This document discusses various ultrasound findings related to the placenta:
- Images show a normal placenta that is relatively homogeneous in texture with a hypoechoic retroplacental clear space.
- Other findings discussed include subchorionic cysts, velamentous cord insertion, vesicular mole, placental calcification, grading of the placenta, chorioangioma, succenturiate placenta, circumvallate placenta, venous lakes, and placenta previa. These images provide examples of ultrasound appearances of various normal and abnormal placental conditions.
This document discusses placental abnormalities that can be detected on prenatal sonography. It begins by covering embryology and normal placental development. It then discusses various placental abnormalities such as placental previa, accreta, infarction, and morphological abnormalities. It provides details on the sonographic findings, risk factors, and clinical implications of each abnormality. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding placental anatomy and physiology to properly identify any abnormalities and optimize outcomes for the mother and baby.
This document summarizes the sonographic evaluation of the placenta. It describes normal placental anatomy and variants. It discusses pathologies like placenta previa, vasa previa, placental abruption, and placenta accreta that can cause antepartum hemorrhage. It also covers twin gestations, placental tumors, cystic lesions, and how the placenta changes during pregnancy. Sonography is highlighted as the main imaging method for placental evaluation.
This document discusses color Doppler ultrasound techniques for fetal surveillance. It describes the anatomy of fetal and placental circulation and examines the uterine, umbilical and middle cerebral arteries. Waveform analysis using indices like S/D ratio, resistance index and pulsatility index is discussed. Normal and abnormal Doppler findings are presented along with their clinical significance and management. Precise techniques for imaging and interpreting various fetal blood vessels are provided.
USG AND DOPPLER IN DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF IUGRshiv lasune
This document discusses the use of ultrasound and Doppler in the diagnosis and management of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). It defines small for gestational age (SGA) as a fetus below the 10th percentile and describes how Doppler of the umbilical artery can help identify fetuses with IUGR, monitor disease progression, and predict outcomes. Doppler of other fetal vessels like the middle cerebral artery and ductus venosus can further evaluate the fetus and help guide management decisions. Together, Doppler studies provide both diagnostic and prognostic information useful in the care of growth restricted fetuses.
The document provides guidance on performing and interpreting a fetal anomaly scan in the second trimester. It outlines key structures to examine in the brain, head, face, thorax, heart, abdomen and gastrointestinal system. Normal anatomy is described along with variants and common anomalies. For the brain, it details the standard thalamic, ventricular and cerebellar views and structures to assess such as ventricle size and cavum septi pellucidi. Common cranial anomalies like holoprosencephaly and Dandy-Walker malformation are also outlined.
The document discusses normal early pregnancy features seen on ultrasound such as the double decidual sac sign seen before visualization of the yolk sac or embryo. It also discusses features of ectopic pregnancy such as the transvaginal ultrasound finding of a gestational sac located outside the uterine cavity, which is a reliable sign of ectopic pregnancy. Risk factors, clinical presentations, locations and ultrasound signs of ectopic pregnancy are provided, along with a brief overview of MRI and CT imaging findings that can help diagnose this condition.
Doppler ultrasound can be used in obstetrics and gynecology in several ways. It allows assessment of blood flow in various fetal and maternal vessels. In pregnancy, Doppler is commonly used to evaluate blood flow in the umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, uterine arteries, ductus venosus and other vessels. Abnormal flow patterns in these vessels can indicate fetal growth restriction, hypoxia, or the risk of conditions like preeclampsia. Doppler provides important information about fetal well-being and helps manage high-risk pregnancies.
This document discusses placental abnormalities that can be detected on prenatal sonography. It begins by covering embryology and normal placental development. It then discusses various placental abnormalities such as placental previa, accreta, infarction, and morphological abnormalities. It provides details on the sonographic findings, risk factors, and clinical implications of each abnormality. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of understanding placental anatomy and physiology to properly identify any abnormalities and optimize outcomes for the mother and baby.
This document summarizes the sonographic evaluation of the placenta. It describes normal placental anatomy and variants. It discusses pathologies like placenta previa, vasa previa, placental abruption, and placenta accreta that can cause antepartum hemorrhage. It also covers twin gestations, placental tumors, cystic lesions, and how the placenta changes during pregnancy. Sonography is highlighted as the main imaging method for placental evaluation.
This document discusses color Doppler ultrasound techniques for fetal surveillance. It describes the anatomy of fetal and placental circulation and examines the uterine, umbilical and middle cerebral arteries. Waveform analysis using indices like S/D ratio, resistance index and pulsatility index is discussed. Normal and abnormal Doppler findings are presented along with their clinical significance and management. Precise techniques for imaging and interpreting various fetal blood vessels are provided.
USG AND DOPPLER IN DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF IUGRshiv lasune
This document discusses the use of ultrasound and Doppler in the diagnosis and management of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). It defines small for gestational age (SGA) as a fetus below the 10th percentile and describes how Doppler of the umbilical artery can help identify fetuses with IUGR, monitor disease progression, and predict outcomes. Doppler of other fetal vessels like the middle cerebral artery and ductus venosus can further evaluate the fetus and help guide management decisions. Together, Doppler studies provide both diagnostic and prognostic information useful in the care of growth restricted fetuses.
The document provides guidance on performing and interpreting a fetal anomaly scan in the second trimester. It outlines key structures to examine in the brain, head, face, thorax, heart, abdomen and gastrointestinal system. Normal anatomy is described along with variants and common anomalies. For the brain, it details the standard thalamic, ventricular and cerebellar views and structures to assess such as ventricle size and cavum septi pellucidi. Common cranial anomalies like holoprosencephaly and Dandy-Walker malformation are also outlined.
The document discusses normal early pregnancy features seen on ultrasound such as the double decidual sac sign seen before visualization of the yolk sac or embryo. It also discusses features of ectopic pregnancy such as the transvaginal ultrasound finding of a gestational sac located outside the uterine cavity, which is a reliable sign of ectopic pregnancy. Risk factors, clinical presentations, locations and ultrasound signs of ectopic pregnancy are provided, along with a brief overview of MRI and CT imaging findings that can help diagnose this condition.
