Using Material From Smart And Armstrong

Using Material From Smart And Armstrong
In order to answer this question on an ad hoc basis I will attempt first, explain what "Mental states
are identical to physical brain states" means in philosophical context. Second, I will explain the
motivations of the type–identity thesis (Occam 's Razor, and explanation of the casual efficiency of
mental states) using material from Smart and Armstrong. Third, I will go onto examining type–
identity thesis merits (how it solves Descartes ' problem of mind and body and how it allows us to
derive the casual role of mental phenomena) and drawbacks (violation of Leibniz 's Law and
Multiple Realizability Argument). The type–identity thesis holds that mental processes are brain
processes. Therefore, from that we can identify sensations and ... Show more content on
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J.J.C. Smart applied the Identity Theory in avail to challenge behaviourists ' view (notably regarding
sensations). Let us take an example when Smart claims to be in pain (which is similar example in
seeing a yellow–orange after–image). When he says "I am in pain", he is not genuinely reporting it,
nor does he claim to report something "irreducibly physical" (Smart, Sensations and Brain
Processes, page 142). Conspicuously, Smart finds behaviourism simply inadequate. He believes that
one is doing something more than just reporting to be in pain (or seeing an after–image) "The verbal
expression of pain replaces crying and does not describe it." (Smart, page 141). Moreover, he claims
that this something more, which comes from being in pain is not just an act of distress "I think that
'he is in pain ' entails 'he is in distress '" (Smart, page 141). Therefore, the interconnectedness
between pain and distress is just a certain agitation–condition (Ryle, Concept of Mind, NewYork,
1949, page 93). As well as behaviourism, Smart also resists dualism. His reasons for resisting
dualism are motivated through Occam 's Razor. Smart holds that pains, our sensations and other
conscious states can be explained by the physical sciences "It seems to me that science is
increasingly giving us a viewpoint whereby organisms are able to be seen as physico–chemical
mechanisms." (Smart
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Identity In The Last Report On The Miracles At Little No...
In the novel The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse by Louise Erdrich, the main
character, Agnes, goes through many transformations throughout the course of the novel, be that
spiritual, gendered, or in the basis of identity. Agnes's identity, both as a female and as Father
Damien, is an imperfect example of syncretism, as they appear at certain times as two distinct
individuals, and at others, the individual identities are indiscernible. Syncretism is a term related to
the concept of hybridity, and is defined as "...the fusion of two distinct traditions to produce a new
and distinctive whole (Ashcroft)." In this case, syncretism is being examined in the context of the
combination of Agnes's gendered identities to form one new person, distinct from what it began as.
To fully become Agnes, at the beginning of the novel, the main character strips her identity as Sister
Cecilia. He past experiences in some way influence her opinions and actions, but she no longer
identifies as Sister Cecilia as a person. Agnes's transformation into Father Damien is drastically
different. In adopting his identity as her own, Agnes retains her feminine, drawing on both
individuals at separate times when the situation calls for it, and retains both identities until right
before her death. There are times during the novel when, if not for the gendered pronouns used by
the author, it would be impossible to distinguish which identity has taken control, thus alluding to a
single, new

Physical Objects Without Temporal Parts Analysis
Simplicity and Explanation: Physical Objects without Temporal Parts Philosophers debate over how
to resolve the Problem of Change. The Problem of Change identifies a challenge for philosophers
accounting for object persistence. To account for how an object persists, the Problem of Change
bring up disagreements over the existence of temporal parts. In this paper, I present and explain a
view wherein an object persists through change without positing the existence of temporal parts. As
an adequate and simpler theory, it remains the perdurantists to raise further objections. Until such
time, the endurantist account of change continues to provide the best explanation of object's
persistence through time. Views debating the existence of temporal ... Show more content on
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This position involves specifying the properties an object has at a particular time. The parts of x at t
uniquely share all of the spatial properties of x at t. Endurantists need not give up Leibniz's Law.
Endurantists whom maintain y's properties are discernable from x's need not reject Leibniz's Law. In
fact, many hold Leibniz's Law applies to enduring objects. Moreover, the law may help endurantists
explain change. A non–temporal parts theorist distinguishes between x at t and y at t'. Endurantist
typically employ said law to argue that a single object persists at time t and also at t'. The object at
time t has the property being–at–t, and that very object can change so that at t' it no longer has
being–at–t. Objections to endurantists' explanation of change similarly challenge the perdurantists'
notion of objects having parts which are temporal slices of the object. According to Lowe, spatial
parts bare a relation to each other. He argues changes across spatial parts change their relation to one
another (Lowe). The relationships, which are not themselves parts of the object, can be pointed at to
pick out an object at one

Analysis Of The Motif Of Black Invisibility, By Michelle...
"Blackness": An Invisible Disposition Explored Through Free Enterprise and Invisible Man
As observed throughout history and various societies, the notion of a "racial hierarchy" proves to be
a superficial design which ultimately assigns value to a group of people based solely upon their skin
color. As a result, certain groups are promptly associated with influence and supremacy, while others
are disregarded in their "inherent" inferiority. Michelle Cliff's Free Enterprise and Ralph Ellison's
Invisible Man approach this paradigm by facilitating their readers' understandings regarding the
debilitating ostracism associated with the social construct of "blackness," as well as the
metaphorical societal invisibility that is suffered as a result. In Free Enterprise, Cliff's
implementation of the motif of black invisibility is prevalent throughout the depiction of a leper
colony. In the literal sense, the colony serves the purpose of preventing those with leprosy, a disease
which "flourishes among the darker races," from infecting the rest of the general populace (Cliff 35).
In the metaphorical sense, however, its existence in the work is meant to represent the estrangement
and containment of marginalized people from the other, "superior" society. Through the eyes of
Annie Christmas, the channel of the narrator's observations, the "numericalized" lepers are described
as a secreted and unknown people, "hidden away as she had hidden herself" (Cliff 42). In the colony,
there is

Desiree 's Free Enterprise And Ralph Ellison 's Invisible Man
a superficial design which ultimately assigns value to a group of people based solely upon their skin
are disregarded in their "inherent" inferiority. Michelle Cliff's Free Enterprise and Ralph Ellison's
Invisible Man approach this paradigm by facilitating their readers' understandings regarding the
debilitating ostracism associated with the social construct of "blackness," as well as the
metaphorical societal invisibility that is suffered as a result. In Free Enterprise, Cliff's
implementation of the motif of black invisibility is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is most poignantly demonstrated through their enduring inquisition of whether "their names
were called at holiday gatherings," an unfulfilled curiosity in regards to the simple recollection of
their existences (Cliff 42). From an analytical standpoint, the colony is a metaphor for the
dehumanization and erasure of black identity as a means of societal marginalization and disposal.
Akin to Cliff's work, Ellison's Invisible Man approaches the nature of black identity through the
novel's discounted main character. A scene which ties into the concept of invisible "blackness" in the
face of "whiteness" is one wherein the unnamed protagonist accidentally bumps into another man on
the street, resulting in what one can assume to be a derogatory racial epithet directed towards him
(Ellison 4). The invisible man demands an apology from the white perpetrator, a recognition of his
humanity, but his black identity and the notion of white supremacy prevent it. Even in a position of
considerable vulnerability, with "torn skin" and "lips frothy with blood," the white man cannot bring
himself to apologize, as this would be an acknowledgment of the black man's existence, a disruption
of the racial hierarchy (Ellison 4). The dehumanization resulting from the notion of "blackness" as
inferior results in the character's societal confinement and fleeing from the outside world to his "hole
in the ground," an

