of Ancient Rome Essay
The Settlement and Innovations of Ancient Rome
Rome is an ancient city located on the western coast of Italy by the
Meditterranian Sea.(3:289)
The city of Rome was founded, according to the legend, by Romulus in 753
BC. Remus and Romulus were two mythological sons of Mars, the god of war.
"Through military expansion and colonizations, and by granting citizenship to conquered tribes, the
city joined all of Italy south of the Po in the
100–year period before 268 BC." First, the Latin and other tribes were joined, then the Etruscans (a
civili zed people north of Rome) and the
Greek colonies in the south. "With a large army and several hundred thousand in reserve, Rome
defeated Carthage in the 3 Punic Wars, 264–241, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Provincials
(nearly all granted citizenship by Caracalla,212 AD) came to dominate the army and cival service.
Traditional Roman law, systmatized and interpreted by independant jurists, and local self–rule in
provincial cities were su pplanted by a vast tax–collecting bureaucracyin the 3d and 4th centuries.
The legal rights of women, children, and slaves were strenghtened."(1:721)
Roman innovations in civil engineering included water mills, windmills, and rotary mills and the use
of cement that hardened under water.
Monumental architechture (baths, theaters, apartment houses) relied on the arch and dome. "The
network of roads (some still standing) stretched 53,000 miles, passing through moutain tunnels as
long as 3.5 miles. Co nceived in
312 BC, the 360 mile Appian Way was a superhighway that the Romans traveled from Rome to
Caupa, in Campania...The road took about 10 to 15 days to travel...It was considered the Queen of
roads by the Romans, but it is a
"l'il ole road" by moder n standards." Aqueducts brought water to cities, underground sewers
removed waste. Some of the sewers were so well built, they are still in use today.(2:715)
Roman art and literature were derivative of Greek models. Innovations were made in sculpture
(naturalistic busts and equestrian statues), decorative wall painting (as at Pompeii), satire (Juvenal,
60–127), history
(Tacitus, 56–120), prose romance (Petronius, d. 66 AD). Violense and

Nell Vyse Essay
During his tenure at Farnham, Vyse would often return to London to carry out modelling work at his
Cheyne Row studio. After he had some other essential facilities installed, Vyse lived and slept in the
studio, it was his permanent London address. He also liked to visit Cheyne Cottage at Deal,
although the military designated Deal as 'a closed town' fearing enemy attacks, property owners
were not bound by this injunction. At the height of the London blitz, the Vyses' flat in the Fulham
Road was demolished. Nell Vyse and her daughter Elizabeth were compelled to find other lodgings.
Vyse was still living at his Cheyne Row studio, when in 1945, he was interviewed by Frank Stoner
for the magazine Antiques. In describing the studio, Stoner writes, one end of the studio is used ...
It is she who models all the flowers for the baskets of the flower vendors, as well as assisting her
husband in the decoration of the figures. 37 Stoners' evidence is extraordinary in that he refers to
Nell Vyse involvement with the studio in the present tense. This account begs the question did Vyse
lead Stoner to believe that Nell had returned to the studio after WWII. From her personal testaments
to the Communist Party in 1949, this was clearly not the case. She states that she parted from
Charles Vyse because of a political disagreement. They had vehement arguments over Moscow's
intervention and annexation of Finland. It was, she writes, the culmination of years of personal and
political differences. In 1939, the Chelsea Borough Council called her up for Air Raid Precautions
work. Later she left the ARP for full–time work University Labour Club, until it closed down.
Consequently, she moved about the London boroughs. In the CP questionnaires, she describes her
movements succinctly, such as, in 1940, I was a member of the Finsbury Borough Committee, with
special responsibility for Shelter Committee work.

