Charlemagne Vs Louis

Charlemagne Vs Louis
After the death of Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Empire which was created under the power of Charles would live on for centuries. Louis the Pious
was crowned by Charlemagne to become emperor in 813 A.D and then sole emperor in 814 to his death in 840 A.D. Following the death of Louis the
Pious, the Holy Roman Empire was divided amongst Louis' three sons; Lothair I, Louis the German and Charles the Bald, these three kingdoms would
then become the foundation of France and the Carolingian Renaissance. On the death of Louis, a civil war broke out between his sons Louis the
German, Charles the Bald and Lothair I. Lothair I being the last son claimed the entire Carolingian Empire although Charles the Bald and Louis the
German became allies forcing
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The Renissance was a Cultural Movement of Humanism
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages
and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term 'renaissance' came from the French word meaning 'rebirth'. The defining concept of the Renaissance
was humanism. Humanism was a distinct movement because it broke from the medieval tradition of having pious religious motivation for creating art
or works of literature. The Renaissance humanism was a collection of Greek and Roman teachings, undertaken by scholars, writers, and civic leaders
who are known as Renaissance humanists. During the Renaissance, secularism showed itself when people would show a higher interest in human
achievements and how these achievements fulfilled their world. Also, secularism, at the time of the Renaissance, exhibited itself in the development of
humanism, when people began to show more interest in human cultural achievements and the possibilities of their fulfillment in this world. As the
Renaissance developed, Individualism became a famous theme in Italy. Individualism is the political philosophy, that emphasize the moral worth of the
individual. Many philosophers wrote about the potential of man and developed their own beliefs as to the kind of person an individual should aim to
be. These views inspired many people to invest in their studies of the arts and humanities, and as a result, many significant achievements came out of
the Renaissance.

The History of Gothic Architecture in Italy Essay
Abbott Suger wanted to make Saint Denis a magnificent showplace as the royal Abbey church of France and burial place of French kings. Ribbed
vault which were capable of spanning large areas was designed to make gothic churches larger.
These Gothic Churches were characterized by enlarged clerestory zone, windows enormous size with inserted new zone and triforium below the
ribbed vaults and supporting of an arcade of high piers lining of the nave. These characteristics ensured the support of the greater stress of taller,
broader interiors and to create larger window areas as well as the external supports.
There was creation greater sense of unity between the spaces of the nave and the adjacent walkway and ambulatory chapels. In the ... Show more
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Collectively, they were a force to be reckoned with, and from these Guilds, or trades was born the establishment of our modern system of our modern
building labor force infrastructure. The establishment of secret societies, such as the Freemasons also came about as a result of the building of
cathedrals using Gothic architecture.
"The 11th to 15th centuries saw a great surge of the Christian Church within Europe which was emphasized by the persuasiveness of the Crusades. The
growing population of the Church increased the demand for the increased presence in architectural monuments and during the Romanesque and Gothic
periods, a great cathedral construction boom occurred across Europe.
The Romanesque and Gothic architectural styles were distinctive in not only the massiveness of the Romanesque monuments and the introduction of
the cruciform plan but also for the introduction of the Gothic era art within the Cathedrals which included the inclusion of art the radiating Rose
Window, column figures and the gargoyle among many others. Within Europe, there was a progression of architectural styles, many of which are still
evident in the monuments today. The major styles are considered as Carolingian (800–900 AD); Ottonian (1000s); Romanesque (1000s–1100s); Gothic
(late 1100s–1400s). While Romanesque is considered as the architectural style which preceded the Gothic, many of the distinct Romanesque features
found within the great cathedrals of

Characteristic Features of the Middle Ages Essay
Also called the middle ages, the medieval ages were influential in European history. It dates between the 5th and the 15th centuries of european
history. The beginning of the period was marked by the collapse of Rome while its end was marked by the end of Renaissance. The Roman Empire's
fall bringing forth an idea of uniting Europe in what was called Christendom, this was based on the beliefs of the church. Features such as migration of
people, invasions, population distribution, and deurbanization characterized this period. The medieval ages had three periods, which include the
antiquity, the medieval periods, and the modern period, all of which exhibited different characteristics. The end of this period saw various challenges
coming ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Pope was the supreme authority while there was an emperor who was second in the command. For example, Charlemagne served as the Roman
emperor after being elevated to the position by Pope Leo III. The church became powerful in many aspects; the people were required to pay tithe to the
church while there was exemption of the church from taxation. The church went to the levels of owning armies as well as cities in addition to playing
a great role in the regulation of state affairs. This period was characterized by spectacular art and architecture. The church's position facilitated the
development of structures such as cathedrals and monasteries that served the entire religious and political leadership of the time. Some of the economic
and cultural developments that saw the development of the renaissance took place around the 12th century. Economic power characterized by the
developments in art and architecture began shifting from eastern Mediterranean to Western Europe. Apart from development of towns and cities,
communication began to be advanced as well as trade development saw the rise of rich merchants. Agriculture was at the center stage of the
developments, where cultivation of beans increased exponentially. The resultant was an increase in population as well as the disintegration of the
preexisting feudal structures. The Gothic architecture and art was developed to a greater extent in the 13th century.

Viola De Gamba
The viol ––also referred to as the viola de gamba–is a bowed and six–stringed instrument played in the 1400s. It had moveable frets made of
gut–strings which would change the tone of the chords when moved. "One likely ancestor of the viol is the rabab, a bowed string instrument played
by the Moors of Aragon in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and whose da gamba posture and oblong shape resemble that of early Renaissance
viols" (Weinfield). The viol was typically found being played in consort, or a courtyard, during the Renaissance Era and was a very popular
instrument. Its sound was produced by the bowing of the viol's resonating strings. The psaltery is a cross between a lyre and a harp and belongs to the
zither family. It has twelve

A Summary On A Time Travelers Guide
Chelsea Perkins
Survey of Western Culture
Dr. Bailey
7 May 2016
A Time–Travelers Guide
Fast–forward to the year 2120 and you 're the number one scientist in the world developing cutting–edge technology in the fields of genetics as well as
time and space travel. Everyone has doubted your efforts up to this point but you know that today will be the day. You 're hoping that the plugs
and wires will line up just right and when the clock strikes 12:00 AM you 'll be on your way to having a glance into the rich history of the
Renaissance era dating back 600 plus years. Today will be the day that you travel through time and space to prove every doubt wrong and to prove
that we don 't know just as much as we think we do.
First, let me give you a little bit of background on the Renaissance era and why it was a significant movement for the development of literature,
architecture, and art. The Renaissance originated in Italy but then spread to other European countries because of its modern influence and change. It can
be attributed to introducing artistic styles that the world had never seen before therefore, its influence spread rapidly. Furthermore, the movements that
we'll be looking at involve the stylistic changes and influences of architecture that occurred from the 15th to 17th centuries. We'll be interacting with
Renaissance sculptors and painters such as Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and Andrea Palladio.
Furthermore, the clock strikes 12:00 AM and you pull the lever not