Doppler ultrasound can be used in obstetrics and gynecology in several ways. It allows assessment of blood flow in various fetal and maternal vessels. In pregnancy, Doppler is commonly used to evaluate blood flow in the umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, uterine arteries, ductus venosus and other vessels. Abnormal flow patterns in these vessels can indicate fetal growth restriction, hypoxia, or the risk of conditions like preeclampsia. Doppler provides important information about fetal well-being and helps manage high-risk pregnancies.
Level II ultrasound aims to assess fetal anatomy and identify structural abnormalities. It involves a detailed scan of the fetal head, chest, abdomen, and limbs between 18-22 weeks. Key steps include measuring fetal biometry, examining the brain, heart, kidneys, and bones. Abnormalities like organ defects, skeletal dysplasias, and soft markers for genetic conditions are evaluated. Advanced techniques like 3D and 4D ultrasound help depict facial anomalies and aid diagnosis. A thorough Level II scan provides crucial information about fetal well-being and development.
The document discusses BI-RADS, a standardized system for breast imaging reporting and assessment. It provides standardized terminology (descriptors) for mammography, ultrasound, and MRI findings. All breast imaging reports should adhere closely to the BI-RADS lexicon and assessment categories to reduce confusion and facilitate outcome monitoring. The document also discusses different breast tissue compositions, common benign and suspicious findings on mammograms such as asymmetries and calcifications, and how these findings are classified and should be reported.
This document provides information on placental grading and ultrasound appearance of the placenta. It describes the four grades of placental maturity based on ultrasound findings. Grade 0 is seen in the first trimester and is characterized by a smooth echopattern. Grades 1-3 are seen later in pregnancy and are distinguished by the presence and pattern of calcifications. Abnormal placenta features like circumvallate, succenturiate lobe, and membranous placentas are also described. The document concludes with descriptions of twinning ultrasound signs and examples of placental hematomas.
1) Early pregnancy ultrasound is used to evaluate normal and abnormal early pregnancies through assessing gestational sac location, structure, viability, dating and number. It can also screen for fetal abnormalities and assist with procedures.
2) Sonographic signs of normal early pregnancy include identifying the gestational sac, yolk sac, embryo/fetus and presence of cardiac activity. Dating is based on mean sac diameter from 5-9 weeks and crown-rump length from 6-12 weeks.
3) Abnormal findings include failed early pregnancy, pregnancy of uncertain viability, pregnancy of unknown location, ectopic pregnancy, molar pregnancy, and retained products of conception. Precise diagnosis requires correlating ultrasound findings with hCG
Presentation1, radiological imaging of placenta accreta.Abdellah Nazeer
1. The document discusses radiological imaging of placenta accreta, specifically focusing on ultrasound and MRI findings.
2. Key ultrasound findings that suggest placenta accreta include placental lacunae, disruption of normal color Doppler blood flow patterns in the myometrium, loss of the retroplacental clear space, and reduced myometrial thickness.
3. Important MRI findings include uterine bulging, heterogeneous placental signal intensity, and dark intraplacental bands on T2-weighted images. Visualization of direct placental invasion of the bladder is also suggestive of placenta percreta.
Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to evaluate blood flow and was first used in 1977 to study umbilical artery flow. It measures the Doppler shift in echoes from moving blood cells to determine flow velocity. Fetal vessels commonly assessed include the umbilical artery, which provides information on placental perfusion, and the middle cerebral artery, which indicates fetal oxygenation status. Doppler ultrasound can detect signs of fetal hypoxia like increased end-diastolic flow in the MCA, and meta-analyses found it reduces perinatal deaths and inductions when used for monitoring high-risk pregnancies.
This document discusses fetal lateral ventriculomegaly seen on prenatal sonograms. It defines mild ventriculomegaly as lateral ventricle width of 10-15mm and overt or frank hydrocephalus as over 15mm. For mild cases, further evaluation with fetal MRI, ECG, karyotyping and corpus callosum assessment is recommended. Unilateral ventriculomegaly is usually benign while bilateral may be associated with neural tube defects or midline anomalies. Signs like dangling choroid plexus or anomalies of the posterior fossa/central canal can also be seen.
Doppler us in the evaluation of fetal growthSumiya Arshad
This document discusses the use of Doppler ultrasound to diagnose and monitor fetal growth restriction. It outlines the current definitions of fetal growth restriction, techniques for obtaining Doppler waveforms of various fetal vessels, and what abnormal Doppler readings indicate in terms of fetal wellbeing and risk of adverse outcomes. Specifically, it describes how umbilical, middle cerebral, and ductus venosus artery Dopplers can identify fetuses with placental insufficiency and help guide management decisions.
This document discusses imaging techniques for evaluating bowel obstruction, including radiography and CT. It covers the clinical presentation, imaging features, and causes of gastric, small bowel, and large bowel obstruction. Key points include using CT to identify the location and cause of obstruction, assess for complications like strangulation or closed loop obstruction that may require emergent surgery. The most common causes of small bowel obstruction are adhesions, hernias, and malignancies, while large bowel obstruction is usually due to malignancy, volvulus, or diverticulitis in older patients.
This document discusses color Doppler ultrasound in the evaluation of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). It provides details on:
1. Changes seen in the fetal circulation in IUGR, including increased placental resistance seen on umbilical artery Doppler leading to absent or reversed end diastolic flow in severe cases.
2. Brain sparing effect seen on middle cerebral artery Doppler in IUGR fetuses, shown as increased diastolic flow.
3. Changes in the ductus venosus Doppler waveform seen in IUGR, from decreased forward flow to eventual reversal, indicating worsening fetal hypoxia and myocardial dysfunction.
Ultrasonography is useful for evaluating the normal ovary and detecting abnormalities. A normal ovary appears hypoechoic and contains multiple small follicles. During ovulation, a corpus luteum forms which appears as a solid or cystic structure. Polycystic ovary syndrome is diagnosed based on the number of follicles present. Ultrasonography can also detect cysts, masses, ectopic pregnancies and other ovarian pathologies. It is an important tool for assessing ovarian function and guiding fertility treatments.