Leibniz 's Principle Of The Identity Of Indiscernibles
Leibniz's Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles A1: Leibniz's Principle of the Identity of
Indiscernibles (PII) The Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles (PII) claims that in nature, there
cannot be two individual things that differ in number alone (Primary Truths, p. 32). The symbolic
notation of (PII)–∀P (Pa Pb) –> ( a = b)–indicates that if, for every property P, thing a has property P
if and only if thing b has property P, then thing a is identical to thing b. Hence, if two things (a and
b) have exactly the same properties, they must be identical–i.e. they must be the same thing
(numerically one). For example, Billy offers a complete description of all the properties that
constitute Sacramento, and Bob offers a complete ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
31–32). So, in this paper, identities will be called unqualified (or basic) primary truths, and
definitions will be called qualified (or derivative) primary truths. A3: Retracing Leibniz's Reasoning
P1: Unqualified Primary Truths are identities. Sub–P1: P1 is supplemented by the Principle of
Contradiction (PC). P2: Qualified Primary Truths are partial identities with the help of a priori
definitions. Sub–P2: P2 is supplemented by the Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR). C: So, there
cannot be two indiscernible Primary Truths that differ in number alone (PII). Unqualified primary
truths are identities since they (i) assert themselves (e.g., 'A is A') or (ii) deny the opposite of their
opposites (e.g., 'A is not not A'). Examples of Unqualified primary truths are: (i) 'I am always
identical to myself', and (ii) 'I am always not not identical to myself'. Leibniz claims that these type
truths can be supplemented by his Principle of Contradiction (PC). PC states that anything which
implies a contradiction is false. Hence, if people disagree with the claim (i) 'I am always identical to
myself' they would be claiming a falsehood. I can immediately point out that they are stating a
contradiction–i.e. 'A is not A' contradicts 'A is A'. Qualified primary truths are partial identities since
they are identities if and only if they have a priori definitions that are independent of

The Spiritual Exercises : Dean Brackley Joins A Long...
How can we tell how best to dedicate our lives to the common good in the modern age? In The Call
to Discernment in Troubled Times, Dean Brackley joins a long tradition of interpretation of the
writings of Saint Ignatius Loyola. Considering the Spiritual Exercises as the starting point for his
model, Brackley seeks to recover the place of direct, supernatural, divine influence, particularly by
the Holy Spirit, on the discernment of the believer. The spiritual challenges faced by followers of the
Exercises have evolved in recent times, as has the Church's recognition of existing challenges. In the
spirit of The Second Vatican Council, he expands the interpretation to account for the experiences of
both powerful and marginalized in an ever rushing world, always seeking to get ahead. Rather
understandably, Christianity has tended to focus primarily on the Jesus Christ, titular savior and
most concretely comprehendible of God's Persons, though dogma of the Trinity names two other
Persons, of whom the Father is at least given credit as Creator and Sustainer, while the Holy Spirit
has traditionally been assigned only an ancillary role, occasionally intervening to guide the Curia. In
fact, the Holy Spirit, offered freely as the Paraclete to all men and women, regardless of merit is
quite possibly the most active of the three in the inner lives of all seekers of truth today. It is His
guidance we seek and find in the discernment process. In offering his new interpretation of

Substance Dualism Analysis
Most famously advocated by René Descartes, substance dualism is an intuitive doctrine holding that
minds, which are essentially thinking and consist of mental substance, and bodies, which necessarily
have extension and are made of material substance, are ontologically separate entities. As the mental
and material have entirely different natures, a mind cannot be equivalent to a body and human
beings, therefore, must be mixtures of the two substances. Despite lacking properties in common,
minds and bodies are connected through the capacity of each to causally affect the other (Kim 34).
However, regardless of how commonsensical and attractive this view may initially appear, Descartes
and subsequent dualists have all contended with a multitude of complications surrounding mental
causation. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If conceiving of the mind as a substance independent of the physical substance of the body results in
the mind being causally secluded, then the mind has no important explanatory role and there is no
compelling reason to be a substance dualist (50). In this paper I will first describe a few strengths of
dualism and explicate the "pairing problem" that is raised against it. Aferward, I will evaluate the
impact of Kim's objection and argue, ultimately, that mental substance cannot feasibly be connected
to material substance in the way necessary for causal interaction without appeal to location within

Chapter 58 of Isiah
Chapter 58 of Isaiah marks an important change in cultural values due to the humiliation brought
about by the Babylonian invasion around the 6th century B.C.E. Gone are the days of good and evil
being simply defined as that which coincides with Yahweh's will, and that which doesn't. Now,
Isaiah tells the people that simply following the current ways of sacrifice aren't enough, and instead
calls for social justice (Chilton, 200), and, in a sense, attempts to invite a return to pre–monarchical
social structuring. This new morality value system aims to upset the existing post–monarchical
Israelite social structure, whilst also invigorate a new, post–exilic, collective Israelite national
identity. Thus, let us begin by examining the political, social, and literary motivations behind this
Book.
We must first realize that the Book of Isaiah can be divided into three blocks (1–39, 40–55 and 56–
66), and each are starkly different in tone, theme, and delivery (Chilton, 189). Chapter 58 belongs to
the third block, and thus, does not dabble in the same "interplay between doubt and reassurance, and
confident, hymnic affirmation in response to the uncertainty of people" (Chilton, 198). We can see
this new tone clearly in the 4 opening lines. "Shout out, do not hold back! Announce to my people
their rebellion, to the house of Jacob their sins" (Isaiah, 58). When compared against the more
emotionally vacillatory first and even the second block of Isaiah, the third block is conveying a

Stigma In The Workplace
However, the cost of excluding these individuals from employment also causes an economic burden,
as it is simultaneously a great loss of human capital, and a drain on government–provided welfare
(Huxley 289), when these people could be making money themselves. Lower income also prevents
people from participating in leisure activities, which is an important part of socialization. As a result,
psychiatric patients tend to report a lower number of social contacts, which is harmful to mental
health (Huxley 290). Out of those who do manage to obtain employment, the majority expect to
experience stigma in the workplace (Stuart 523), such as tensions between coworkers, as well as
resentment over special accommodations (Levy 202). At the same time, ... Show more content on
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These high prices also cause financial strain on the individuals and their families, which is another
factor in choosing to stop taking medications. In conclusion, though medications may provide help
in suppressing symptoms and increasing basic functionality for some individuals, it is not the
universal answer to mental illness. In fact, it has even been historically proven that a more humane
approach to treatment for mental illness will result in increased improvement (Levy 200). Therefore,
to truly ameliorate mental illnesses, we must reduce stigma and encourage healthy environments in
which individuals can reduce their symptoms, instead of just blindly prescribing