Roman Public Baths
The Government had many ways to provide public services to the community, they had many
different things to offer the patricians and plebeians. First off the Government provided roads. Roads
helped the Romans move armies, trade goods and communicate. The Romans became adept at
constructing roads. The laws of the Twelve Tables insist that the roads be 8 ft wide and 16 ft long.
The Government also provided Public Baths. "Roman baths were apart of the day–to–day life in
Ancient Rome". Romans had led via pipes witch had running waiter but they were taxed according
to the size of the pipe(s). A large complex sometimes had a gym and a swimming pool. When you're
building a Public Bath you have to have good engineering skills because you have to heat the water.
Public bath complexes even had a Massagers who would massage you with olive oil. I rated this part
of Rome a A+, they found ways to provide different types of public things and those things all
supported the citizens in Rome.
Citations – For roads Crystalinks.com. (2018). Roads in Ancient Rome – Crystalinks. [online]
Available at: http://www.crystalinks.com/romeroads.html [Accessed 8 Feb. 2018]. For Public Baths
– History Learning Site. (2018). Roman Baths – History ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their armor was decorated with animal, mythological and chest muscle design. Roman military
sandals were almost like the popular football cleats. They became very popular after a few centuries.
" One of the reasons Rome became so powerful because of the strength of their army. When Rome
went to war with Britain their army was so good it took on 10 armies it size. The Romans that were
in the army trained by marching 20 miles with all there gear on. They would also have to swim
across lakes and build camps; they would also smash their way into forts. I give this part of the
Romans a A+. I give them that grade because they were very advanced for that time

The Rise and Fall of Ancient Rome
Ancient Rome
When was the last time you looked at a calendar? Did you know you were looking at an invention
created in Ancient Rome? Ancient Rome was one of the biggest and greatest empires there was.
People might not know about the beginning, the wars, the developments, their life, and the end of
the Ancient Rome Rome was started in the eighth century B.C. / 753 B.C. It was started by Romulus
in a town by the Timber River. In a legend Romulus and his brother were left in the wild and they
were found and raised by a wolf. Romulus killed his brother, then he could become king of Rome.
The Roman Empire grew and it came into control of Britain, Asia, northern part of Africa, and some
Mediterranean islands. The Romans spoke many languages including Italian, French, Spanish,
Portuguese and Romanian. The empire's religion was Roman Paganism and the believed in many
gods. When Christianity came, the romans persecuted them until Constantine, the first roman
Christian emperor. There were many wars needed for the Roman Empire to grow so big. The first
Roman army was called the Greek Phalanx and there were five ranks. The Greek Phalanx was ended
after the Gauls attacked Rome in 390 B.C. The Early Legion was a great army after the Phalanx and
had many tactics. Scorpio came and helped that army to outmaneuver the enemy. War times caused
the army to change many times. A large battle was the Punic wars between Rome and Carthage. It
ended with Rome winning. Gaius Marius

The Development of Christianity in America
As Christianity spread through the Western world, it rarely followed a linear path: different pockets
of faith and doctrine were developed by a variety of peoples in an even greater variety of locales.
Nowhere is this more evident than in Roman Britain and the era of Anglo–Saxon migrations. In five
centuries, English religious culture transformed from one of pagan worship to that of leadership in
the Christian world. Controversies included more than merely pagan–Christian dynamics; the
Christians were greatly divided, and Christian efforts went through many ebbs before becoming
firmly established. One must evaluate the development of both Rome and England to gain an
adequate understanding of early English Christianity. Fifty–five years ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Christianity gained a foothold in Britain by the mid–second century, but had yet to gain anything
approaching religious supremacy on the island. Early Christian churches were local communal
affairs – each board of elders was elected democratically by the community 's inhabitants. Early
Christians refused to bow before Roman authority as the Jews had previously done, and many were
persecuted as enemies of the state (quite similar to the Druidic situation in Britain). Rome would
tolerate native religious rites, but would brook no treason. The universality of the empire, however,
paved the way for the universality of Christianity, as Christian missionaries traveled easily along
Roman roads on evangelistic expeditions. As Christianity spread throughout the empire, the Roman
government found Christian refusals to worship Roman gods and participate in Roman festivals
increasingly distressing; Christians endured persecution in the first and second centuries, but on an
individualized, local scale. The third century proved disastrous to the empire: an outbreak of the
plague, increasing barbaric invasions from the north, and fifty years of relentless civil war tarnished
the image and reputation of Rome. Manpower shortages due to plague sharply decreased trade and
commerce. Persians