How Has Medieval Music Changed Over Time
Music has changed drastically over the years, effected by culture, religion and many other factors. The Medieval era starts the general progression of
music change that is generally recorded as records predating the Medieval era are infrequent at best and mostly consist of knowledge of instrument or
psalms handed down through generations (such as with the Jewish religion). Thus the Medieval period is were records of actual songs are found.
Records from this era and beyond begin to display the evolution of the art. The foundation of music development from 700–1450 CE starts with the
creation of the Gregorian chant in Europe in approximately 600 CE, credited to be created by Pope Gregory the first of the roman catholic church.
Monks would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was around this time that the first large collection of such secular songs was written that are still decipherable in any notation and where
developed by French noblemen called troubadours and trouveres, although they may have been active as early as the 12th century. A prominent
example of one such person is theologist Henri de Malines. The 12th and 13th centuries were a changing time for the world. Knights where gaining
fame as musical poets, and even women were acting as troubadours. For the masses, traveling minstrels called jongleurs came into existence as early
as the 12th century (being the lowest class with no civil rights and where the lowest social level). However, in time with an absence of newspaper or
other such media, they were a critical source of news for the average person. Paris, France became the center of polyphonic music in the year 1150,
and Notre Dame became famous for its composers' rhythmic development such as the measured rhythm. Finally, in the late 13th century, one of the
earliest form of recorded music with instruments called estampie in France. With the end of the 100 Years War in the 14th century, the idea of virtue in
music was gradually being replaced by sensuality. This lead to drastic changes in music in the 14th century creating an Ars Nova with new innovations
such as Syncopation that would lead into the Renaissance

Renaissance: Break Or Period From The Middle Ages
No, I do not believe that the Renaissance was a distinct break or period from the Middle Ages for many reason. For example, One can not date the
Renaissance back to a certain year because what some might believe to be the high Middle Ages others consider to be the early Renaissance. One only
needs to look at the works of Ghiberti, Brunelleschi,Donatello, and even Petrarch, one of the first humanists, to see that it is extended to the beginning
of the 15th century yet has no clear breaking point. There was no clear, defined birth of the Renaissance. For instance, theologian John Wycliffe, lived
in the 14th century. Father of Henry the Navigator, John I of Portugal, initiated the age of European imperialism a century before the Reconquista

Leonardo Da Vinci's Influence On Renaissance Art
"A beautiful body perishes, but a work of art dies not ", Leonardo da Vinci. The Renaissance was a time of rediscovery. During the 14th to 17th
centuries, many technologies, sciences, mathematics and philosophy were rediscovered and art flourished during this time. Artists broke away from
the Byzantine Greek Style of painting. New methods of painting were created such as oil, frescos and tempera paints. Artists added emotion,
naturalism and realism into their works. Other new techniques were discovered by artists such as balance and proportion and they began to study
other subjects such as anatomy, so that their works would look as real as possible. Renaissance Art greatly evolved due to Giotto's ideals, the artist who
contributed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His father, Giovanni Santi, was the court painter to the Duke of Mache. Giovanni introduced Raphael to humanistic philosophy which helped him in
some of his later works. By 1500 he was considered a master and was commissioned to paint the Coronation of the Virgin for the Oddi Chapel.
Some of Raphael's works are the School of Athens, Madonna del Prato and the Triumph of Galatea. He contributed to a more realistic, detailed and
glorified depiction of the human form. He influenced the movement towards mannerism and influenced paintings. Raphael captured the dignity and
grandeur of the human spirit that embodied the Renaissance age. He portrayed realistic fluid motions and real world light, shading patterns into his
art adding the spirit of humanism. One painting that greatly captures humanism is the School of Athens. Giorgio Vasari wrote " In Raphael, on the
other hand, the rarest gifts were combined with such grace, diligence, beauty, modesty and good character that they would have sufficed to cover the
ugliest vice and the worst blemishes. We may indeed say that those who possess such gifts as Raphael are not mere men but rather mortal gods, and
that those who by their works leave an honored name among us on the role of fame may hope to receive a fitting reward in heaven for their labors
and their merits." This quote explains Raphael as a talented and one of the great artists of the Renaissance age also saying that he should be mentioned
in

Research Paper On Florence In The Renaissance
Florence: Heart of the Renaissance By Yusra Farooq
During the 15th century, Florence was the home of the Renaissance and the birthplace of our modern western world. You can enjoy much of the
greatest art created, during that exciting age, today like Michelangelo's David or Botticelli's Birth of Venus. There's also Ghiberti's glorious 3D bronze
gates, Fra Angelico's serene beauty of paintings and the Duomo that kicked off the Renaissance. After the fall of ancient Rome, Europe wallowed in
centuries of relative darkness. There was little learning, commence, or travel. Then, in about 1400, in Florence, there was a Renaissance. This exciting
rebirth of the culture of ancient Greece and Rome swept from Florence to all across Europe. Artists rediscovered the wonder of nature and the
human body. Their art expressed the optimism and confidence of the new age. The Western civilization made up for lost centuries with huge gains in
science, economics, and art. Florence was the center of it all and for a good reason; it was where capitalism was replacing feudalism and being the
middleman of trade between west and east, the city had money and it knew what to do with it. Wealthy merchants and banking families, like the
Medici who ruled Florence for generations, commissioned splendid art to show their civic pride. And Florence unleashed an explosion of innovation
by recognizing and paying creative genius like no one else.
The Renaissance was an age of humanism. A time of confidence,

