4. BIOSECURITY
Purpose:
Minimise risk of infection
Minimise effects of an infection
Factors Affecting Spread:
Incubation
Excretion of infection
Carriers
18. Immunity
FIGHTS INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS
Attacks body’s own cells Rejects and destroys
i.e. Autoimmune disease abnormal cells e.g. cancer cells
The Immune System
Defends the body against
Foreign (non self) antigens
Rejects foreign cells e.g.
Reactions to allergens e.g Organ transplants
Pollens, foods, drugs etc
19. Types of Immunity
I m m u n ity
I n h e r it e d A c q u i r e d N a t u r a l ly A c q u i r e d A r t i f i c i a l ly
40. MALE OR FEMALE?
Males only
First year - 10 male, 10 female, 20 dogs
Result: 60 pups produced
Population 80 dogs
Neuter 9 adult males
Second year- 1 entire male, 9 neutered
males, 10 females, 60 pups
Result: 60 more pups produced
Population 140 dogs
1 very tired but happy male
41. MALE OR FEMALE?
Females only
First year - 10 male, 10 female, 20 dogs
Result: 60 pups produced
Population 80 dogs
Neuter 9 adult females
Second year- 10 males, 9 neutered females,
1 entire female, 6 pups
Result: 6 pups produced
Population 86 dogs
45. DUTY OF CARE
An animal’s needs:
for a suitable environment
for a suitable diet
to be able to exhibit normal behaviour
patterns
to be housed with, or apart from, other
animals
to be protected from pain, suffering,
injury and disease
46. The Five Freedoms
Freedom from hunger and thirst
Freedom from discomfort
Freedom from pain, injury and disease
Freedom to express normal behaviour
Freedom from fear and distress
47. QUALITY OF LIFE
Animal’s feelings
Relationship to welfare
Affected by:
Housing
Exercise
Companionship
Feeding
Measurement
50. SUMMARY
Biosecurity – down to you
Population management – down to
your relationships
Duty of care – your management
Quality of life – needs more work
Editor's Notes
Ideally stop infection getting into shelters. Realistically aiming to minimise the risk of infection Minimise effects of infection i.e. spread within a shelter Incubation e.g. spread of infection at school/one of audience with sore throat. Go thro a period before clin sx Have to accept some admission to shelter will be incubating disease – no clinical signs, therefore cannot detect Excretion Towards end of the incubation period animals will start to shed. Excretion will be millions of organisms per gram of vomit or d+ before think it has an infection i.e. cannot say an individual is healthy, can only say it is clinically well Carriers e.g. Cat flu. Many cats end up excreting virus, may be intermittent. Shedding increases with stress. Major stress = re-homing centre/sanctuary
Direct In an ideal world all new animals would be quarantined; realistically won’t work due to the volumes taken in i.e. shaking hands / sniffing bottoms
i.e. anything a dog or cat comes into contact with Air: Kennel cough in dogs – infectious aerosol. Can sneeze around 3ft, so need at least 4ft distance between kennels across central walkway People behaviour very important in biosecurity: Staff trained Correct procedures
Zoonosis: Disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans All food poisoning organisms: Salmonella, Campylobacter 40% dogs carry Campylobacter, biggest cause of food poisoning in the UK and commonest human zoonosis in Europe. Main source poultry Each yr DT have 2-4 cases with Campylobacter. NB: If staff infected with Salmonella/Campy, will take home to their families
Remove all faeces: Clean thoroughly: smooth, impervious surfaces. Will dilute infectious material Pressure hose: useful BUT too often and will destroy material i.e. don’t do every day but as part of routine. NB: Coat oils on floor/walls – if poorly cleaned will remain in situ. Start to look soiled with grease/fat so pressure wash monthly. Disinfect: Need to mix with water to work properly. Follow correct dilution. Look at defra.gov.uk for approved disinfectants. Do not make stronger – not necessarily better. Equally weaker will be ineffective. May find 2 dilution levels – everyday use and in face of infection. If have outbreak often good to change disinfectant e.g. Trigene / Virkon. NB: Commercially made disinfectant have detergents to get into nooks and crannies. Hydrogen peroxide and chloride NOT a good substitute. Leave 20-30 mins to allow to work – won’t be effective if remove as soon as apply DRY: Essential part to complete the process. Most organsims hate drying. E.g. use sqeegee. I.e. bateria/virusesd prefer warm and wet
Walls between kennels need to be solid. Free flow of air means that disease particles not only enter central corridor but can spread from dog to dog via this route
Kennels have pop hatches which allow air to blow in from kennels to central corridor
Consider fans in central corridor pushing air through the kennels and to the outside i.e. cleanest air in central corridor
Hand washing