Basic ultrasound in O&G can be used to confirm and date pregnancies, screen for abnormalities, and evaluate problems in early pregnancy. Key applications include using scans from 4-5 weeks to detect a gestational sac and fetal pole, measuring the crown-rump length from 6-12 weeks to date the pregnancy, screening for issues like ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage, and assessing fetal growth and anatomy later in pregnancy. Ultrasound is also used for gynecological conditions like fibroids, cysts and infertility workups.
This document discusses techniques and markers for first trimester screening for chromosomal defects. It provides information on screening for defects like Trisomy 21 and 18 through assessment of nuchal translucency, fetal heart rate, serum biochemistry, and new ultrasound markers such as nasal bone, facial angle, ductus venosus flow, and tricuspid flow. It also describes techniques for performing the scans and measurements and interpreting the various markers to determine risk of chromosomal abnormalities.
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound examination of the uterus and ovaries.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses ultrasound examination of the uterus and ovaries. It provides information on normal ultrasound anatomy and techniques for imaging the uterus longitudinally, transversely, and transvaginally. Common pathologies that can be identified include fibroids, polyps, cysts, cancers, and other masses. The roles of ultrasound include examining the pelvic organs, classifying masses, and guiding procedures. Indications for ultrasound and common ultrasound findings are summarized.
This document discusses imaging of the placenta. Sonography is the preferred imaging modality for evaluating the placenta due to its ability to characterize tissue without radiation exposure. Magnetic resonance imaging can provide additional information, particularly for invasive placental processes like placenta accreta. Computed tomography has a limited role due to poorer tissue characterization and radiation risk to the fetus. The document describes normal placental anatomy and variants, as well as placental pathologies that can cause antepartum hemorrhage like placenta previa, placental abruption, and placental hematomas.
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound examination of the 2nd & 3rd trimester pregnancy.Abdellah Nazeer
This document provides guidance on performing an ultrasound examination of the fetus in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. It details the standard views and measurements that should be obtained, including images of the head, heart, abdomen, limbs and other structures. Potential abnormalities are also listed for each structure. Fetal echocardiography is important for detecting congenital cardiac defects, which occur in 2-6.5% of live births and can have serious consequences if not identified prenatally.
The document discusses various ultrasound findings related to the placenta. It describes normal placenta appearance and grading. It also describes various placental pathologies like subchorionic cyst, velamentous cord insertion, molar pregnancy, placental chorioangioma, succenturiate and circumvallate placenta, venous lake, and placenta previa. It also discusses placental abruption and retained products of conception. In summary, the document provides an overview of ultrasound evaluation of the placenta with descriptions of normal variants and various placental abnormalities.
Hình ảnh siêu âm cơ bản thai nhi quý 1 2 3 AIUM 2019 Võ Tá Sơn
This document provides an overview of ultrasound examinations in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. It describes the key anatomical structures that should be imaged and evaluated during each trimester exam, including the gestational sac, yolk sac, fetal heart rate, measurements, and anatomy. Potential abnormalities that may be observed are also outlined. Guidelines are provided for documenting examination findings.
Level II ultrasound aims to assess fetal anatomy and identify structural abnormalities. It involves a detailed scan of the fetal head, chest, abdomen, and limbs between 18-22 weeks. Key steps include measuring fetal biometry, examining the brain, heart, kidneys, and bones. Abnormalities like organ defects, skeletal dysplasias, and soft markers for genetic conditions are evaluated. Advanced techniques like 3D and 4D ultrasound help depict facial anomalies and aid diagnosis. A thorough Level II scan provides crucial information about fetal well-being and development.
The document discusses BI-RADS, a standardized system for breast imaging reporting and assessment. It provides standardized terminology (descriptors) for mammography, ultrasound, and MRI findings. All breast imaging reports should adhere closely to the BI-RADS lexicon and assessment categories to reduce confusion and facilitate outcome monitoring. The document also discusses different breast tissue compositions, common benign and suspicious findings on mammograms such as asymmetries and calcifications, and how these findings are classified and should be reported.
This document provides information on placental grading and ultrasound appearance of the placenta. It describes the four grades of placental maturity based on ultrasound findings. Grade 0 is seen in the first trimester and is characterized by a smooth echopattern. Grades 1-3 are seen later in pregnancy and are distinguished by the presence and pattern of calcifications. Abnormal placenta features like circumvallate, succenturiate lobe, and membranous placentas are also described. The document concludes with descriptions of twinning ultrasound signs and examples of placental hematomas.
1) Early pregnancy ultrasound is used to evaluate normal and abnormal early pregnancies through assessing gestational sac location, structure, viability, dating and number. It can also screen for fetal abnormalities and assist with procedures.
2) Sonographic signs of normal early pregnancy include identifying the gestational sac, yolk sac, embryo/fetus and presence of cardiac activity. Dating is based on mean sac diameter from 5-9 weeks and crown-rump length from 6-12 weeks.
3) Abnormal findings include failed early pregnancy, pregnancy of uncertain viability, pregnancy of unknown location, ectopic pregnancy, molar pregnancy, and retained products of conception. Precise diagnosis requires correlating ultrasound findings with hCG
Presentation1, radiological imaging of placenta accreta.Abdellah Nazeer
1. The document discusses radiological imaging of placenta accreta, specifically focusing on ultrasound and MRI findings.
2. Key ultrasound findings that suggest placenta accreta include placental lacunae, disruption of normal color Doppler blood flow patterns in the myometrium, loss of the retroplacental clear space, and reduced myometrial thickness.
3. Important MRI findings include uterine bulging, heterogeneous placental signal intensity, and dark intraplacental bands on T2-weighted images. Visualization of direct placental invasion of the bladder is also suggestive of placenta percreta.
Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to evaluate blood flow and was first used in 1977 to study umbilical artery flow. It measures the Doppler shift in echoes from moving blood cells to determine flow velocity. Fetal vessels commonly assessed include the umbilical artery, which provides information on placental perfusion, and the middle cerebral artery, which indicates fetal oxygenation status. Doppler ultrasound can detect signs of fetal hypoxia like increased end-diastolic flow in the MCA, and meta-analyses found it reduces perinatal deaths and inductions when used for monitoring high-risk pregnancies.