Western Roman Empire: The Rise And Fall Of The Byzantine...
The western Roman empire collapsed around AD 476. Temporarily the east was again dominant as the Byzantine Empire formed from the eastern half
of the Roman empire. Another power arose in the 7th century, and with it the religion of Islam, which soon swept across from the east; at its greatest
extent, the Arab Empire controlled 75% of the Mediterranean region and left a lasting footprint on its eastern and southern shores.
Europe was reviving, however, as more organised and centralised states began to form in the later Middle Ages after the Renaissance of the 12th
century.
Ottoman power continued to grow, and in 1453, the Byzantine Empire was extinguished with the Conquest of Constantinople. Ottomans gained control
of much of the sea in the

Analysis Of The Movie ' Inner Hoop '
The ring itself measures to be 19.4mm in inner hoop diameter, 29mm in outer hoop diameter and weighs 11.29g. It consists of both rectilinear and
organic designs when taking the ring as a circle, and the designed frame as a rectangle into consideration. The Ring is completely symmetrical,
showcasing expert craftsmanship in the arrangement of the balanced pearls all around the ring and symmetric angles of the box proportions. Even the
small figure in the ring is symmetrical, possessing realistic qualities and life–like body proportions. Additionally, the circlet of the ring itself is also
unique. The goldsmith displayed his incredible craftsmanship of the ring by designing the piece with two rounded indentations towards the back of the
ring. This technique presents the incredible handiwork that went into the creation of this ring. This Franco–Netherlandish item depicts a realistic image
as the subject of the work. Engraved in gold, a small male figure is depicted. He is wearing a small hat, clasping his hands in a very satisfied way.
His stance is very casual with his left knee bent forward almost in an excited or anxious way. He is dressed in what seems to be lavish attire, and
most definitely does not represent a poor man. A long, rectangular box frames the figure, outlined in gold and filled in with rich, glossy, red–enamel.
Surrounding the frame as well as the rest of the setting of the ring are large, dazzling pearls. Above and below the rectangular frame, a large

The Renaissance And The Social Structure Of The Renaissance
During the Renaissance the social structure had been reshaped with the abandonment of the feudal system, peasants gaining freedom and the slaves
making another entry to the social structure. The feudal ways of living in medieval Europe had been abandoned because of the Black Plague. Many
nobles had lost a vast amount of money due to the Black Plague leading to the freedom of many peasants. The peasants were either given a block of
land they could manage themselves or money to move to the towns. Many peasants moved to the towns looking for jobs creating urbanisation and
economic growth in the towns. Slaves played a major role in many nobles lives. They acted as concubines and maids for the nobles. Slaves purchased
by merchants were used to create handcrafted goods. Italian merchants realised how much money they could make importing slaves rather than grain.
The Italians imported many thousands of slaves from foreign countries. "Unlimited importation of foreign salves (Honorshistory, 2017) HonorsHistory
demonstrates that without unlimited supply of slaves, the growth in slaves in Europe would not have increased. The great amount of slaves meant
merchants could purchase slaves to do the dirty work for there businesses. After the great slave intake people started to think that slaves were to
expensive and to dangerous to have in there houses until they were only found in courts. The social structure had radically changed throughout the
renaissance and slaves had once again

How Did Religion And Government Take Political Power In...
In the United States, religion and government have been separated from one another for many years. The reason being is that there are so many
religions these days, and people would argue about which religion would take political power, ultimately resulting in conflicts and fights. Many
centuries ago, each country had only one primary religion which every citizen practiced. In Italy for example, their official religion was Christianity,
and having Christian beliefs intertwined in government allowed Italians to follow their religions rules along with the rules the government has as well.
While some people may think that having religion and government together would be a good thing, many citizens living in Europe between the 12th
and 16th century did not.
Starting in the 12th century, many European countries like Italy were starting to give the pope a lot of power. This resulted in the popes becoming
more powerful figures than most of the European counties princes. One example of this was with pope Gregory VII. He believed that he was one of
the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the Freedom of a Christian, author and reformist Martin Luther said "Many people have considered Christian faith an easy thing, and not a few have
given it a place among the virtues". Luther says this because he understands that many people were not found of Christianity, they went to church to
show god they are dedicated to come, and that was it. Most people never practiced Christianity outside of the church and that upset Luther. By
separating from Christianity and joining a new religion, Luther had the hopes that people would embrace religion again and participate in it throughout
their daily lives, not just at church. With a religion focused just on gaining power and with a following from people who dislike the religion, it makes
sense that the reformation era to separate church from government started to

Gothic Architecture in Europe Essay
The research paper, shall be concerned with discussion Gothic architecture in Europe–namely England, France, Germany, and Italy starting from 12th to
the 16th Centuries. Architecture was the most original and lasting form of art during the Gothic Period, which lasted for four centuries starting from
the mid 12th century. The impetus for this architecture was the Roman Catholic Church, which sought to portray their houses of worship as something
which transcended the realm of mankind. It is interesting to note that many of the Northern European areas were predominately pagan, and only
recently brought into the Church. The imagery provided by Gothic structural design was something these peoples could more readily understand, as they
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is important to note, as science as we know it had not begun to emerge yet, at least not in this culture, and many of their beliefs about the world
around them was predicated on religion and superstition. In this respect, the Persians were vastly superior in scientific knowledge when compared to
the Western European civilizations. The crusades were beneficial since it was one way of importing knowledge from Persia notably, Mathematics.
Mathematics would play a very critical role in architecture in the centuries to come. Algebra and Geometry are two vital methods that prove to be
precious to architecture and indeed made gothic design possible. The Catholic Church began using these new mathematical principles to build their
cathedrals. The cathedrals were a challenge to the capabilities of the civilization at that time and inspired competition between the Dioceses to see who
could build the most outstanding cathedral. This inspired an explosion in art and technology, and was responsible for creating art in the form of
structure. The Cathedrals were also status symbols. Towns and cities would build them to show how successful they were. The more elaborate the
Cathedral, the more successful the town or city. This gave rise to the Gothic architectural style, which developed simultaneously across England,
France, Germany, and Italy. The countries developed their own distinctive technique of Gothic design, which I shall compare and contrast