Personal Identity : Identity And Identity
Personal identity is essential in the human experience. Identity is complex and can be broken down
into two main groups: introspective identity, and bodily identity. Introspective identity is based off
of the groups, mentalities, or beliefs that you align yourself with, and bodily identity is based off of
the physical side of yourself. Whether physical or introspective, your identity impacts every action
you take. Whether choices ranging from what colors you prefer to which college you want to attend
are primarily based off of your introspective identity, which is a combination of both memory and
consciousness, physical identity impacts how others perceive you. Consciousness is mainly the
awareness of bodily identity as well as continuous introspective identify, while memory is
awareness of introspective identity. These two different facets of identity are imperative in the
distinction between bodily identity and introspective identity. In means of personal identity
introspective identity (which is evident in memory), is essential, while bodily identity (based
partially in consciousness) has less credit. Plutarch brings up the question of bodily identity and
numerical identity in Theseus. Theseus' ship needs repairs and so he begins to replace the old parts,
piece by piece, building an additional ship with the old pieces. In the end he has two ships, one old
and one new. Both have the same function, and form, and are therefore qualitatively identical,
however the question

The Mind Body Problem And Substance Dualism
What is the mind–body problem? The mind–body problem asks the question, are the mind and body
separate substances of elements of the same substance? In this paper I wish to propose, and try to
provide support for Descartes notion of the immaterial mind, by critically discussing the view of
substance dualism, pertaining to the relationship between the mind and body. The two arguments of
which I will provide in this paper to support this view are divisibility and disembodied existence.
There are two fundamentally different substances in this universe, physical and mental properties,
this paper will explore both of these substances (8). The first supporting argument which I will
present to support substance dualism is Divisibility. In earlier writings, Descartes divides the objects
of our perception into two main classifications: mental substances pertaining to the mind and
physical substances pertaining to the body (Alanen, L., 1996). Any substance with mental properties
has an absence of physical properties and any substance with physical properties has an absence of
mental properties (Rodriguez Pereyra, G., 2008). As Descartes defines the mind and body, as clearly
and distinctly separate entities with mental and physical properties, only when considered separately
from each other. But then they cannot without irrationality also be considered as united, for this
would be to consider them at the same time as two different and one single substance, which, as
Descartes admits,

Descartes 'Mind Over Matter'
1018
Professor Crowell
Phil 21
22 April 2016
Mind over Matter
In his meditations Descartes supposed there was two fundamentally different sorts of substances in
the universe, physical stuff, which bodies and chairs etc. are made up of; which is extended in space,
hence he called it res extensa, but there's also mind stuff which isn't in space at all thinking stuff or,
res cogitans. Bodies are made of res extensa and minds are made of res cogitans and the two are
separate. To understand why he thought this we must go back to his mission statement, which was to
doubt everything he could in order to find something indubitable which he thought would be certain
knowledge. Descartes found that he could doubt everything except that he was thinking since doubt
was a kind of thinking, and since thinking requires a thinker he knew that he must exist hence the
famous I think therefore I am syllogism known as the cogito. Descartes goes on to say that he can
doubt the existence of his body and all other physical things but he cannot doubt his mind exists
because of the cogito.
Descartes' flaw is his liberal use of Leibniz's law, the identity of indiscernibles. The ontological
principle states that there cannot be separate objects or entities that have all of their properties in
common. That is to say, if you have two things and they have all the same properties, including their
position in space, you don't really have two things because they are identical; by the same token if
two

Glorification In The Great Gatsby
Love: The Great Glorification
After reading the Great Gatsby, often people will scrutinize Gatsby's affection for Daisy citing his
feelings as insincere and self–motivated. That Gatsby's love is characterized by narcissism, and he
merely views Daisy as a pawn. However, while Fitzgerald asserts a pessimistic stance on Gatsby's
form of love, he does not question its legitimacy. He instead criticizes the progression of love when
it is held onto over time. By portraying Gatsby's love as inimical and unhealthy Fitzgerald
challenges the long–held societal belief that love is inherently good. Through the extreme of
Gatsby's unconditional love for Daisy, Fitzgerald emphasizes the detrimental effects love can have
as the longevity of Gatsby's infatuation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fitzgerald foreshadows the detrimental effects idealization can have when entangled in love through
the existence of the green light. Because Gatsby interprets the green light as symbolic of Daisy also
idealizes it. Gatsby assigns considerable meaning to the light as for a long extent it was the only
thing that connected him to Daisy. He gave the light fabricated meaning to feel closer to Daisy. It
was as way for him to remain optimistic and hopeful. However, such idealized perception do not
last. Fitzgerald makes this evident while during Daisy and Gatsby's reunion, Nick states, "the
colossal significance of that light had now vanished . . . Now it was again a green light on a dock."
Fitzgerald thus illustrates that such self–constructed illusions can fade and so can the emotional
effect they have on a person. Though when such idealizations are associated with love they becomes
substantially more injurious, because romanticizations of people grow over time. In other words,
Gatsby "paid a high price for living too long with a single dream" because the longer he held onto
his unconditional love for Daisy the more distorted his perception of her became. And because
Gatsby continually longed to be with Daisy his perception of her became progressively more
idealized to the point that Daisy's identity in Gatsby's mind transcended who she ever was as a
person: "it

The Characteristics Of Rene Descartes's Theory Of Dualism
French philosopher Rene Descartes is often credited with being the "father of modern philosophy".
Part of his immense influence on philosophy is the concept of dualism, the notion that there are
physical entities and non–physical, mental entities. In attempting to answer the mind/body problem,
examining the link between the mental and the physical, Descartes proposed that the mind is a non–
physical entity separate from the body. He tries to show this by speaking of attributes, which is what
makes the entity the kind of thing that it is and modes, the specifications of these attributes. His
theory proposes distinctive features of the mind over the body and brain, considered a material
substance. Most importantly, his theory devises that although the mind and body are distinct from
one another, they are intimately related. This means that the mind is in a causal interaction with
physical entities, meaning sensation in the mind can cause physical ... Show more content on
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If dualism is correct, then the mind and body are completely different from each other, so it would
be difficult to see how one of them could cause anything in the other. Physical entities require force
to be moved, while the mind, on the other hand, consists solely of thought and no matter. So how
can an entity that is so distinctive and one that can quite possibly exist in another unearthly place, be
the cause of things in the physical world and vice versa? Another flaw in dualism is based on the
processes that occur when the brain is damaged. When things such as physical or drug abuse lead
brain damage, we see that mental capacity is severely diminished. If the mind is actually separate
from our bodies, then the argument can be made that the mind should be weakened from the abuse
of drugs or diseases such as Alzheimer's. This argument strongly supports the belief that the mind is
not separate, but a physical part of the