This document discusses fetal lateral ventriculomegaly seen on prenatal sonograms. It defines mild ventriculomegaly as lateral ventricle width of 10-15mm and overt or frank hydrocephalus as over 15mm. For mild cases, further evaluation with fetal MRI, ECG, karyotyping and corpus callosum assessment is recommended. Unilateral ventriculomegaly is usually benign while bilateral may be associated with neural tube defects or midline anomalies. Signs like dangling choroid plexus or anomalies of the posterior fossa/central canal can also be seen.
Doppler us in the evaluation of fetal growthSumiya Arshad
This document discusses the use of Doppler ultrasound to diagnose and monitor fetal growth restriction. It outlines the current definitions of fetal growth restriction, techniques for obtaining Doppler waveforms of various fetal vessels, and what abnormal Doppler readings indicate in terms of fetal wellbeing and risk of adverse outcomes. Specifically, it describes how umbilical, middle cerebral, and ductus venosus artery Dopplers can identify fetuses with placental insufficiency and help guide management decisions.
This document discusses imaging techniques for evaluating bowel obstruction, including radiography and CT. It covers the clinical presentation, imaging features, and causes of gastric, small bowel, and large bowel obstruction. Key points include using CT to identify the location and cause of obstruction, assess for complications like strangulation or closed loop obstruction that may require emergent surgery. The most common causes of small bowel obstruction are adhesions, hernias, and malignancies, while large bowel obstruction is usually due to malignancy, volvulus, or diverticulitis in older patients.
This document discusses color Doppler ultrasound in the evaluation of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). It provides details on:
1. Changes seen in the fetal circulation in IUGR, including increased placental resistance seen on umbilical artery Doppler leading to absent or reversed end diastolic flow in severe cases.
2. Brain sparing effect seen on middle cerebral artery Doppler in IUGR fetuses, shown as increased diastolic flow.
3. Changes in the ductus venosus Doppler waveform seen in IUGR, from decreased forward flow to eventual reversal, indicating worsening fetal hypoxia and myocardial dysfunction.
Ultrasonography is useful for evaluating the normal ovary and detecting abnormalities. A normal ovary appears hypoechoic and contains multiple small follicles. During ovulation, a corpus luteum forms which appears as a solid or cystic structure. Polycystic ovary syndrome is diagnosed based on the number of follicles present. Ultrasonography can also detect cysts, masses, ectopic pregnancies and other ovarian pathologies. It is an important tool for assessing ovarian function and guiding fertility treatments.
Basic ultrasound in O&G can be used to confirm and date pregnancies, screen for abnormalities, and evaluate problems in early pregnancy. Key applications include using scans from 4-5 weeks to detect a gestational sac and fetal pole, measuring the crown-rump length from 6-12 weeks to date the pregnancy, screening for issues like ectopic pregnancy or miscarriage, and assessing fetal growth and anatomy later in pregnancy. Ultrasound is also used for gynecological conditions like fibroids, cysts and infertility workups.
This document discusses techniques and markers for first trimester screening for chromosomal defects. It provides information on screening for defects like Trisomy 21 and 18 through assessment of nuchal translucency, fetal heart rate, serum biochemistry, and new ultrasound markers such as nasal bone, facial angle, ductus venosus flow, and tricuspid flow. It also describes techniques for performing the scans and measurements and interpreting the various markers to determine risk of chromosomal abnormalities.
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound examination of the uterus and ovaries.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses ultrasound examination of the uterus and ovaries. It provides information on normal ultrasound anatomy and techniques for imaging the uterus longitudinally, transversely, and transvaginally. Common pathologies that can be identified include fibroids, polyps, cysts, cancers, and other masses. The roles of ultrasound include examining the pelvic organs, classifying masses, and guiding procedures. Indications for ultrasound and common ultrasound findings are summarized.
This document discusses imaging of the placenta. Sonography is the preferred imaging modality for evaluating the placenta due to its ability to characterize tissue without radiation exposure. Magnetic resonance imaging can provide additional information, particularly for invasive placental processes like placenta accreta. Computed tomography has a limited role due to poorer tissue characterization and radiation risk to the fetus. The document describes normal placental anatomy and variants, as well as placental pathologies that can cause antepartum hemorrhage like placenta previa, placental abruption, and placental hematomas.
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound examination of the 2nd & 3rd trimester pregnancy.Abdellah Nazeer
This document provides guidance on performing an ultrasound examination of the fetus in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. It details the standard views and measurements that should be obtained, including images of the head, heart, abdomen, limbs and other structures. Potential abnormalities are also listed for each structure. Fetal echocardiography is important for detecting congenital cardiac defects, which occur in 2-6.5% of live births and can have serious consequences if not identified prenatally.
The document discusses various ultrasound findings related to the placenta. It describes normal placenta appearance and grading. It also describes various placental pathologies like subchorionic cyst, velamentous cord insertion, molar pregnancy, placental chorioangioma, succenturiate and circumvallate placenta, venous lake, and placenta previa. It also discusses placental abruption and retained products of conception. In summary, the document provides an overview of ultrasound evaluation of the placenta with descriptions of normal variants and various placental abnormalities.
Hình ảnh siêu âm cơ bản thai nhi quý 1 2 3 AIUM 2019 Võ Tá Sơn
This document provides an overview of ultrasound examinations in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. It describes the key anatomical structures that should be imaged and evaluated during each trimester exam, including the gestational sac, yolk sac, fetal heart rate, measurements, and anatomy. Potential abnormalities that may be observed are also outlined. Guidelines are provided for documenting examination findings.
This document discusses placental invasion and its ultrasound diagnosis. It defines placental accreta, increta, and percreta as abnormal placental attachments that can be life-threatening. The incidence of these conditions has increased with rising C-section rates. Proper prenatal ultrasound diagnosis allows for well-planned management and decreases morbidity. Grayscale, color Doppler, and 3D power Doppler ultrasound can detect signs like lacunae, vascular lakes, and myometrial thinning that suggest placental invasion. MRI may also help diagnosis but ultrasound remains the primary diagnostic tool due to its availability and low cost.