The Renaissance Essay
The Renaissance
Renaissance is the period of European history that saw a renewed interest in the arts. The Renaissance began in 14th–century Italy and spread to the rest
of Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. In this period, the fragmented feudal society of the Middle Ages, with its agricultural economy and
church–dominated intellectual and cultural life, was transformed into a society increasingly dominated by central political institutions, with an urban,
commercial economy and lay patronage of education, the arts, and music. The term renaissance, meaning literally "rebirth." Modern scholars have
exploded the myth that the Middle Ages were dark and dormant. The thousand years preceding the Renaissance were filled with ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Medieval Italian merchants developed commercial and financial techniques, such as bookkeeping and bills of exchange. The creation of the public
debt, a concept unknown in ancient times, allowed these cities to finance their territorial expansion through military conquest. Their merchants
controlled commerce and finance across Europe. This fluid mercantile society contrasted sharply with the rural, tradition–bound society of medieval
Europe; it was less hierarchical and more concerned with secular objectives.
The recovery and study of the classics entailed the creation of new disciplines–classical philology and archaeology, numismatics, and epigraphy–and
critically affected the development of older ones. In art, the decisive break with medieval tradition occurred in Florence about 1420 with the invention
of linear perspective, which made it possible to represent three–dimensional space on a flat surface. The works of the architect Filippo Brunelleschi and
the painter Masaccio are dazzling examples of the uses of this technique.
Donatello, who is considered the founder of modern sculpture, created the bronze David, the first life–size nude since antiquity. From the mid–15th
century on, classical form was rejoined with classical subject matter, and mythological motifs derived from literary sources adorned palaces, walls,
furniture, and plates. The

13th Century American Renaissance Humanism
While the 12th and 13th centuries were periods of expansion in economic, social, intellectual, and religious fronts, the 14th and 15th century were
marked by almost uninterrupted warfare, plague, and depression. However, the one and only area of life that did not diminish at all was culture. To
the contrary, cultural life (especially writing) did not slow down. It began expanding in the 11th century and never stopped, even though the troubled
religious and economic scenario of the 1500s. During this time a poet by the name of Petrarch wrote many letters where he would communicate with
a long dead Roman philosopher and friend Cicero. In these letters, Cicero would "write back to him". Petrarch was careful enough to maintain
Cicero's own style of writing whenever it was Cicero's turn to "write", almost in an attempt to revive the Greek style of thinking. For this reason,
Petrarch is considered being at the forefront of Renaissance humanism. "Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement based on the study of
the Classical literary works of Greece and Rome" (Spielvogel 344). This period was a blooming time in art and thought that took over Europe in the
1500s. This revolution in thinking consisted of a revived ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most importantly, in its essence: the use of classical ideas within the contemporary society of the 1500s. This is true mostly in the matters of politics.
More's ideal of nation originated from the classical work of Plato's Republic. In many aspects Utopia resembles Greek philosophic writings. By the
time More was writing, Humanism had become the ideal culture of the elite of all of Western Europe. More's Utopia is written in Latin and
encompasses the Greek style of writing and thought. To fully understand Utopia, one had to have a great understanding of both Greek and Latin.
Naturally, the book was reserved for the understanding of individuals with an elevated humanist

The Forgotten Time of the Middle Ages Essay
Professor Anthony Grafton is a renowned historian at the Princeton University. He is noted for his studies about the history of culture and science of
Renaissance Europe. In his paper, Dating history: the Renaissance & the reformation of chronology, he first talked about the science of geography that
was revolutionized by European explorers in the fifteenth and sixteenth century. As Grafton argued that "While the western understanding of geography
expanded during the Renaissance, then, the traditional dating of the past and future remained curiously narrow–minded.", he then started to talk about
his profound study of the scholarship and chronology of one of the most significant classical scholar of the late Renaissance, Joseph Justus ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Middle Ages are divided into three periods by historians – Early Middle Ages, High Middle Ages, and Late Middle Ages. I will focus on the High
Middle Ages in this paper. I am going to explain this issue by summarizing the socioeconomic development of the High Middle age and by talking
about the study of chronology of Richard of Wallingford who developed an astronomical clock while serving as an abbot.
Unlike many people's impression of stagnation, the High Middle Ages was a dynamic period that brought striking changes to the socioeconomic
environment of the Western World. For example, population expanded, regional and interregional commerce thrived, new technologies were
developed, and the classic institution of both manorialism and feudalism changed. Many of the basic social and political patterns and institutions later
associated with European history were formed during this era. Territorial expansion, development in agricultural techniques, and the expansion of
towns and trade brought rapid economic change to medieval Europe. Changes in the consumption of goods and merchandises and in population
distribution thoroughly altered the social relations and political organization. These changes created new, more independent social classes and
institutions. For example, Townspeople, who engaged in crafts or commerce, created new social organizations called guilds. Merchant guilds protected
the traders' interests by negotiating

Renaissance Research Paper
The term Renaissance is defined as "a renewal of life, vigor, or interest."(Dictionary, Web) It is a "rebirth and revival."(Dictionary, Web) This term holds
true to what happened in Europe during the 14th century: the Renaissance. Beginning in Italy, the European Renaissance emerged and over time spread
throughout all of Europe. It was a time of newfound creativity and questioning "why." Many new inventions appeared and the Renaissance is seen in
many ways today. "This time of great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe marked the transition from the medieval to the modern world."
(Dictionary, Web) A brilliant new thinking of art, learning, and literature emerged in the 14th through 17th centuries during the European Renaissance;
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Renaissance was started because of the Crusades and development of Vernacular literature. A wave of creativity and humanism started inItaly and
spread throughout Europe. During the Renaissance the printing press and exploration tools were improved along with trade becoming more important.
From the Renaissance we can learn the importance of looking to the past, continuing innovation, and connecting the past, present, and future.
Michelangelo's view of the Renaissance is how art was changed and how we see art today. "Art was no longer expected to serve religious or other
purposes – art was for beauty. It existed to be admired, collected, and exhibited."(Muntz, 124) This is how art should be interpreted. It shouldn't have
a major purpose that makes it boring and dull like it was during the Middle Ages. Art should have a major purpose in our society that is creative and
inspirational like during the Renaissance; it should be something we can learn

Educational System in the 12th and 13th Centuries
In the 12th and 13th centuries, ideas and attitudes regarding education began to change considerably, gaining supreme importance, and in due course
leading to an intellectual revolution in the foreseeable 14th century. The main reason for this advancement was the establishment of more towns,
resulting in an increased necessity of formal education; Therefore, In 800, although it did not happen immediately, Charlemagne ordered that every
town in the "Holy Roman Empire" shall establish a school. With the coming of the economic revival of the late 11th century, educational opportunities
became increasingly more achievable. At this time the development of organized learning was just beginning but as you said in the prompt would
ultimately lead us to the "type of higher education system" that we have established today. As the book states, "By 1179, Pope Alexander III decreed
that all cathedrals should set aside income for at least one school–teacher, whose task would be to accept all comers, rich or poor, without fee. (Coffin,
Stacey, Cole, & Symes, 2011)" Besides the integration of technology, methods of learning today are based off the past and therefore have very similar
characteristics. I personally believe the purpose of education is the same now as it was back when it was first established, to create a specialized,
functioning member of society, whether that be a menial worker, clerk, merchant, musician, mathematician, lawyer, doctor, or other profession. In my
opinion,