Why Was Vindolanda Built?
Vindolanda
Vindolanda was one of a series of Roman forts built in northern England (Northumberland) in the
last quarter of the 1st Century AD. It became an auxiliary fort which also had a substantial element
of civilian accommodation. The forts stretched from east to west, and are considered to have been a
consolidation of the frontier of the Roman Empire. The Romans invaded southern Britain in AD43,
and slowly moved north. At one point, they had hoped to conquer all of Britain, but never
succeeded. Roman armies had advanced far into Scotland in the 70s AD. But either by choice or
necessity, they abandoned these gains and formed a frontier stretching roughly from modern
Newcastle in the east to modern Carlisle in the west. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The tribe agreed to give their land to the Romans unlike the Brigantes. Another tribe apart from the
picts were the Brigantes which were a divided group from the Northern England. Most of these
would not like each other due to any reason and had hatred against the Romans. The Brigantes
fought, and eventually the Romans fell back to the more defensible Hadrian's Wall. When the
Roman Emperor Hadrian visited Britain in 122 AD he recognised the difficulties in establishing
control in Caledonia and saw that it would be impossible to introduce the Picts to the Roman way of
life. The Emperor therefore ordered the construction of a great defensive wall which would mark the
northern limits of his empire and consolidate the hold on those parts of Britain already subdued.
Hadrian's empire would not include Caledonia. The Romans also had to defend Hadrian's Wall,
against attacks by Picts and other tribes these people lived in northern Britain, outside the Roman
part. Soldiers sent to defend the wall lived in forts and camps. Vindolanda was a very well planned
fort that was constructed on a flat hill at Northumberland at approximately 122AD.The fort itself
was a playing–card shape which allowed the soldiers to see round the corner. The main site is on the
top of a hill with much able to be viewed, plus a full size reproduction of a section of wall. It was
one of the most important forts in

The Construction Of The Roman Empire
Motorways
Thousands of years ago, the invention of the wheel gave the people the opportunity to complete
their work easier, moving around the areas faster. The construction of the Roman Empire roads
allowed people to reach the Roman dominion around Europe. Their first effort to create a road
system was between 43AD and 400AD, when they conquered Britain in order to have better access
to main financial centres. By creating road network, they tried to expand the potential market
throughout the empire. The whole network was 3,000 kilometres in length, covered most of
England, Wales and Southern Scotland [1]. After the departure of Romans from Britain and the fall
of the Roman Empire, little effort was made for the improvement of the network system in Europe.
Only at the first decades of the 18th century, due to the Industrial Revolution, there was an increased
need for transport. At the first decades of the twentieth century, the demand for faster movement
between cities and the increasing use of the automobile (from one third of million at the end of the
First World War to over three millions at the end of the World War II) were the main reasons for the
construction of different–type motorways around the world. Typical examples are AVUS in Berlin,
the oldest controlled–access highway in Europe, in Italy in 1924 between Milan and Varese. Britain
created the first motorway in 1958 [2, 3].
The design of motorways is a complicated process, included specific parameters and