Why The Mind Body Problem
Out there, in our own world, there is a battle going on that most of us are completely unaware of,
and it is all comes down to the mind–body problem. The mind–body problem is how the mind and
the body interact with each other. The mind is the mental side of things; thoughts, imagination, and
most importantly consciousness, whereas the body is the physical side; the make up of your brain
neurons and your body.
On one side of this argument we have the Materialists, and according to the Oxford Dictionary,
materialism "is the theory or belief that nothing exists except matter and its movements and
modifications." So let us break that down. 'Nothing exists except matter,' means – from the
materialist view – that the mind is matter and therefore is one with the body, consequentially, one
with the physical world we live in – there is no spiritual element or immaterial soul. Materialists
believe nothing needs to be added to the world for there to be minds, only properties of the mind,
such as colours, and shapes etc. However, on the other side there are Dualists, who have the view
that a person is made of two parts. 1) The mind, or immaterial soul, is a completely separate thing to
2) the body. Dualists believe that something must be added to the world, for minds. Now that we are
up to speed, we are going to focus on the most thought–provoking arguments in favour of
materialism. We will dive in the deep–end and deconstruct them to see just how strong an argument
they have.

Garfinkel And Gender
The documentary method of interpretation allows us to make sense of the social world; in particular,
gender behavior. Society utilizes the documentary method of interpretation by correlating biological
sex to predetermined emotions and behavior that are then linked to gender. Therefore, we categorize
men and women based off of underlying patterns that are reinforced through gendered actions and
behaviors. This method is further exemplified through the case of Agnes, which further highlights
the way in which gender is socially constructed. Garfinkel used Agnes's case to "focus on the ways
in which sexual identity is produced and managed as 'seen but unnoticed', but nonetheless
institutionalized, feature of ordinary social interactions and institutional workings that result in an
analysis of gender considered as a produced institutional fact" (Heritage 1984: 181). ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The case of Agnes drives Garfinkel to formulate the theory that gender status is achieved because
gender is a socially constructed ideology; that has largely gone unquestioned, but we are
subconsciously working to achieve, which results in the continuous social reproduction of

Literary Elements Of Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man
The book 'Invisible Man' expresses Ellison's primary concerns, American novel's didactic attitude
and description of the tranquil forming American identity in regards to the portrayal of Negro
American experience. Undeniably, dependence upon music is another constant aspect of Ellison's
work. The jazz and blues assist as channels for expressing his opinions. The literary elements in this
text include symbolism, allusions, and metaphors. Besides, the major events in the novel include
setting, character development and point of view. Setting The speaker born and grew up in South
America, wind up in New York City community, Harlem. The community entailed a key center of
African–American values. Evidently, Ellison's hero–narrator revisits chronological ... Show more
The story listened to from his point of view; it is not certain whether all the reminiscences are utterly
right to life but indeed faithful to him. Equally important the story exemplifies his experiences,
hopefully flaking light on things not realized purposely to help feel more connected with similar
occurrences. Even though the story voiced with other readers in the notice, the narrator still owns
the show with his personal development. His treatment mirrors the treatment of other characters,
with everybody in 'Invisible Man' pretty one dimensional instead of complex individuals. For
example a wealthy white philanthropist, a member of the black establishment, a black nationalist.
Conclusion The "invisible man" often discussed as a novel addressing indigenous identity in
contemporary, metropolitan America. Furthermore, the invisible man also mentions about personal
self, particularly selflessness and individual expression in a emblematically visionless world. The
unidentified young dark narrator is imperceptible inside the greater nation because of his color. The
novel is derisive, vivid and humorous. Also, it incorporates a wide variety of African American
involvements. Ralph Ellison employs the use of jazz as metaphor alongside using a selection of
styles, characters, settings, and

Betty Friedan's The Feminist Analysis
In 1963, Betty Friedan, a feminist activist, wrote a book called The Feminine Mystique, which she
criticized the ideal image of a woman's role in society is to become a mother, wife, and housewife.
She said, "When she [woman] stopped conforming to the conventional picture of femininity she
finally began to enjoy being a woman" (Friedan 465). Here, Friedan is saying society plays an
immense role in telling how women should behave in accordance with their assigned gender roles
and biological sexes. For instance, women should take up the caregiver role in a family because they
show more feelings and sympathy. Yet, this gender construction impedes them to form their
identities, seek satisfaction and freedom in lives. Once these gender labels and ... Show more
According to chapter seven of Patricia Mayer Spacks's The Female Imagination: A Literary and
Psychological Investigation of Women's Writing, she claims marriage leaves no space for women
(79). Here, Spacks is suggesting personal space is essentially significant as personal freedom.
Consider if a woman does not feel she has enough space in a relationship, that means her granted
freedom is restricted too because personal space is created when the other half is willing to give you
liberty to do what you want without questioning. Clearly, Louise is not given that space and freedom
in her marriage. For example, she describes her husband's "powerful will bending hers" (Chopin
525). Although Louise does not mention whether her husband has abused her, the description that
she gives about him indicates she lives a life of imprisonment. In other words, she sees the house
she is living as a prison in which liberty, happiness, and personal space are unreachable. By making
this comparison and providing this source of information about Mr. Mallard, Chopin has effectively
allowed readers to understand Louise's attitudes and opinions toward her husband. Moreover, she
has successfully appealed to the female readers' pathos because they will feel sympathetic and angry
toward Louise's situation as Chopin's choice of using the word "bending" shows Louise undergoes

The Metaphysic Of Abstract Particulars
Introduction: In this paper I will present the arguments for tropes and their distinction from
universals and particulars as presented by Keith Campbell in his paper "The Metaphysic of Abstract
Particulars." I will then present a counter argument to Campbell's evaluation and provide possible
responses to those arguments. I will also provide possible adjustments Campbell could make to
create a more sound argument.
Campbell's Argument:
Since Plato, two mutually exclusive yet essential categories of reality have been posited, one of
concrete particulars and the other being abstract universals. Particulars are "unproblematic," but
universals may be entirely extant in many positions with no influence on the universal itself. A
particular "distinguishing mark is that is exhausted in the one embodiment, or occasion, or
example." (Campbell 298) Particulars are unproblematic because they are restricted to a single point
at any given time, not like universals which exist in different locations and are wholly present in
those instances. The number of examples which contain the abstract universals are not diminished in
quality of the universal. Campbell posits that this "problem" can be alleviated if properties were not
universal at all. There is a distinction between abstract and concrete which differs from the
distinction between universals and particulars. This is because particulars and universals can both be
abstract where only particulars can be concrete. The particulars that