Forence And Leadership Of The Renaissance
How did florence gain leadership of Renaissance?
The Renaissance (Rebirth) declined throughout most of the Europe. The renaissance is an Italian idea, androgen the Italian Renaissance generally
covers the periods from the beginning of the 14th century to the end of the 16th century. Andflorence is the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance.
The artistic and economic changes that are associated with the Renaissance, first began in the Florence.Trade, crusades and the expansion of commerce
in city states (11th and 12th ) centuries helped florence a lot in economy. Geography also made florence a model of Renaissance culture because it was
central Italy, agriculture thrived in tuscany and Lombardy and Florence conquered Pisa in 1406 (access to sea , expansion of trade)
Medici Family (Ruler of florence during renaissance) Florence was a major financial Centre for around 60 years and was dominated by the Medici
family. The Medici family were wool merchants and bankers and they became patrons of art and lie at the heart of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They studied the writings and works of the Greeks and the Romans and realized that earlier civilizations had lived differently. This new way of thinking
was called Humanism. The defining concept of the Renaissance was humanism and was the philosophical backbone of the Renaissance .Humanism
became quite popular during the Renaissance. The Humanists also had a great effect on education. They supported studying grammar, poetry, and
history, as well as mathematics, astronomy, and music. Humanism relied on flexible thinking and being open to all of the possibilities of life and less
concerned with the thinking of the past. The Florentine people were very proud of their form of government in the early 15th century. A place that
respects the opinions of individuals, and individualism was an important part of the Humanism that thrived in Florence in the 15th

Background Information Of The Reformation And Definition
Background Information of the Reformation and Definition
The Protestant Reformation, known simply as "The Reformation," began in 1517 with Martin Luther's publication of the 95 Theses. Major players in
this pivotal point in European history included Christian humanists such as Desiderius Erasmus, the Kings of France and England, the Holy Roman
Emperors and at the center of it all; the Catholic Church. Luther's publication of the 95 Theses, its' rapid dissemination due to the technological
advance of the printing press (1440), and a European population of lay Christians, Royalty, and Clergy alike primed to take on the excess and singular
religious hold of the Catholic Church, created a firestorm of change that swept throughout Europe and significantly changed the practices of the
Catholic Church. According to a current publication of PBS.org, Martin Luther "plunged a knife into the heart of an empire that had ruled for a
thousand years, and set in motion a train of revolution, war and conflict that would reshape Western civilization, and lift it out of the Dark Ages."
Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1563) was a Dutch born scholar who actively supported the Northern Renaissance philosophy of Christian Humanism.
Christian Humanism "emphasized human dignity, beauty, and potential, and reacted against the religious authoritarianism of the Catholic Church" by
using "the principles of classical learning to focus on biblical studies, theology, and the importance of individual

Influence Of Florence
How did florence gain leadership of Renaissance?
The Renaissance (Rebirth) declined throughout most of the Europe. The renaissance is an Italian idea, and the Italian Renaissance generally covers the
periods from the beginning of the 14th century to the end of the 16th century. And florence is the birthplace of the ItalianRenaissance.
The artistic and economic changes that are associated with the Renaissance, first began in the Florence. Trade, crusades and the expansion of commerce
in city states (11th and 12th centuries )helped florence a lot in economy. Geography also made florence a model of Renaissance culture because it was
central Italy, agriculture thrived in tuscany and Lombardy and Florence conquered Pisa in 1406 (access to sea , expansion of trade)
Medici Family (Ruler of florence during renaissance) Florence was a major financial Centre for around 60 years and was dominated by the Medici
family. The Medici family were wool merchants and bankers and they became patrons of art and lie at the heart of the ... Show more content on
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They studied the writings and works of the Greeks and the Romans and realized that earlier civilizations had lived differently. This new way of thinking
was called Humanism. The defining concept of the Renaissance was humanism and was the philosophical backbone of the Renaissance .Humanism
became quite popular during the Renaissance. The Humanists also had a great effect on education. They supported studying grammar, poetry, and
history, as well as mathematics, astronomy, and music. Humanism relied on flexible thinking and being open to all of the possibilities of life and less
concerned with the thinking of the past. The Florentine people were very proud of their form of government in the early 15th century. A place that
respects the opinions of individuals, and individualism was an important part of the Humanism that thrived in Florence in the 15th

The Transition Of Art, Music, And Literature From The...
Santosh Gering Hum 252 Test 2 Prof. Andrea Donovan "Discuss the art, architecture, music, or literature from the Gothic age through the Renaissance.
Talk about the development of art, architecture, music, or literature during this period, the significant issues, technologies, or styles, and some of the
cultural or social influences. Finally, list at least six individuals and their work that provides examples from your discussion." Comprehensive Essay
The transition of art (incorporating the art spanning from paintings and architecture) from the Gothic Age all the way to the High Renaissance was, in
my opinion; one of the most physical forms of the development and growth of the European culture. The intuitive designs that were born throughout
the centuries are still alive today. Byzantine art is the name for the imaginative products of the Eastern Roman Empire, as well as the nations and states
that inherited culturally from the empire. Though the empire itself emerged from Rome 's decline. Many Eastern Orthodox states in Eastern Europe, as
well as to some degree the Muslim states of the eastern Mediterranean, preserved many aspects of the empire 's culture and art for centuries afterward.
A number of states contemporary with the Byzantine Empire were culturally influenced by it, without actually being part of it (the "Byzantine
commonwealth"). These included Bulgaria, Serbia, and the Rus, as well as some non–Orthodox states like the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of