United Kingdom Changes
Every area has evolved greatly since the beginning of time, whether it be minor events or major
events, like battles, causing this change. Some of these advances are still visible in life today such as
a government, religion, buildings, and artwork. Society, in general, has come a long way, but could
one decide which major event impacted the area the most. The United Kingdom has gone through an
enormous amount of changes which are results of major battles or change in leadership or king.
There are three main battles in United Kingdom history: The Invasion of Britannia, The Invasion of
Britain, and The Invasion of England. The first of many invasions into the United Kingdom was The
Invasion into Britannia, done by Rome. This wasn't the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, the king role would be used for many centuries following this invasion, but this would not be
true for loyalty within the community. Britannia may have been peaceful prior to invasion but was
not unified, the counties did not have any loyalty to each other which ended up being a weakness.
The Romans took advantage of this weakness they would then "Divide and conquer: buy off the
Celtic kings that could be bought, use them as allies to destroy those who resisted" (PowerPoint).
After the Roman's took over the British were more unified since they were all under one rule. Which
lasted for many years until Britannia was invaded by the Anglo–Saxons, after that there was no
loyalty to each other. The Romans also altered their religion, the British went from a sun god to
God. Romanization was also known as Christianization because all areas Rome conquered became
Christian. "Christianity survived–to play an important role a century later in the conversion of the
Anglo–Saxons" (Roberts 21). It is even still today the main religion throughout most communities in
the world. The Romans were very serious about religion, there are still churches and mosaics of God
from this time period present. Buildings changed dramatically during Roman rule, from the exterior
to the interior many improvements were made. "The architecture was classical," they put "arches,
columns, capitals, entablatures, and pediments" on the structures (Roberts 18). On the

Remarkable Rome Research Paper
Remarkable Rome Essay Romans have had a big impact in the American's culture. The Americans
have learned alot from the romeons. The romeons have accomplished a lot of achievements through
their life stlye. The romans made a lot of things like, Roman Calendar, Roman Law, Roman
Architecture, Aqueducts, hot water systems, Roman Roads and etc... But, the main ones that
American still use from the romans are the roman roads and the cloaca maxima. The romans first
built their roads in britain. The romans built it over nine thousand kilometers. The romans built
roads so there army troops could travel faster to place to place. This achievement of the romans had
a big influence in the americas culture. It had a big influence in the Americas culture

Julius Caesar Takeover Essay
Before the definite takeover of Britain, Julius Caesar had come over to attempt to make the land part
of the famous Roman Empire in AD 55. It wasn't very long until Caesar fled back to Gaul (France)
because the British Celts had been tough to beat. Only a year later he came back stronger and with
an even bigger army. Caesar had made his mark, but not wanting a long war, he returned to Rome
and never came back. Although he could not invade Britain, about a hundred years later in the year
AD 43, Emperor Claudius had invaded Britain on instruction to do so by Aulus Plautius, who was to
be the first consular governor in command of Great Britain. This second attempt to take over Britain
would last about four–hundred years, to around the 5th century AD.
These invasions were about more than obtaining land for the Roman Empire, but there were also
minerals and agricultural fields to gain more income. Since money and wealth were a big motivation
for them, Roman militaries often were eager to defeat new lands in order to attain the wealth they
desired and pay for their armies. During the early years of this conquest, it was the initial and main
fight for the takeover of most of Britain. The fast growing Romanization of these lands was a result
of poor defensive coordination among military heads of Great Britain. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Romans had brought over their methods of agriculture, construction, technology, and mining.
Also, they had implemented their successful economic and government system, bringing in new
laws and ideas. Great Britain had started to become like Rome, adapting their ways of life by using
Roman inventions, such as: aqueducts, indoor plumbing, straight and paved roads, bricks, and
cement. For hundreds of years, these ideas flourished throughout most of Britain, but with the
Romans coming and going, so did some of these inventions and

The Roman Transport Network : Roads Essay
Transportation Histories
Prof. Pamela Blackwell
GunTae Moon [0227387]
Mid Term Paper
The Roman Transport Network – Roads
Rome, during the peak of its empire, covered more than 6.8 million square kilometers and held sway
over 70 million people. 21% of the world's population during the period was under Roman influence
[1]. So how did Rome manage to successfully control this vast area of land and its enormous
population within it? Were there any technological innovations achieved at this time? If so, do these
achievements impact our society today? These are the questions that will be answered in this
proposition.
In a large nation like the United States, the infrastructure designed within is different from a small
country like Singapore. This is because the size of the country and the changes in topography are
very much different from one another. The reason we are briefed of such information is because, in
order to understand how the Roman Empire manage to sustain itself, we must recognize how Rome
formulated its infrastructure. With this in mind, we must also acknowledge that having a large
domain comes with the difficulty of controlling it. The key to control, even through modern times,
has always been communication. The power to react within a timely manner has always been the
decisive feature in maintaining control. However, without the advancements of communication
technology in the ancient times, the only method of communication was by dispatch and what is a