Abnormalities of the placenta are important to recognize owing to the potential for maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Pathologic conditions of the placenta include
Placental causes of hemorrhage,
Gestational trophoblastic disease,
Retained products of conception,
Nontrophoblastic placental tumors, metastases, and
Cystic lesions..
New microsoft office power point presentationRiyadhWaheed
This document discusses the role of 3D ultrasound in evaluating uterine diseases and anomalies. It begins by reviewing female reproductive tract embryology. It then describes the American Fertility Society's 7-class system for classifying Müllerian duct anomalies, including uterine agenesis, unicornuate uterus, bicornuate uterus, septate uterus, and DES exposure anomalies. It discusses how 3D ultrasound and MRI can be used to distinguish between septate and bicornuate anomalies. The document also discusses how 3D ultrasound can be used to measure endometrial volume and vascularity, which are important indicators of endometrial receptivity and pregnancy potential.
This document provides an overview of the placenta and its abnormalities. It begins with definitions of the placenta and discusses its embryological development. The structure and functions of the placenta are described, including its role in fetal circulation, maternal circulation, gas/nutrient exchange, and hormone production. Various placental abnormalities are outlined such as placenta previa. The structure and insertions of the umbilical cord are also reviewed.
This document provides an overview of the placenta and its abnormalities. It discusses the placenta's structure, functions, circulation patterns, common abnormalities, and the umbilical cord. The placenta exchanges oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother and fetus. It also produces important hormones. Common abnormalities include placenta previa, bipartite placenta, and velamentous cord insertion which can cause bleeding. The document aims to provide a holistic understanding of the placenta and its role in fetal development.
- The document describes the equipment, procedure, and findings of a hysterosalpingogram (HSG). An HSG uses fluoroscopy and radiopaque contrast to visualize the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes.
- The procedure involves inserting a catheter into the cervix and injecting contrast while taking x-ray images. Abnormal findings may indicate conditions like uterine anomalies, fibroids, adhesions, or tubal blockages.
- Complications are generally minor but can include pain, spotting, or rarely infection or contrast reaction. The HSG provides important information to evaluate infertility or other gynecological conditions.
This document discusses the mechanisms and management of labor. It defines labor as the process by which the fetus is expelled from the uterus through contractions and cervical change. Full term pregnancy is considered 40 weeks. Labor physiology involves regular uterine contractions mediated by hormones as the myometrium has sparse innervation. The regulation of labor involves four phases with phase 0 keeping the uterus quiet and phase 3 involving uterine involution. For successful vaginal delivery, three factors must be considered - the power (contractions), passage (maternal pelvis), and passenger (fetus). Fetal presentation, lie, position and station can influence whether vaginal delivery is possible.
- Palpates fetal back anteriorly.
- Applies counter pressure over fetal back to prevent version.
Obstetrician:
- Applies pressure over fetal presenting part (breech) to flex it.
- Applies pressure over fetal back to extend it.
- Applies pressure over fetal head to flex it.
- Rotates fetal presenting part out of pelvis.
- Rotates fetal head into pelvis.
• Version is complete when head engages.
Osama Warda 34
BREECH PRESENTATION- MANAGEMENT
BREECH
PRESENTATION-
MANAGEMENT
Osama
Ward
The document discusses barium examinations of the GI tract. Barium sulfate is commonly used as a contrast medium as it is radioopaque and coats the walls of hollow organs, allowing visualization on x-ray. Examinations include barium swallow to examine the esophagus, barium meal for stomach and duodenum, small bowel follow through, and barium enema for the large bowel. Indications, techniques, findings, and limitations are described for each examination. Common abnormalities that can be detected include ulcers, strictures, masses, and cancers.
This document discusses transvaginal ultrasound assessment of the female reproductive system for infertility diagnosis and treatment. It covers evaluation of the uterus, including endometrial thickness, uterine anomalies, fibroids, adenomyosis, and other abnormalities. It also discusses ovarian assessment including volume, antral follicle count, polycystic ovary syndrome, cysts, and diminished ovarian reserve. Key diagnostic features of structures like the corpus luteum are also summarized. The document provides guidance on using ultrasound to evaluate infertility and monitor treatment.
This document discusses various obstetric emergencies that can occur during pregnancy including bleeding, ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, and other complications. It provides details on the symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and ultrasound findings of conditions like threatened miscarriage, incomplete miscarriage, missed miscarriage, and ectopic pregnancy. Key signs of ectopic pregnancy on ultrasound include an adnexal mass separate from the ovary, tubal ring sign, complex ovarian cyst, and free fluid in the pelvis. Differential diagnosis of early pregnancy complications considers beta-hCG levels and serial measurements.
This document discusses vitelline duct (also called the yolk stalk or omphalomesenteric duct), which is the embryonic structure that connects the midgut of an embryo to the yolk sac. It provides details on the constituents of the vitelline duct including vitelline veins and arteries. Doppler values for the vitelline artery are also presented. The document then discusses arachnoid cysts, including their locations, differential diagnosis depending on location, and fetal MR and ultrasound images of a large arachnoid cyst.
This document discusses fetal neurosonography and the sonographic appearance of fetal brain structures throughout gestation. It begins with an overview of embryonic brain development and the division of the brain into sections. It then examines how the appearance of specific structures changes with gestational age, including the posterior fossa, lateral ventricles, and cerebellum. Serial images demonstrate the maturation and relationships between structures over time. The role of 3D imaging in examining the posterior fossa is also mentioned.