Exploration of Self in Matthew Arnold's The Buried Life...
Exploration of Self in Matthew Arnold's The Buried Life
One of the modes of poetry theme and content was that of psychological exploration of self, as
characterized by the poem "The Buried Life" by Matthew Arnold. Class structure and gender roles
were vividly looked at in depth, "definitions of masculinity and femininity were earnestly contested
throughout the period, with increasing sharp assaults on traditional roles..." (Longman, p. 1888).
What it was to be a man (or woman) was frequently in question, and much of Victorian poetry
addressed this.
Arnold felt that, "literature must directly address the moral needs of readers." (Longman, p. 2017)
He felt a need to instruct and educate society to a fuller understanding of its ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
is even love too weak/ to unlock the heart, and let it speak?" (12–13) and "Their thoughts, for fear
that if revealed/ they would by other men be met/ with blank indifference, or with blame reproved."
(17–19) He notes that even though men cannot voice their thoughts and emotions, that "the same
heart bets in every human breast!" (23)
The conflict between man and society's ideology is seen further, "Ah! well for us, if even we/ even
for a moment, can get free/ our heart, and hour our lips unchained/ for that which seals them hath
been deep–ordained!" (26–29) Deep ordained here connotatively means that with society has
deemed acceptable, which may not often coincide with what is really felt. Along these lines of social
repression of true self unless in acceptable manner, that society felt a person should be molded into
an acceptable framework, "And well–nigh change his own identity/ that it might keep from his
capricious play/ his genuine self, and force him to obey," (34–36) and "the unregarded river of our
life/ pursue with indiscernible flow its way/ and that we should not see/ the buried stream." (39–42)
These last few lines imply the inner self, in which society has no use for, which continues on its
way, even though hidden, throughout eternity.
The fact that even though repressed, the inner self will eventually stir something in the person,
always seeking to come out of its shell. "There rises an unspeakable desire...a thirst to spend our fire
and

The Identity Theory Of Mind
The development of the Identity Theory of Mind is representative of materialist philosophy's shift
towards questions of human consciousness. Within philosophical and scientific circles, discussions
of the mind and body have supplanted discussions of what constitutes the world around us.
Staggering technological innovation, alongside the establishment of superior of scientific research
methodologies, has given rise to this philosophical trend – Identity Theory is, indeed, the
culmination of this trend. Throughout the course of this essay I will both define and defend Identity
Theory against what I consider to be two superficially convincing counter–arguments; namely, the
invocation of the 'Leibniz Law' (otherwise referred to as The Identity of Indiscernibles) and 'The
Problem of Other Minds'. Though seemingly persuasive, the invocation of the Leibniz Law, at its
core, consists of a semantic trick. As a general ontological principle the Leibniz Law may possess
some validity; in its specific application to Identity Theory however, it remains destitute of
substance. On the other hand, The Problem of Other Minds relies on a radical scepticism
irreconcilable with current understandings of the brain. Based on the degree of scientific knowledge
available regarding the composition of the brain, Identity Theory, at this time, provides a logical and
coherent account of the relationship between mind and body.
The Identity Theory of Mind asserts that "states and processes of the mind

Indiscernibility Of Identicals
1. To say that identity is "transitive" means that if X is numerically identical with Y, and Y is
numerically identical with Z, then it follows that X = Z. For example, if Hesperus = Venus, and
Phosphorus = Venus, then Hesperus = Phosphorus, which all express that Venus = Venus. 2. To say
that identity is "reflexive" means that every X is identical with itself. For example, given X, then X
= X follows. 3. To say that identity is "symmetric" means that, if X = Y, then Y = X follows. For
example, if lightning = an electrical discharge, then an electrical discharge = lightning follows. 4.
The Indiscernibility of Identicals is the philosophical principle, which affirms the rule that identity
holds if and only if their properties are wholly indistinguishable from one another. Any object X has
exactly all of X's properties, and an object Y is missing one, then either X is missing one of X's
properties (obviously false), or Y is not identical to X. 5. The Identity of Indiscernibles is the
philosophical principle, which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Indiscernibility of Identicals is a principle, which affirms the rule that, identity holds if and only
if their properties are wholly indistinguishable from one another. The Doctrine of Temporal Parts
holds that, an object has temporal parts, and these parts are moments of the material object's
existence. The object in question can persist by having a single extending sequence of temporal
parts. The principal of the Indiscernibility of Identicals holds that no two objects can be wholly
indiscernible. However, according to the Doctrine of Temporal Parts, an object, X at time 1 (t), need
not share all the same properties with object X at time two (t'). Nevertheless, according to our
principal X at t cannot be identical with X at t', because we can discern a difference between X at t
from t' (consider previous wall

I. Introduction. The Mind Body Problem Is A Problem That
I. Introduction The mind body problem is a problem that has been around for a long time. The
problem is the question "Does the body rule the mind, or does the mind rule the body?", the reason
it 's still a problem today is because we don 't have a scientific understanding of how the mind and
body interact. The interactions of the mind and the matter of the body is seen every day. You can
only be aware of things around you through your senses. When you touch a table, your fingers tell
you through nerves that the surface you are in contact with is smooth, flat, etc. If you examine that
same surface with a high–powered microscope, you will see ridges and valleys that the nerves in
your fingers cannot detect. Why is this a problem for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Lastly, I will wrap up this paper my evaluation of the arguments and the conclusion.
II. Leibniz' Principle of Identity of Indiscernible The Leibniz' Principle of Identity introduces if M =
B, then M and B share all the same properties. "M has property P, b does not have property P, if m
has a property that b lacks, then m ≠ b, therefore m ≠ b." Using the superman example, "Lois Lane
wants to marry Superman. Lois Lane does not want to marry Clark Kent. Therefore, Superman is
not identical with Clark Kent." In the eyes of Lois Lane, Superman is the hero she wants to marry
while Clark Kent is just a regular guy. Unknowing to her, they are both the same person. Leibniz
law shows that superman is known for all his super powers and special abilities and everyone thinks
that Clark Kent is just a regular guy so the two could not be one of the same. When Lois lane
marries Superman, she also marries Clark Kent which defeats the use of this law. This same law can
be applied to the mind body problem being that you cannot doubt having a brain but you can doubt
having a body. My body is dubitable, and it is divisible. My mind is indubitable and it is indivisible.
With that, one can say that the mind and body are two different beings because they do not share the
same properties.
III. Descartes's Argument for Dualism: The Indubitability Argument The Indubitability Argument is
basically saying I can think and perceive distinctly and clearly, therefore my mind exists; however,