Explain How The Military Techniques Used To Keep The Roman...
The Roman Emperors used many different strategies as ways to keep the empire in control and safe.
To prevent riots within the empire and attacks from outside of it, they utilized their army and roads,
natural and manmade borders, strict Roman laws and even their circuses and bread as ways to keep
the Roman Empire strong. It was these 4 points that kept the empire thriving for as long as it did.
The Roman Army was an extremely skilled and powerful force that almost never was defeated.
Their incredibly good fighting techniques helped with the control and safety of the empire. To keep
order in the empire they had a civil guard maintaining peace. They dealt with less threatening affairs
while the Roman legions and auxilia suppressed higher level rioting and rebellion. The Romans
were highly skilled when it came to battles, and even though their weapons were not significantly
better than their enemies they were highly disciplined. The army was organised in a very simple
way, they would be split into groups in equal amounts with a leader or commander. Roads that the
Romans designed were essential to keep the empire safe. Over the course of 700 years, they built
more than 55,000 miles of highways throughout Europe. They built these roads to link the
conquered empires and establish them as colonies. Another reason roads were built was because it
reduced marching fatigue and travel time for the Roman Army and they were able to move ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The borders the Romans made included structures such as Hadrians Wall (built in 122 A.D.) which
was built between the empire and Britain and Scotland. Standing for over 300 years it worked as a
great defense system. The Roman Empire also had amazing fantastic natural borders, like the River
Rhine, Sahara Desert and the Swiss Alps. These natural protectors of threats from outside the
borders kept the empire safe from

How Did Ancient Roman Concrete
This paper offers a discussion about how ancient Rome developed and utilized arches and concrete
to further expand their civilization. The importance of these technologies will be covered, along
with the benefits to Rome.
Concrete was a Roman invention which was composed of materials that were plentiful. One of the
base materials used in Roman concrete was pozzolana, a volcanic soil. Concrete is a powdered
substance that when combined with water will harden into a solid form. It can be poured, formed,
and sculpted, to achieve almost any architectural shape and size. It is a very strong material, which
allowed for construction of large buildings and roads. Prior to the invention of concrete, buildings
would be built using stones that were heavy, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beyond the practical uses of Arches, the Romans would build triumphal arches to celebrate victories
and conquests. The most practical use of the arch was with the aqueducts which helped deliver fresh
water to the Roman cities. Arches were extremely useful in most of the Roman construction,
including homes, temples, colosseums, bath houses, and theaters. The technology of the arch
allowed for wide open spaces, which were essential for these public areas. (Kamm, n.d.)
Aqueducts.Fresh water was essential for public health. The aqueducts connected the cities to fresh
water reservoirs or rivers located long distances away from the towns. Without these systems, water
would have to be carried, which is a very labor and time consuming effort. "In AD 97 Nerva
appointed as inspector of aqueducts Sextus Julius Frontinus, a former governor of Britain. In an
exhaustive report, Frontius estimated that over 1000 million litres of water a day came into Rome
through the eight aqueducts which were then operational." (Kamm, n.d.)
Without the arch technology, these aqueducts would not be possible. Concrete made this
construction effort even more expedient and cost