Renaissance Research Paper
The Renaissance was a time of rebirth and expansion for religious interpretation scientific discovery exploration of new lands and the flourishing of
the arts. It was a period between the 14th and 16th centuries that devalued the medieval era before it. In favor of a new and brighter era that would
draw inspiration from the Greek and Roman traditions of antiquity. A great paradigm shift from the dark medieval times occurred it would produce
innovative thinkers as Nicholas Copernicus, Desiderius Erasmus. Also, the Renaissance artists that would become some of the most recognizable and
well–loved masters Michelangelo, Raphael and Leonardo Da Vinci in the world. The Renaissance took place primarily in Italy but its innovation and
ideas reached ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gothic art emerged out of France and flourished between the 12th and 16th centuries. Gothic art deviated from the more common highly esteemed
imitation of classical Roman art. The legacy of gothic art continues to influence cathedral architecture and design. A different style would also be
Romanesque, Romanesque cathedrals have the same spacious atmosphere as Gothic cathedrals but differences in structural design gave them each a
distinct look. Romanesque cathedrals were low and wide and gothic were strikingly tall. Romanesque had separate areas, limited light and gothic had
one integrated space also flooded with natural

Essay Middle Ages & Renaissance Study Guide (Unit 2)
Middle Ages
Dates: 500–1450
1. What was going historically during this era? What was life like? It was a chaotic period of social and political unrest. Religious and political
differences between and within regions led to nearly constant warfare.
The life of all the classes was dominated by the feudal system – feudalism.
2. Who or what had the power? The church
3. Who were learned or literate? holy men or people of important status such as kings, queens, and knights most other people were illiterate
4. Who were allowed to sing in church? Only men were allowed to sing in church
5. Most of the music that was notated during the middle ages was sacred or secular? sacred
6. Was most medieval music vocal? yes
7. What is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is a drone? Sustained tone
17. What is an ostinato? Persistently repeated melodic or rhythmic pattern
18. What is the liturgy? Words of the mass
19. Who is Guillaume de Machaut? 14th century poet and musician who composed the first complete polyphonic setting of the entire Ordinary of the
Mass.
20. What city became the musical center of Europe during the mid to late Middle Ages? What was the musical center of this city and who worked
there? Vienna Composers came from all over Europe to train in and around Vienna, and gradually they developed and formalized the standard musical
forms that were to dominate European musical culture for the next several decades.
21. Composers began to write polyphonic songs that were not always based on chant, what were they based on instead?
22. By the 14th century a new system of music notation had evolved. It allowed a composer to specify almost any rhythmic pattern. Were beats now
divided into two or three parts or both? Was syncopation used? Both and yes
Renaissance
Dates: 1450–1600
1. What was going historically during this era? What was life like?
2. What is humanism? Period characterized by a new optimism, that began in 14th century Italy and spread throughout western Europe during the

Renaissance
3. What effect did the printing press have on music? It enabled books to be printed quickly and inexpensively, making them

Italian Renaissance Research Paper
The Italian Renaissance one of the astounding, and profound Renaissance that had come across in human history. It is strange and interesting how
such a significant cultural change and achievements could be accomplished in the middle ages and early modern Europe. Such Imaginative, and
intelligent mind were born in the area. Such as Leonardo da vinci, Michelangelo, William Shakespeare, and none other than Christopher Columbus.
Many of these people were famous for their artwork and sculptures and how ingenious and innovative they were, for some for the things they found
or created. Leonardo da vinci created the Mona lisa and also the last supper and many more excellent works of art. Which is still critically acclaimed as
a marvelous work of art... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Guelphs and Ghibellines were introduced in italy about 1242 in Florence. The names seem to have been grafted onto pre–existing papal and imperial
factions within the city–republics(Dante Alighieri Society of Massachusetts: Guelphs and Ghibellines). Also a dubious tradition relates that the terms
Guelf and Ghibelline originated as battle cries ("Hie Welf" "Hie Waiblingen") during conrad 3's defeat of Welf VI of Bavaria in 1140 at the siege of
Weinsberg(1). The Ghibellines wanted a strong monarchy and imperial rule over Italy. The Guelfs advocated the independence of the Italian cities. The
struggle began in the 12th century. After the Hohenstaufen (Ghibellines) emperors fell in 1254, the conflict turned into petty quarrels(Britannica). The
way each rival got their names is fascinating. Guelf was derived from Welf, the name of the dynasty of German dukes of Bavaria who competed for
imperial throne through the 12th and early 12th centuries(Guelf and Ghibelline). The name Ghibelline was derived from Waiblingen, the name of a
castle of the welfs opponents, the Hohenstaufen dukes of swabia(Guelf and Ghibelline). Both the Guelf and the Ghibellines were sympathetic to certain
people who helped them or controlled them. The Guelphs early became associated with the papacy because of their mutual Hohenstaufen enemy. They
were represented by more democratic middle classes and merchant class who desired a constitutional government. They represented an indigenous
Italian stock and looked to the pope for help against the Ghibellines. However this became more and more blurred(Dante Alighieri Society of
Massachusetts: Guelphs and Ghibellines). The Ghibellines who were sympathetic to the German (Holy Roman) emperors,contributed to chronic strife
within the cities of northern Italy in the 13th and 14th

Feudal Europe Essay
There have been several key time periods that have changed the face of society such as; the hunter gatherer nomadic lifestyle to agriculture, classical
antiquities, the Middle Ages renaissance, reformation to modern times. In a lecture for History and Social Change at the University of Abertay
Dundee, W Mcneish describes history as being a "contested terrain with the views of the historian giving their perception of events". This essay will
discuss the key features of the feudal period and the key processes leading to the transition of this society from a sociological perspective covering; the
rise of feudalism, the hierarchical structure of feudal Europe, the feudal mode of production, urban life, the role of religion and finally, the ... Show
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Bartlett (2008) intimates that if the Lords dominated the law of the land, the Church controlled the morality of the medieval min, constantly interfering
in people's lives from birth to death "Spewing forth fire and brimstone from the pulpit" creating fear with myth and superstition. Women were vilified
as the root of evil since it was they who caused original sin. Women were devoid of rights and effectively the property of their fathers then husbands.
Harman (2008) alludes to exploitation of the Serfs as the Lords requisite. He extorted maximum dues. However, some of the surplus was invested in
new technology such as, a new design of iron plough, stiff harness for horses making ploughing faster and cattle grazing on and fertilising the land.
The mechanical water mill and the introduction of crop rotation escalated production by 50%. Food then could be traded as a commodity for goods.
Other advances were; the fly wheel, rudders for boats, eye glasses, stirrups, crossbow, gunpowder, the wheel barrow and pedal loom.
By contrast Anderson (1978) indicates how the towns were bustling with merchants and craftsman controlling the urban economy. Regulatory guilds
were introduced from the 12th century which had some civic power. However, the feudal lord was still