Descartes Arguments For The Mind Body Problem
The mind body problem can be understood in the following way, there is something it is like to 'be'
and this 'being' is by its nature subjective and an organism has conscious metal states only if there is
something it is like to 'be' that organism. This indeed seems to be incredibly perplexing to explain in
terms of science because science the way it is practiced currently only explains phenomena
objectively, either it tries to reduce and explain the subjective in terms of objective processes or only
makes co–relation of the subjective processes to the objective processes but if it only makes co–
relation then it is not able to explain the subjective itself. For example take the color red, no account
of any physical theory of light wave, how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This idea was first pointed to as far back as Thomas Hobbes and Pierre Gassendi, they both made
claims which now would be understood as mind/brain identity theory (R 39). However it wasn't till
the mid nineteen hundreds this claim was systematically fleshed out by a group of Australian
philosophers which included J.J.C Smart. Smart gives the following analogy to make the argument
clear, mental states are identical to brain states in the same way water in identical to H2O or
lightning is identical to atmospheric electrical discharge. To further clarify the argument we will
explain the important distinction between token and types. Imagine that there are four German
Shepard's playing in the park, in this case we have four 'tokens' of the 'type' German Shepard. The
tokens are the individual dogs and the type is the kind or class they belong to. The German
Shepherds also belong to many other types for example, mammals, animals, material, object, etc.
Now that we have the distinction between tokens and types clear we can further proceed and explain
token identity and type identity. Take for example Superman and Clark Kent are the same person so
if were to be invited to a party by Clerk Kent you are simultaneously invited to the party by
Superman. Thus Clerk Kent and Superman being the same person are token identical.

Kant's Critique Of Pure Reason
Kant's view
In Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, there is an engagement with Leibnizian relative time and space,
and the Newtonian absolute time and space. An antimony is defined as a contradiction between two
statements, both supposedly obtained via sound reasoning and judgement. Kant's first antinomy of is
of space and time. The hypothesis or thesis is that the world is limited in relation to space, and has a
beginning in time. The null hypothesis or antithesis is the world has no limits in relation to both time
and space, and is therefore infinite. Though Kant initially sided with Leibniz in his early years,
before switching to Newton, he began to distinguish himself between the two in what is known as
his Copernican Turn. As Inhas Ben–Zvie ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In–fact they are part of an indeterminate regress. "Now this proposition, which says only that in the
empirical regress I can always attain only to a condition that must itself in turn be regarded as
empirically conditioned, contains the rule in termins [in its terms] that however far I may have come
in the ascending series, I must always inquire after a higher member of the series, whether or not
this member may come to be known to me through experience"(A517–518/B545–546). We as
human beings cannot know any empirical regress. Our formalisations of the world build
indeterminately and reason cannot exceed the limits of the understanding. As such, the dichotomy
between bound (absolute) and unbound (un–absolute) space is based upon a flawed premise.
Namely that our contortion of space and time as faculties outside of our understanding, exist. In this
sense, Kant sides with Leibniz in his point that space does not hold metaphysical and logical
superiority over physical bodies. Kant differs from Leibniz in his point that space can be explained
as the relation between physical bodies, and time can be explained as the relation between events. It
is in that act of explanation that Leibniz exceeds the faculty of

`` Blackness `` : An Invisible Disposition Explored...
"Blackness": An Invisible Disposition Explored Through Free Enterprise and Invisible Man
a superficial design that ultimately assigns value to a group of people based solely upon their skin
are disregarded in their "inherent" inferiority. Michelle Cliff's Free Enterprise (1993) and the
prologue of Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man (1952) respond to this paradigm by facilitating their
readers' understandings regarding the debilitating ostracism associated with the social construct of
"blackness," as well as the metaphorical social ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This disconnection is most poignantly demonstrated through their enduring inquisition of whether
"their names were called at holiday gatherings," an unfulfilled curiosity concerning the simple
recollection of their existences (Cliff 42). From an analytical standpoint, the colony presents a
metaphor for the dehumanization and erasure of black identity as a means of societal
marginalization and disposal.
Akin to Cliff's work, Ellison's Invisible Man approaches the nature of black identity through the
novel's discounted main character. A scene that ties into the concept of invisible "blackness" in the
face of "whiteness" is one wherein the unnamed protagonist accidentally bumps into another man on
the street, resulting in what one can assume to be a derogatory racial epithet directed towards him
(Ellison 4). The invisible man demands an apology from the white perpetrator– a recognition of his
humanity– but his black identity and the man's investment in the notion of white supremacy prevent
it. Even in a position of considerable vulnerability, with "torn skin" and "lips frothy with blood," the
white man cannot bring himself to apologize, as this would be an acknowledgment of the black
man's existence, a disruption of the racial hierarchy (Ellison 4). The dehumanization resulting from
the notion of

Criticism Of The Cartesian Dualism
A further criticism against the Cartesian dualism is that it seems to be committing the "Masked Man
Fallacy", which can be outlined as follows: someone knows who John is, but he/she is at a party and
sees a masked man who he/she doesn't know. Under Leibniz's Law, for John and the masked man to
be identical they ought to have the same properties, which isn't the case, as he/she knows who John
is and doesn't know who the masked man is. So, he/she thinks that the two are different people for
this mere reason – but this conclusion is based on what he/she knows, not on the real properties of
John and the masked man.
Similarly, Descartes describes what it seems to him (i.e. what he thinks) but doesn't offer objective
truths (in the analogy, the masked man and John could have well been the same person).
After having taken in consideration all the criticisms against substance dualism, I will evaluate the
materialist approach to the issue in question.
As aforementioned, this theory holds that there is nothing transcendental from the physical and it is
a form of ontological monism.
Hobbes was the first philosopher to introduce the view of mind–body materialism, which can be
summarised, as "that which has no body is not part of the universe". ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Its stronger version, known as the type identity theory, states that mental states are exactly the same
as brain states and that science will one day decode all of the bio–chemical activity in the brain to
discover all mental activity. Above all, there are scientific investigations that confirm the intimacy
between mind and brain to offer evidence for this theory; the Australian philosopher J.J.C Smart
claims that in the future science will demonstrate that conscious experiences are in fact brain

Newton's Argument Essay: What Is Space And Time?
What is space and time? Throughout centuries it has been a hotly debated argument. While the
argument is still going on and forever changing as scientist come up with new theories, there is the
most famous debate between the spatial substantivalists and the relationalists about the nature of
space and the implications of it. In this paper, we will look at the most famous argument between
Leibniz and Clarke (Newton's spokesperson), and how both Leibniz and Newton characterized
space and their arguments for their point of views (Huggett, 159). The goal by the end of the paper
is to have a clear, concise understanding of both sides of the argument and to see which theory of
space is the correct choice.
Sir Isaac Newton was one of the big names who represents the side of the spatial substantivalists,
and who was a nemesis to Leibniz in more ways than just space and time (they both found calculus
independently of each other and both claimed to be the discoverer) (Huggett, 159). While Leibniz
promoted the relationalists view, which we will get to in a moment, Newton suggested the opposite
view and hypothesis that space is an entity of itself. Or in other words space is absolute (Newton,
408). Space being absolute called for Newton to characterize space as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The bucket has cords on its sides that is helping suspend it up in air. The cords are then twisted up
and water is put in the bucket. The water comes to a rest in the bucket, and then the cord is released
and it unwinds. The bucket begins to spin in a certain direction, let's say counter clockwise. The
water, however, is still at rest for the moment. That is until the water begins to swirl in the same
counter clockwise direction creating a concave vortex. The water, even after the bucket comes to
rest, continues to spin until it too comes to rest due to inertia (Newton,