Imaging abdomen trauma uterine trauma part 11 Dr Ahmed EsawyAHMED ESAWY
Imaging abdomen trauma uterine trauma part 11 dr ahmed esawy
blunt abdominal trauma
penetrating abdominal trauma
fast abdominal ultrasound
haemoperitoneum
pneumoperitoneum
american association of surgeon in trauma AAST
SUBCAPSULAR HAEMATOMA
PARENCHYMAL LACERATION
include different cases for oral radiodiagnosis examination all over the world
CT /MRI Plain X ray images
UTERINE RUPTURE
UTERINE LACERATION
UTERINE CONTUSION
FETAL TRAUMA
This document provides rationales for questions from the 2007 ACR Diagnostic Radiology In-Training Exam related to ultrasound imaging. It discusses the correct answers and rationales for questions regarding various pathologies seen on ultrasound of the uterus, testes, kidneys, abdomen and fetal anatomy. Key details include identifying a cornual pregnancy based on its location, tubular ectasia of the rete testis in an older male, medullary nephrocalcinosis seen as echogenic renal pyramids, the left renal vein in the transverse abdominal image, and measuring fetal head circumference at the level of the thalami and cavum septi pellucidi.
Anorectal malformations (ARMs) are congenital anomalies involving the distal anus and rectum. ARMs can involve the urinary and genital tracts in many cases and the spine is often involved as well. ARMs occur due to abnormalities in the development of the embryonic cloaca. Imaging studies like ultrasound and MRI are important for evaluating ARMs and any associated anomalies. Pelvic floor musculature anatomy is key to understanding ARMs and their surgical treatment.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
2. Normal placentaNormal placenta
US image shows aUS image shows a
placenta that isplacenta that is
relativelyrelatively
homogeneous inhomogeneous in
echo-texture.echo-texture.
The retroplacentalThe retroplacental
clear space isclear space is
hypoechoichypoechoic
(arrowheads).(arrowheads).
3. Normal placentaNormal placenta
Normal placentaNormal placenta.. ((aa)) USUS
image shows a placentaimage shows a placenta ((PP))
that is relatively homogeneousthat is relatively homogeneous
in echoin echo--texturetexture..
TheThe retroplacental clear spaceretroplacental clear space
is hypoechoicis hypoechoic ((arrowheadsarrowheads).).
((bb)) Sagittal singleSagittal single--shot fastshot fast
spinspin--echoecho ((SSFSESSFSE)) T2-T2-
weighted MR image shows aweighted MR image shows a
placentaplacenta ((PP)) with intermediatewith intermediate
signal intensitysignal intensity.. The dark lineThe dark line
represents the retroplacentalrepresents the retroplacental
clear spaceclear space ((arrowheadsarrowheads).).
4. subchorionic cyst of the placentasubchorionic cyst of the placenta.. AlsoAlso
known as membranous cyst, chorionicknown as membranous cyst, chorionic
cystcyst
cystic lesion of thecystic lesion of the
placenta, just belowplacenta, just below
the placentalthe placental
surfacesurface.. Few mobileFew mobile
echoes were seenechoes were seen
within the lesionwithin the lesion..
This finding isThis finding is
generally consideredgenerally considered
to be clinically ofto be clinically of
little significancelittle significance..
5. Velamentous insertion of umbilicalVelamentous insertion of umbilical
cord into placentacord into placenta
These color dopplerThese color doppler
images showimages show thethe
umbilical cordumbilical cord
inserting into theinserting into the
placental membranesplacental membranes
before reaching thebefore reaching the
placental tissueplacental tissue
properproper..
6. Vesicular moleVesicular mole ((also called Molaralso called Molar
pregnancy or Hydatidiform molepregnancy or Hydatidiform mole)) in 1stin 1st
trimestertrimester
Sonography of the uterus wasSonography of the uterus was
done in this 1st trimesterdone in this 1st trimester
pregnancypregnancy.. aa)) HyperechoicHyperechoic
mass in the uterine cavitymass in the uterine cavity
with multiple cysticwith multiple cystic
spaces within itspaces within it.. bb)) UterusUterus
is enlargedis enlarged ((bulkybulky)) cc)) TheThe
myometrium is hypoechoicmyometrium is hypoechoic
compared to the contents ofcompared to the contents of
the uterine cavitythe uterine cavity.. TheseThese
appearances can be likened toappearances can be likened to
aa ""snowstormsnowstorm""
8. Vesicular moleVesicular mole
CT image of a patient with aCT image of a patient with a ββ--
hCG level of 620,000 mIUhCG level of 620,000 mIU//mLmL
shows :shows :
a predominantlya predominantly lowlow--
attenuation mass in the uterusattenuation mass in the uterus
with heterogeneous foci ofwith heterogeneous foci of
internal enhancementinternal enhancement..
Pathologic examinationPathologic examination
demonstrated a complete moledemonstrated a complete mole
without myometrial invasionwithout myometrial invasion..
enlarged ovary with thecaenlarged ovary with theca
lutein cystslutein cysts.. CT can be used toCT can be used to
assess for invasion byassess for invasion by
gestational trophoblasticgestational trophoblastic
diseasedisease..
9. Placental calcificationPlacental calcification
This 3rd trimesterThis 3rd trimester
pregnancy showspregnancy shows
extensive calcification ofextensive calcification of
the basal platethe basal plate ((uterine oruterine or
maternal surfacematernal surface)) of theof the
placentaplacenta.. Clinically andClinically and
pathologically, calcificpathologically, calcific
changes of placenta havechanges of placenta have
no significanceno significance..
12. Grade 2Grade 2
Grade 2Grade 2
Late 3rd trimester (~30Late 3rd trimester (~30
wks to delivery)wks to delivery)
Larger indentationsLarger indentations alongalong
chorionic platechorionic plate
Larger calcificationsLarger calcifications in ain a
“dot-dash” configuration“dot-dash” configuration
along the basilar platealong the basilar plate
13. Grade 3Grade 3
Grade 3Grade 3
39 wks – post dates39 wks – post dates
Complete indentations ofComplete indentations of
chorionicchorionic plate through to theplate through to the
basilar plate creatingbasilar plate creating
“cotyledons” (portions of“cotyledons” (portions of
placenta separated by theplacenta separated by the
indentations)indentations)
More irregular calcificationsMore irregular calcifications withwith
significant shadowingsignificant shadowing
May signify placentalMay signify placental
dysmaturity which can causedysmaturity which can cause
IUGRIUGR
Associated with smoking,Associated with smoking,
chronic hypertension, SLE,chronic hypertension, SLE,
diabetesdiabetes
14.