Ideally wash hands between each animal. Not practical in sanctuary situation, but should at least be done between blocks
Immunity: The power to resist infection or the action of certain poisons
Inherited / innate immunity e.g. horses don’t get foot and mouth, cats don’t get canine distemper, dogs don’t get FeLV NB: Be aware that immunity not immediate i.e. even if vaccinate on entry to sanctuary, may still succumb to disease
Naturally acquired immunity results from an attack of some disease from which the animal has recovered. The bodies defence in this case is the production of antibodies and cellular immunity which destroy the foreign agent. A young animal may acquire passive immunity via the placenta in utero and/or through the colostrum of its dam These acquired antibodies are known as maternally derived antibodies. (MDA)
Artificially acquired : again there are two varieties, active or passive. Active Immunity This is produced by inoculating an animal with a vaccine (ie dead or modified bacteria or virus) or with a toxoid. The vaccine or toxoid stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies and to generate a ‘memory’ so that if the disease is encountered a rapid response is mounted. Vaccine: Here the immune response is mounted to the invading organism Passive immunity This attained by injecting animal blood serum drawn from the body of an immune animal into that of another. The serum contains antibodies which enable the animal to resist infection. This gives immediate immunity but is not long lasting; it can be used in the face of infection
Feeding: Well fed better immunity Pregnancy: decreases immunity. Huge draw on body Stress decreases immunity. Take dog off streets into sanctuary, can’t choose what to do so stress levels ^^^ Drugs e.g. steroids NB: Study done a couple of years ago re stress and cortisol levels. Suggested HAC as so high. Smell other dogs but cannot see and cannot get away.
Level of immunity needs to be ABOVE the level of infection i.e. need to keep level of infection BELOW level of immunity. Do this by proper management and proper cleaning
Neonatal period is the only time in life when whole protein can be absorbed through the gut and into the body. Gut only permeable for 24-36hrs. Antibodies in first milk (colostrum only)
Higher the level of infection, more rapid the onset of disease. What does this mean? Lower levels means greater time lag before infection happens; may be the difference between being able to vaccinate and stimulate immunity. At least should reduce severity of clinical signs if not prevent altogether
Live vaccines: small, non harmful dose of the infectious agent. Will replicate in the body (hence the marked response) but will not cause disease. 4 main differences between live and killed vaccines (as listed): Greater stimulation of immune system: more dramatic response Much more rapid response i.e. rapid mobilisation due to replication of vaccine Generally single dose, but young e.g. puppies/kittens special case Immunity generally lasts longer
Killed vaccine: inoculate (inject) with a dose of the killed organism. As the organism is killed and it does not replicate in the body there is: A less dramatic response A slower response Generally 2 doses are required to achieve the required level of immunity (irrespective of the age of the individual) More frequent boosters e.g. Lepto 2 must be given annually to maintain immunity cf Nobivac DHP, live vaccine, repeat every 3 years
Quarantine is ideal i.e. keep separate for 2 weeks after entry, but not practical. Would need facility x2 current size Isolation : Any animal showing sx of disease OUT of centre and INTO isolation. i.e. any animal with any symptom. E.g. mild diarrhoea, isolate until know better Progression : of animals through centre. Less likely to be infected. Keep high risk away from low risk. Therefore at DT: Intake block: ensure no infection Re-homing block: Once been through intake Booked block: least likely infected. NB random stray pups/handovers in Dublin Cleaning starts at booked (low infection) and work towards intake (high infection). Therefore, even if limited manpower, can limit risk of disease Sectioning: If can section block e.g. 2-4 kennels then a door / 2-4 kennels then a door Putting in doors a useful way of controlling infection. i.e. stay open most of the time
In terms of selecting which to neuter, should always select female. Be consistent and have a blanket approach
Under UK animal welfare law, there is a requirement for every person that owns an animal to provide its needs; equivalent of the 5 freedoms
Need to promote and explain TNR to the municipality. Population management relies on relationship with the municipality. Need to control: rubbish (food sources) / nesting places (e.g. derelict buildings) Worms: cannot eliminate but aim to reduce risks Long term aim to get dogs off street NB: Health benefits of owning dogs