Ana Monologue
By 8 o'clock, when Kitty arrived, much of the city was considerably drunk. This didn't exclude
Kitty, who had helped herself to half of a bottle of wine before heading over, nor did it exclude Ana,
whose costume allowed her to drink as much as she wished without notice. Kitty entered a situation
where she would normally be harassed and prodded for the whole of the evening, and for the first
time in as long as she could remember, she was invisible. The first thing she did upon arriving was
look for Ana. She passed several people that she recognized, but made no attempt to reveal her
identity in the name of social etiquette. After an inspection of the premises, she was unable to find
Ana. At this point, people were in every conceivable state of lechery, from half–dressed canoodling
on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Her mouth was gaping, fighting laughter because laughter meant more honey lager drizzling down
her beard and sopping onto the floor. "That's a good girl." Kitty could sense Ana smiling to herself
beneath the mask. "Finish that and I'll top it off. I wanna show you something." While she spoke,
Ana was filling three more mugs. Then she took Kitty's mug right from her lips as she took the last
swig. Her hands held four beers; two for her, and two for Kitty. Ana led the way, slithering and
plowing a path through an ocean of masked deviants. They arrived outside at the bonfire. Ana
plopped her seat onto a tarp covered bale of hay and set the mugs on the tarp on the ground in front
of them. She sat hunched over with her forearms resting on the knees of her split legs, like a
basketball player sitting on a bench. All the while, Kitty was so pleasantly amused by this new
version of Ana that she couldn't help but smile to herself the entire time Ana led her through the
crowd. The smile lingered while they stared at the fire, until finally, they were

Freedom or Liberty
Freedom and Liberty
Every day the federal government as well as state and local government pass laws to make us a safer
society. As they make society safer they are slowly chewing away at our rights, liberties, and
personal freedom. Where is the balance? A serf toiling away in a field had very little liberty. He
couldn't vote and didn't have any true freedom of speech or assembly. But he did have freedom to
think his own thoughts, and he was given by his creator the right to moral agency. Within his
confined world, he had the freedom to make choices, either good or bad. We now have laws
regulating everything. We are forced to wear seatbelts, to wear motorcycle helmets. Smokers can't
even smoke outside. Kids are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Thomas Jefferson)
It is the hopeful goal of liberty that citizens govern their government rather than the reverse. We
"The People" are charged with the protection of our liberties, and we should guard against tyrannical
figures imposing intended wills upon that of our own. To regenerate the process in today's America,
we must demand regulation of soft money in politics. Personal or corporate interests cannot
dominate the political landscape. If we truly believe that every voice has value, then we cannot
continue to give merit to special interests. As stated before, our legislature must be made of the
people and for the people. If we divert and move with speed to this end, then we truly we will have
government of the people and for the people.
But......if it wasn't for central government.....there would be no civil rights legislation, there would
be no title 9. We are now in the twenty first century, and the world has changed since 1776. And
there are prices to pay if the government is going to

Newton's Spinning Globes Argument
Newton's Spinning Globes argument runs as follows. Suppose that there are two universes, and that
each universe has only two globes connected by a rigid cord. In the first universe, the system is not
undergoing any motion. However, in the second universe, the globes are rotating about a fixed axis
at the center of the two cords. If we measure the tension in the cord between the two globes in the
second universe, we can determine from the tension force the amount of centripetal force that the
globes are undergoing, and from there calculate the tangential velocity of each of the globes.
However, since the relationalist defines motion as a relative quantity between two objects, and the
distances between the two globes don't change in either world, there doesn't seem to be any relative
quantities to be found in this second universe. Therefore, the relationalist seems forced to claim that
there is no motion in either universe. Newton believes that this example demonstrates that the
relationalist conception of space is incorrect, since we can directly observe the motion of the globes
despite there being no relational quantities to show this motion. Newton concludes that the globes
must be moving with respect to an absolute space.
One response that the relationalist can make is that a Galiliean structure of space–time is sufficient
to encompass Newton's laws of physics without assuming a privileged, absolute space. Newtonian
space–time postulates that there is a definite absolute

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's Impact On Polish And German...
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was born in Leipzig, Saxony, and he was son of F. Leibniz and C.
Schmuck. The times were he was born the thirty years war was at the end of itself. He grew up and
he started to work but he didn't have that much knowledge, afterwards he started to study and he
went deeper into what is logic.
Von Leibniz had a great impact in Polish and German politics were he affected a lot with his critics
and opinions in the time of choosing the new Polish King of that time, and he made a plan for peace
during that period but the French/ Dutch war had started unfortunately.
In the philosophical area, were he was the best at, h made a lot of contributions to symbolic logic,
the bad thing is that we can only find fragments of his

Research Paper On Judas
By the next day, Ana's emotions flipped from vulnerability to spite; not spite for the sake of spite,
and not spite in the name of laziness, but a sort of righteous hate.
Kat had no fucking idea what it meant to be God. Sure, she took care of the town, but she invested
time and not suffering. She played it safe, staying so far ahead of the curve that she would never lose
too much at once. She was too big to be hurt.
Being God means having your heart broken, all the time. It means putting your soul into something,
only for that thing to sever itself from you without recognizing what it stole or fully appreciating the
void it left in you. It means that you continually find your purpose in some new, fabulous and
mysterious thing, which is torn ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Loneliness was just a rug that her ego got swept under. The dirt wasn't removed, only hidden.
Katrina was the forbidden fruit, not Ana. Katrina was the false idol; the lie.
The meaning of her life was taken from her in the instant that Ana reached for Katrina; she had no
meaning now, which was to say, she had no particular thing that was binding her or guiding her; no
particular person or location or creed that would limit her or imprison her.
Ana remembered that Kat was about to tell the story of her family's death; she was to reveal the
moment that trapped her in a state of arrested development; the trauma that made her choose to
never allow another person to affect her or change her. And in revealing that moment, should would
face it and embrace it and integrate it, and become free, finally.
Ana thought about how she felt a tinge of sadness when Kat said "I apologize, but you may never
hear the rest of that story." She felt helpless, as if Kat was choosing to stay in hell and isolation. But
that wasn't true at all; it was no longer necessary for her to face that pain, because she simply poured
it into Ana, and it became her burden