15. placental chorioangiomaplacental chorioangioma
Sonography of the placenta inSonography of the placenta in
this 16 week pregnancy showsthis 16 week pregnancy shows
a large, solid mass, that is nona large, solid mass, that is non
calcific and shows mildcalcific and shows mild
vascularity (vascular) andvascularity (vascular) and
excludes placental hematomaexcludes placental hematoma..
and shows many cystic spacesand shows many cystic spaces
within itwithin it.. This tumor of theThis tumor of the
placenta lies close to the cordplacenta lies close to the cord
insertion siteinsertion site.. UltrasoundUltrasound
images of this type of placentalimages of this type of placental
mass are highly suggestive ofmass are highly suggestive of
placental chorioangiomaplacental chorioangioma..
19. Succenturiate placentaSuccenturiate placenta
This was a 3rd trimester pregnancyThis was a 3rd trimester pregnancy
showing part of the placenta along theshowing part of the placenta along the
anterior wall of the uterus (SUCCENT PL),anterior wall of the uterus (SUCCENT PL),
and the main part of the placenta alongand the main part of the placenta along
the posterior wall (PL).the posterior wall (PL). The sucenturiateThe sucenturiate
lobe of placenta is connected to the mainlobe of placenta is connected to the main
placenta by a string of blood vessels.placenta by a string of blood vessels.
21. Circumvallate placentaCircumvallate placenta
Infolding of the margins of the placentaInfolding of the margins of the placenta..
This condition is a normal variant and is produced due to the factThis condition is a normal variant and is produced due to the fact
that in this case, the chorionic platethat in this case, the chorionic plate ((fetal surfacefetal surface)) of the placenta isof the placenta is
smaller than the basal platesmaller than the basal plate ((surface in contact with the uterine wallsurface in contact with the uterine wall
or deciduaor decidua)) of the placenta with resultant shouldering or infoldingof the placenta with resultant shouldering or infolding//
rolling of the placental marginsrolling of the placental margins.. This condition isThis condition is
called circumvallate placenta and usuallycalled circumvallate placenta and usually
causescauses no harm to the fetusno harm to the fetus.. However, itHowever, it
cancan sometimes be associated withsometimes be associated with
increased chances of placental abruptionincreased chances of placental abruption
and hemorrhage.and hemorrhage.
24. Placental venous lakePlacental venous lake
This placenta, in a 28 week pregnancy shows aThis placenta, in a 28 week pregnancy shows a
large hypoechoiclarge hypoechoic ((almost anechoicalmost anechoic)), measuring, measuring
5 x 3.5 cms5 x 3.5 cms.. in sizein size.. Some particulate matterSome particulate matter
was seen flowing through this area, which waswas seen flowing through this area, which was
closer to the fetal surface of the placentacloser to the fetal surface of the placenta.. TheseThese
ultrasound images suggest a typical appearanceultrasound images suggest a typical appearance
of a large venous lake in the placentaof a large venous lake in the placenta.. ColorColor
Doppler image showed no major flow patternDoppler image showed no major flow pattern
within this placental lakewithin this placental lake.. The fine, echogenicThe fine, echogenic
strands within the lesion appear to be nothingstrands within the lesion appear to be nothing
more than artefacts produced by slow flowingmore than artefacts produced by slow flowing
blood within the lesionblood within the lesion..
27. The above ultrasound and color Doppler images show theThe above ultrasound and color Doppler images show the
lower margin of the placenta partially covering the internallower margin of the placenta partially covering the internal
os, suggestingos, suggesting partial placenta previapartial placenta previa..
28. Placenta previaPlacenta previa
One point to be noted is that placenta previa isOne point to be noted is that placenta previa is
diagnosed in the 2nd and 3rd trimester ofdiagnosed in the 2nd and 3rd trimester of
pregnancy, and that normal uterine contractionspregnancy, and that normal uterine contractions
can cause the placenta to becan cause the placenta to be ""pushedpushed"" lowerlower
down its normal position, creating andown its normal position, creating an
appearance of placenta previaappearance of placenta previa ((a false positivea false positive
diagnosis of placenta previadiagnosis of placenta previa).). Hence it isHence it is
advisable to repeat the ultrasound scan after 30advisable to repeat the ultrasound scan after 30
minutes to exclude a false diagnosis of thisminutes to exclude a false diagnosis of this
conditioncondition..
29. Placenta previaPlacenta previa
This ultrasound image showsThis ultrasound image shows
the placenta completelythe placenta completely
covering the internal os , thuscovering the internal os , thus
diagnostic ofdiagnostic of completecomplete
placenta previaplacenta previa..
Follow up ultrasonography isFollow up ultrasonography is
advisable in all cases of placentaadvisable in all cases of placenta
previa, to look for ascent of theprevia, to look for ascent of the
placenta to a higher position dueplacenta to a higher position due
to the growth of the uterusto the growth of the uterus.. SuchSuch
cases of placenta previacases of placenta previa ((bothboth
partial and completepartial and complete)) areare inin
danger of hemorrhagedanger of hemorrhage
((antepartumantepartum)) and are advisedand are advised
rest to prevent thisrest to prevent this..
33. Retained products of conceptionRetained products of conception//
retained placentaretained placenta
34. Retained products of conceptionRetained products of conception//
retained placentaretained placenta
The above ultrasound images showThe above ultrasound images show a post partum uterus ona post partum uterus on
transabdominal sonographytransabdominal sonography.. There is a hyperechoicThere is a hyperechoic
mass within the endometrial cavity measuring 8 x 5 cmsmass within the endometrial cavity measuring 8 x 5 cms..
The color Doppler ultrasound image shows poor vascularity of theThe color Doppler ultrasound image shows poor vascularity of the
mass and the endometriummass and the endometrium..
note that the endometrial mass is eccentric within the cavitynote that the endometrial mass is eccentric within the cavity-- thethe
anterior myometrium is thicker whilst the posterior wall of the uterusanterior myometrium is thicker whilst the posterior wall of the uterus
is thinneris thinner.. The placenta was not expelled at the time of deliveryThe placenta was not expelled at the time of delivery..