The Transformational Century And Historical Sources And...
1. Why is the 15th century called the transformational century and what historical sources and tools can be used to verify this description! Please
discuss fully.
While the 15th century had an abundance of things that collectively caused it to be called the transformational century, such as the fall of the Ottoman
Empire, the rise of the Byzantine Empire, and the use of guns to fight battles, I believe that the printing press makes a strong statement about the
change in society. The reason the printing press stands out is it was a major change to how information was exchanged. Prior to the invention of the
printing press, it's estimated that only about 10% men/1% women were literate (Willis, 2015). However, in 1674 literacy rates were 60% for men and
30% for women (Harvard, n.d.). This increase in literacy rates greatly aided the Renaissance age by allowing information to be spread much more
rapidly than previously possible. Just as the printing press encouraged the renaissance age, the renaissance age encouraged the use of the printing
press. This can be seen by the rapid increase in the number of towns that had printing presses in use, around 236 towns had their own print shops
(Maxfield, 2009). This also caused ideologies to spread much faster than, exposing people to previously unknown ways. Which in turn allowed people
to develop their own new ideas. This increased desire for knowledge is the heart why the 15th century is called the transformational century. There

The Time Before The First Millennium
The time before the traditional Renaissance has long been described as a period of stagnation, violence and irrationality. Yet, as more information
emerges about this time period, we find that it is not so. While the time before the first millennium was arguably adequately termed the Dark Ages, the
12th century marked a great period of improvement in thought, architecture, literature and many other facets of society. In order for the Renaissance of
the 12th century to occur, problems that persisted through the Dark Ages had to be resolved to promote all of these growths. These problems include
decentralization of government, lack of a stable food supply and numerous invasions. Perhaps the greatest obstacle to the growth seen in the 12th
century was decentralization of government. Under states of disorder and chaos, like the time after the fifth century, culture has the tendency to
stagnate and uneasiness sweeps over the people. The monarchs around this time had difficulty holding supremacy over their kingdoms and held little
control over the nobility (especially when compared to times like the 15th century). This was a major obstacle to growth of kingdoms and had to be
overcome before the growth of the 12th century could be realized. After the fall of the Roman Empire in the fifth century and the preceding weakening
of the empire, provinces previously dominated by the Romans fell apart into chaos when the Roman soldiers who were enforcing order left to defend
Rome against

Italian Renaissance Unique Facts
The Renaissance in the 15th century brought forth new forms of knowledge, reform, and enlightenment over Europe, particularly Florence, Italy.
Despite its period of turmoil in the 12th century, the city of Florence went into a period of artistic creativity and dramatic cultural advancement. The
15th century excelled in the fields of art, music, literature, poetry, philosophy, science and theology. The Italian Renaissance is known to be an effective
cultural development period which transpired innovational thinking and creative enrichment ("Unique Facts About Europe: The Renaissance." Unique
Facts About Europe: The Renaissance. Web)."
The House of Medici, also known as the Medici family, was a political dynasty who obtained sovereignty in Florence, Italy around the 13th century
through merchants and banking. The Medici's reign as dukes of Tuscany played a substantial role in the cultural development of Florence, especially in
Florentine art. The Medici Family took over the city's government, thus enabling them to bring the city of Florence under their family's power. During
their rule, they created an atmosphere where artistry was able to prosper. Their revenue ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Giovanni contributed to the Italian Renaissance through art and architecture with his involvement in the creation of the Basilica di San Lorenzo,
which is one of many large temples of Florence, Italy, and is based at the focal point of the city's main place of business. This place greatly holds
significant value for it is the entombment place of deceased members of the Medici family. In 1419, Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici recruited Filippo
Brunelleschi to remodel the eleventh–century Romanesque building. "For three hundred years it was the city's Church before the official seat of the
minister was exchanged to Santa

Paintings In Medieval China
Paintings in medieval China included landscape painting, delicacy painting, spontaneous painting, figures and illustration along with calligraphy. The
landscape paintings are wordless poems that are meant to be read from bottom to top, often representing the harmony between heaven and earth, yin
and yang. These paintings often have a high point of view and are full of ambiguity and indirect meaning. Landscape painting also features mountains in
the middle and background and water dominates the foreground and unites all grounds. If figures are included, they are small and insignificant which
is reflective of the Taoist/Buddhist idea that we are all part of nature, inseparable from it, and not more important than any element of nature. Often the
painting includes a poem is part of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The subjects of these paintings are symbolic: flowers are passive and represent the female; butterflies and birds are aggressive and represent the male;
cranes represent longevity; ducks represent marriage; and the Phoenix and dragon represent the concept of yin and yang, the relationship between male
and female. Spontaneous painting was the most important in Medieval Chinese painting tradition. These paintings were a scholarly and religious
activity, an act of meditation meant to help a scholar work through a religious or philosophical idea. These paintings may also feature ink paintings
with calligraphic lines; simple scenes presented in an abstract style such as flowers, birds, trees or bamboo. The figures and illustration paintings had
subjects outlined in ink and filled with color, they had very little in the way of background and were very flat. Often these were portraits of important
people or illustrations of religious or secular texts or stories. Calligraphy was used as a central element of paintings and was an extremely important art
form of the

Dark Ages Research Paper
In general the Middle Ages, also called the Dark Ages, is a time period of human history that is often characterized by extreme barbarism, no scientific
or cultural achievements, and endless wars between small kingdoms. In fact, the Dark Ages exhibited multiple achievements in the fields of science,
politics, theology, metallurgy, and exploration. While theDark Ages did not rival the advancements or empires of the Renaissance or Greek Antiquity, it
was not a time period of recession or stagnation in the overall advancement of the human species.
The term "Dark Age" was a term first used by the renaissance scholar Francesco Petrarca, also known as Petrarch, to denounce the quality of literature
used during the time period after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 467 AD until approximately 1200 AD. With the destruction of the Western
Roman Empire there was an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among the more popular myths about the "Dark Ages" is the idea that the medieval Catholic Church suppressed natural scientists, prohibiting
procedures such as autopsies and dissections and basically halting all scientific progress. Historical evidence shows absolutely no correlation to support
this idea, progress may have been slower in WesternEurope during the Dark Ages, but it was steady, and it laid the foundations for future advances in
the later medieval period. Furthermore, the dominance of the Catholic Church during the Dark Ages was a major reason later scholars, specifically
those of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century and the Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries, branded the period as "unenlightened" or
"dark", believing the clergy repressed intellectual progress in favor of religious piety. But early Catholic monasteries encouraged literacy and learning,
and many medieval monks were both patrons of the arts and artists