Feminism : The Patriarchy And Masculinity
The patriarchy does not exist–in 21st Century America. As defined by Merriam–Webster, patriarchy
is "[any] social organization marked by supremacy of...men". From the depths of a bygone
patriarchal society, feminist jurisprudence emerged in an attempt to rectify the harms that resulted
from such a system. Modern feminist jurisprudence theorists, such as Patricia Smith, have redefined
patriarchy to be inclusive of gender identity (masculinity and femininity), yet the original
implication of patriarchy relied on gender roles and a fixed gender binary. These theorists have
argued that the patriarchy harms both men and women, as feminine men are ostracized for not
fulfilling the role of an alpha male–a male who tends to be hyper–masculine. This belief that
femininity and masculinity must align to the biological sex of an individual has been acknowledged
by the term, "heteronormativity." Despite the distinct meanings of "patriarchy" and
"heteronormativity," feminists have fought to end the inequality of all individuals, regardless of their
gender identity. Unfortunately, the ideals of feminist theorists have been improperly translated and
implemented. Many have taken the idea of oppression to mean that women are the sole victims
when this is clearly not the case. Due to this fallacy, there are many misconceptions regarding the
gender wage gap, education, and domestic violence–which are only a few examples that will be
expanded upon in this paper. The biggest and most

Essay on Commentary on Gatsby Passage
This passage located at the falling action of Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, after Jay Gatsby
and Tom Buchanan's argument (page 128–129) focuses on Gatsby recounting his initial courting of
Daisy Buchanan. It contributes to the development of the novel, for it is the first time that Gatsby
confronts his past and reveals his desperation to preserve his dream of attaining Daisy, which, the
reader senses through Fitzgerald's ominous tone, is coming to a hopeless end. Through Fitzgerald's
portrayal of Gatsby and Daisy's relationship and Gatsby's unconscious illusions, the passage
addresses the themes regarding the arrogance of the rich, and the illusionary nature of the American
Dream. The passage features Nick retelling Gatsby's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The passage is structured into three sections, each differing in the use of narration, description, and
dialogue. The first paragraph is Nick's narration that prepares the reader to discover the "strange
story" of Gatsby's youth. The following five paragraphs are an intriguing mixture of narration and
description. Gatsby's descriptive revelation of his past is retold through by Nick's narration. The
filter of Nick's own opinions inevitably affects the nuance of Gatsby's experiences. Nick's biased
disapproval of the rich is conveyed through subtle words such as "bought luxury," which implies his
scorn for the rich who enjoy excessive luxury at the expense of others' efforts.The last paragraph
consists of Gatsby's monologue only, in which the expression of his thoughts are independent of
Nick's opinion. Through this Fitzgerald provides the reader with Gatsby's honest thoughts, in which
his illusions are further made obvious. For example, his misguided belief that Daisy thought he
"knew a lot because [he] knew different things from her" is overconfident and idealistic, giving the
reader an insight into his character. Throughout the passage, Fitzgerald further develops the
characterization of Gatsby and Daisy and depicts their relationship.

Rene Descartes Argument Analysis
The father of modern philosophy, Rene Descartes, has had a significant impact on the realm of
philosophy. The theory of mind–body dualism, a belief that the mind and the body are two distinct
substances capable of operating independently, is among Descartes' most popularized work.
However, this argument has stirred controversy amongst various philosophers, ultimately giving rise
to the mind–body problem. This essay will closely examine the basis of Descartes' argument, as well
as critique its weakest premise.
In Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes states: I think, therefore I am. Descartes is able to cast
doubt on the existence of his body, but not on the existence of his mind. As a result, Descartes
concludes that there must be two substances, one mental and the other physical, that form one ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Interactionist, like Descartes, believe that the mind and the body are two separate entities capable of
interacting with one another. This is a puzzling assertion. How is it that a purely mental entity can
affect a purely physical entity? The complexity surrounding this question is often regarded as the
mind–body problem. The mind–body problem causes many to question why it is a separate entity,
known as the mind, is residing as well as controlling one's body. If the mind has chosen that body to
occupy in particular, is it possible for the mind to then leave and occupy another? Descarte fails to
offer a proper rationale for the many questions listed. Descarte says that the mind is connected to the
body in the pineal gland, which is located at the base of the brain, and that all mind–body
interactions are processed through that portal between the mind and body. However, Descartes
reasoning does not successfully solve the problem since the pineal gland is a part of the physical
body. It is then clear, that Descartes argument is

Mind and Body
Mind and Body The concept of mind and body interactions has been debated among many modern
philosophers. Some believe that our minds and bodies are different things, thus existing separately,
while others believe that they exist as a whole. In this paper, I will be introducing two rationalist
philosophical views regarding this topic, one which is by Rene Descartes and the other by Gottfried
Wilhelm Leibniz. Rationalists, in philosophical terms, are the ones who obtain their knowledge
through reasoning rather than the human senses. Descartes and Leibniz both have similar
perspectives, but Leibniz takes a slightly different approach to improve Descartes' argument. This
paper will first show Descartes' original argument, an example that proves the argument to be
invalid, and then lastly, a revised version of the argument with Leibniz's help. Rene Descartes is a
modern French philosopher, who is famous for his line, "I think, therefore I am." The meaning of
this quote is that he must exist because he has the ability to think. In Descartes most famous work,
The Meditations, he starts off by doubting everything, which is known as the Method of Doubt. He
believes that our senses are always deceiving us in some way and so our senses are unreliable in
proving anything. By this, he means that when we use our senses, such as our vision, to look at
something, the way that the object looks from afar is different from the way it looks upfront, thus,
deceiving us. However, Descartes

Ancient Greek Influence
The Influence of Homeric Epic from Ancient Greece to Today
Art is a mirror of reality. Art is also a part of reality, as surely as the mirror is part of the room it
resides in and, no matter how distorted the image may be, it is just a reflection and still just as
revealing. Neil Gaiman has referred to fiction as "the lie that tells the truth," meaning that, while the
finer points of a story are from one's own imagination, there are deeper reflections about the human
condition, life, and nature that are found in the interactions of the characters. Storytellers strive to
depict authentic human feelings and reactions and by doing this they inadvertently encapsulate the
ethos of their time. In other words, the storyteller takes abstract universal ideas, themes, and
conflicts and brings them into concrete reality using plot and actors. The result is a story that
functions not only as entertainment, but exposes profound lessons that communicate how to view
the world and live.
The goal of this paper is to show how this phenomenon, how fiction is able to encapsulate the
zeitgeist of the time it was created and portray it in an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ancient Greece was one of the first cultures to feel the influence of Homeric epic as their entire
identity became ingrained with the virtues presented in his works. This helped set up the Homeric
epic to impact all of Western Civilization through the advancements Greeks made as these
advancements were no doubt influenced through the Homeric virtues taught in virtually all Greek
schools. The writing style and conventions used by Homer have also been a lasting effect on the
epic genre as a whole. Finally, the propagation of the monomyth is partly due to Homeric epic.
Numerous characters who are the heroes of modern popular culture follow the eight stages
established in part by Homer, demonstrating one of the most lasting influences the Homeric epic has

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