Essay on History and Exploration of Villas
History and Exploration of Villas Villa is the Latin word for farm, and can also mean 'a large
country or suburban house'. They ranged from luxurious mansions to small working farms. Some
villas, like Woodchester Roman Villa in Gloucestershire compare with eighteenth–century stately
homes. They sported lavish mosaic floors, wall paintings, marble statuary, columns and balustrades.
But few Romano–British villas were as posh as this. The majority were considerably smaller and
included houses, like Sparsholt, farmhouses with outbuildings where owners could only afford one
mosaic. A villa wasn't just a building. The term ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another villa with a similar location is Bignor. It was located near Stane Street, for easy access to
Londinium. North Leigh Villa was located near Akeman Street, which was another major route in
Roman Britain. This makes Chedworth a typical villa as far as location goes. It was near a major
communications route, and had easy access to towns. It was also near a stream, and was built on an
intensely farmed piece of land. As H.H Scullard said of typical villas, "One factor was dominant in
their choice of sites: their distance from the town. Villas were working farms, and, therefore had to
be in contact with their markets, so that their viability depended on their access to roads and towns".
There were many different types of villa. H.H Scullard described the four main types of villa as "the
cottage, the winged corridor, the courtyard, and the aisled villa". Because it was hard to light the
inside of the villas, and land availability wasn't usually a problem, Roman Villas tended to be rows
of rooms, or wings. The simplest were one row, usually with a corridor. Then a pair of small wings
might be added – we call this the 'winged corridor' villa, which was very common. To make a house
bigger, wings would be extended around a courtyard. This is what happened to

Compare And Contrast The Roman Empire Han China Gupta India
Alexis Wolfe – Roman Empire
Kylie Ingoe – Han China
Jessica Johnston – Gupta India
CONRAD–DEMAREST COMPARISON OF EMPIRES
Refer to the complete listing of characteristics in the C–D Model before completing the chart. Use
specific examples, not generalities
Characteristics Roman Empire Han China Gupta India
Timeframe 27 BCE – 476 CE 202 BCE – 220 CE 320 CE – 550 CE
1. Necessary preconditions for the rise of empires–the region must have:
a) State–level government
b) agricultural potential
c) An environmental mosaic
d) power vacuum
e) Mutual antagonism
f) military or technological advantage a) Rome gained its independence from Etruscan rule, and was
established as a republic (state without a monarch), in 509 BCE. The republic lasted until the ...
Ideology that promotes personal identification with the state, empire, leader, conquest, and/or
militarism When Augustus, defeated Antony, he became the first Ruler of the Roman Empire and he
established an Imperial cult in Alexandria .These Imperial cults were established by the Roman
Senate and included the worship of the Emperor and the Roman goddess Roma. This is
representative of Egypt's position in the Empire. The Senate had no control here, so the goddess that
represented the Senate, Roma, was also

Roman Empire Dbq
The end of the Roman and British empires were caused by various problems in society. Each empire
suffered economic decline and political issues with other peoples or within their own government.
The decline and eventually the fall of both these empires led to changes that still affect the modern
world in several different regions.
The fall of the Roman empire began in approximately 476 A.D. but it had been slowly declining for
many years. At this point Roman expansion had nearly come to a halt, and the income gained from
new territory had ceased. The people had a lower sense of pride and the government was forced into
hiring mercenaries to join the Roman army due to the low number of Roman recruits. Even though
they weren't expanding, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
9). However, British culture still affects multiple regions of the world today. English is a unifying
language around the world. Many British traditions are still active in many places throughout the
world such as playing cricket in India.
Most regions where the British had colonies still have their society partly based on British culture,
even today.
The Roman and British empires both played important roles in global history. The Roman empire
set the foundation for culture around the western world and became a basis of culture. Many
European languages have roots that originate in Latin. The British colonized Canada, Australia,
Africa, and India and imposed their traditions and ideas on the natives who lived there. This remains
true because even after each colony gained its independence, British culture still influences the way
of life for many native peoples. Both the British and Roman empires were strong and elite, the
Golden Age of their time. Unfortunately, the empires would come to an end due to economic and
political issues, but their legacies live on through the cultural foundations and traditions they set and
that are used around the world, even

Roman Culture And Empire: Military, Architecture, Religion

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