Renaissance Music : The Renaissance
Renaissance Music
The Renaissance is a historical time from 1425 to 1600. The name Renaissance formed in the 14th century. The renaissance meant rebirth and at that
time period that 's what occurred in the classical period. The era started in Italy and spread throughout Europe. Renaissance music set a path going into
an era of changes and innovations. In this period of arts were influenced by developments in politics, economics, religion and technology The
renaissance had growth with scientific advancements and achievements. There are factors that made the renaissance music what it is and played a huge
role in that time period. The political landscape of renaissance Europe, Humanism, Social developments, religious turmoil, were situations that shaped
the music in renaissance (Brown,Stein1).The political landscape of renaissance Europe had large sections of the continent and were not united into
national states back then like it is today. Other parts turned into larger countries like Spain, France, England had developed into their own country
during the renaissance (Brown, Stein 2). The rulers of the renaissance weren 't looked at for their prowess in war and in administration of state but by
the generosity of life. So this meant to spend money on projects, paintings, artists, and musicians. They would ask for personal musicians to be
employed there and all the artists were competing to get higher paid salaries. Queen Elizabeth was the important

Spiritual Journey During The Medieval Ages
Christina Fuentes
Humanities 101
Chad redwing
7th of October 2015
What does the spiritual journey mean to you?
During the Medieval ages period there were different meanings to spiritual journey but somehow they all have had shared a belief, which was to
believe in god no matter the different Journey that may have came across. The Period of the Medieval ages came with a lot of information and
question to belief whether it was true or not. One of the things i have found more interesting was The ''roman civilization'' it was the start of the 5th
century CE to the the renaissance more so it was the timing of the 13,14,15 century as well but it was depending on the location of Europe timing of
factors that

Art in the Middle Ages and The Renaissance and Its Effect...
The Medieval period also referred to as the Middle Ages was the period of time between the demise of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance era;
this was the period from the 5th century to the 17th century in Europe. During this time, society conformed to the feudal system which was based on
the hierarchy approach which upper class had control over the lower class. Included in this class structure were kings, lords, neighboring kings,
peasants and church leaders.
In the Middle Ages, art evolves as humans continue addressing the traditional and the new, including Biblical subjects, Christian dogma, and Classical
mythology (Introduction to the History of Medieval Art. n.d.). Most of the art produced during this time was heavily focused on ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The Renaissance is best known for its art as this was the age of geniuses as Leonardo da Vinci, Petrarch, Dante, and Michelangelo (Medieval and
Modern History. ,1905 ). Art of the Renaissance era utilized more realistic representations than art from the Middle Ages. For example, the human
body was painted in a realistic manner, often with backdrops of nature. There was lesser emphasis placed on religious art and vanished were the
images that had people positioned freely and in came proportioned groupings. Also, the progression of science helped artists recognize the idea of
perspective, where items that were drawn smaller essentially looked as if they were at a distance and by using light and shadowing they were able to
obtain a more factual resemblance of reality.
Artist of that time, such as Leonardo da Vinci focused more on the detail of anatomy, showing more of the human form with less or no clothing.
Leonardo da Vinci was one of the first artists of the renaissance period to utilized science in his artwork and learned the physical proportions of the
human body. He utilized what he learned to create what he described to be the perfect human figure which he demonstrated in his art work. Two of his
most popular pieces of art were the Last Supper and the Mono Lisa.
Artwork of the medieval period was present across several countries, and transitioned a great deal for more than

Gothic Art Research Paper
The Gothic Art is a style which was developed in Western Europe from the Middle Ages till the Renaissance. The term "Gothic" has nothing to do with
Goths, but was initially used as a synonym for "Barbaric". Gothic art remains a standard one in the study of art history (Martindale, 2007). The
extensive artistic stage that began in the northern of France had expanded throughout western and central Europe. This period was defined throughout
the cities and was developed at a different pace; included architecture, sculpture, and painting.
Architecture was the most important and original art from during the Gothic period. Gothic architecture found its finest expression in cathedrals, which
are characterized by soaring interiors and large stained ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It began in Italy in the 13th century and spread throughout Europe; so as to the 15th century it had become the predominant form replacing even the
windows. Panel and wall painting evolved gradually into the Renaissance style. According to Martindale, subjects began to change as the Gothic period
was coming to an end (2007). Hunting scenes, chivalric themes, and depictions of historical events arose as the century turned more secular. Both
religious and secular subjects were depicted in manuscript illuminations. Many manuscripts were royal bibles and missals also included illustrations;
although miniature these represented complete documentation of the Gothic painting. Manuscript illumination was outdated by printed illustrations in
the second half of the 15th

Renaissance Unique Era
Should the Renaissance be Classified as a Unique Era or a Continuation of the Middle Ages? Humanity has evolved from the uneducated minds of
the people of the Middle Ages due to a growth and learning, new ideas, and decrease of Church power. Many artists and humanists of the renaissance,
prided themselves on their advanced intellect and innovative ideas, compared to generations before. However, when this evolution began is a
debatable topic. Historians split history into eras to make long periods of time more tangible. These eras are often determined by the beginning or end
of major events. Analysts often differ on the importance of events or when they occur, which is why opinions on eras differ from person to person.
Consequently,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, in 1596, when trying to prove the workings of the solar system, Johannes Kepler, a German astronomer, explained, "If we do not confirm
the thesis, then all our previous effects have doubtless been in vain"(Kepler). The idea that one should logically think about and understand why things
happen was revolutionary. It was pointless that people assumed things before verifying that their assumption was factual.Reasoning and understanding
all areas of life in depth led to an educated population that was the renaissance. Similarly, Leonardo da Vinci, a scientist, and artist, sketched the
skeletal and muscular system of the human body for Queen Elizabeth II (da Vinci). His sketches exhibited how to human body worked the way it did
by providing visuals and explanations for each body part. He knew the internal structure of humans because at this time many scientists, such as
Herophilus, had begun to dissect the bodies of the dead as opposed to animals. The dissection of humans revolutionized the scientific world. Because of
the abundance of improvements, people viewed themselves intellectually and artistically superior to those of the Middle ages due to their adoption of

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