Absence of vascularity or poor flow does not rule outAbsence of vascularity or poor flow does not rule out
retained products of conceptionretained products of conception// retained placentaretained placenta..
The single most important sign of retained products ofThe single most important sign of retained products of
conception is the large endometrialconception is the large endometrial massmass.. Other signs ofOther signs of
retained placenta or products include complex fluid orretained placenta or products include complex fluid or
thickened endometriumthickened endometrium ((more than 10 mmmore than 10 mm..((..
37. Bilobed placentaBilobed placenta: (: (bilobate placentabilobate placenta((
This is a 3rd trimester pregnancy withThis is a 3rd trimester pregnancy with
ultrasound images showingultrasound images showing two parts oftwo parts of
the placenta along the anterior andthe placenta along the anterior and
posterior walls of the uterus, connectedposterior walls of the uterus, connected
by a thin bridge of placental tissueby a thin bridge of placental tissue.. ThisThis
kind of sonographic appearance iskind of sonographic appearance is
typical of bilobed placentatypical of bilobed placenta..
38. Twin gestationsTwin gestations
T sign in aT sign in a
MonochorionicMonochorionic--diamnioticdiamniotic
Twin GestationTwin Gestation
Twin peak sign inTwin peak sign in
DICHORIONICDICHORIONIC--DIAMNIOTICDIAMNIOTIC
TWIN GESTATIONSTWIN GESTATIONS..
40. Placental hematomaPlacental hematoma
aa)) US image shows aUS image shows a
rounded collection ofrounded collection of
mixedmixed--echogenicityechogenicity
materialmaterial ((arrowheadsarrowheads))
deep to the chorion alongdeep to the chorion along
the lateral margin of thethe lateral margin of the
placentaplacenta..
There isThere is no internalno internal
Doppler signal to suggestDoppler signal to suggest
blood flowblood flow.. ThisThis
appearance is consistentappearance is consistent
with a subchorionicwith a subchorionic
hematomahematoma.. ((bb
41. placenta accretaplacenta accreta
)) US images showUS images show disruption of thedisruption of the
normal hypoechoicnormal hypoechoic
myometriummyometrium ((blackblack
arrowheadsarrowheads)) by invadingby invading
placental tissueplacental tissue ((whitewhite
arrowheadsarrowheads).). BB == bladderbladder,, PP ==
placentaplacenta.. ((bb)) Sagittal SSFSE MRSagittal SSFSE MR
image shows intermediateimage shows intermediate--signalsignal--
intensity placental tissueintensity placental tissue
((arrowheadarrowhead)) invading the normalinvading the normal
dark myometriumdark myometrium ((MM)) in the lowerin the lower
uterine segment, findingsuterine segment, findings
consistent with placenta accretaconsistent with placenta accreta..
((cc)) Sagittal SSFSE MR imageSagittal SSFSE MR image
shows obliteration of the normalshows obliteration of the normal
dark myometriumdark myometrium ((MM)) posteriorly,posteriorly,
with placental tissue ofwith placental tissue of
heterogeneous signal intensityheterogeneous signal intensity
((arrowheadsarrowheads)) penetrating the fullpenetrating the full
thickness of the uterine wallthickness of the uterine wall.. ThisThis
appearance is indicative ofappearance is indicative of
placenta percretaplacenta percreta..
42. placenta accretaplacenta accreta
US images show disruption of theUS images show disruption of the
normal hypoechoic myometriumnormal hypoechoic myometrium
((black arrowheadsblack arrowheads)) by invadingby invading
placental tissueplacental tissue ((whitewhite
arrowheadsarrowheads).). BB == bladderbladder,, PP ==
placentaplacenta.. ((bb)) Sagittal SSFSE MRSagittal SSFSE MR
image shows intermediateimage shows intermediate--signalsignal--
intensity placental tissueintensity placental tissue
((arrowheadarrowhead)) invading the normalinvading the normal
dark myometriumdark myometrium ((MM)) in the lowerin the lower
uterine segment, findingsuterine segment, findings
consistent with placenta accretaconsistent with placenta accreta..
((cc)) Sagittal SSFSE MR imageSagittal SSFSE MR image
shows obliteration of the normalshows obliteration of the normal
dark myometriumdark myometrium ((MM)) posteriorly,posteriorly,
with placental tissue ofwith placental tissue of
heterogeneous signal intensityheterogeneous signal intensity
((arrowheadsarrowheads)) penetrating the fullpenetrating the full
thickness of the uterine wallthickness of the uterine wall.. ThisThis
appearance is indicative ofappearance is indicative of
placenta percretaplacenta percreta..
43. placenta accretaplacenta accreta
US images show disruption of theUS images show disruption of the
normal hypoechoic myometriumnormal hypoechoic myometrium
((black arrowheadsblack arrowheads)) by invadingby invading
placental tissueplacental tissue ((whitewhite
arrowheadsarrowheads).). BB == bladderbladder,, PP ==
placentaplacenta.. ((bb)) Sagittal SSFSE MRSagittal SSFSE MR
image shows intermediateimage shows intermediate--signalsignal--
intensity placental tissueintensity placental tissue
((arrowheadarrowhead)) invading the normalinvading the normal
dark myometriumdark myometrium ((MM)) in the lowerin the lower
uterine segment, findingsuterine segment, findings
consistent with placenta accretaconsistent with placenta accreta..
((cc)) Sagittal SSFSE MR imageSagittal SSFSE MR image
shows obliteration of the normalshows obliteration of the normal
dark myometriumdark myometrium ((MM)) posteriorly,posteriorly,
with placental tissue ofwith placental tissue of
heterogeneous signal intensityheterogeneous signal intensity
((arrowheadsarrowheads)) penetrating the fullpenetrating the full
thickness of the uterine wallthickness of the uterine wall.. ThisThis
appearance is indicative ofappearance is indicative of
placenta percretaplacenta percreta..