A nosocomial infection is contracted because of an infection or toxin that exists in a certain location, such as a hospital. People now use nosocomial infections interchangeably with the terms health-care associated infections (HAIs) and hospital-acquired infections. For a HAI, the infection must not be present before someone has been under medical care. The most common types of HAIs are: -urinary tract infections (UTIs) surgical site infections -gastroenteritis -meningitis -pneumonia

1. Nosocomial
Infection

2. Nosocomial Infection
Nosocomial Infection are also known as
Hospital Acquired infection (HAI) or Health-care
Associated Infection.
Definition:
 An infection acquired by a patient during the
hospital care which was neither acquired during
admission or incubating at time of admission.
 This includes infection acquired in hospital but
appeared after discharge , clinically evident as
48hrs after hospitilisation .

5. 1.Contact
2.Airborne
3.Parenteral route
4.Vectorborne
Routes of
Transmission

6. ContactRoute oftransmission
Hands or Clothing:
- Important vehicle of spread.
- Contact of hands & clothing of attendants.
- Direct-contact transmission
Inanimate objects:
- Improper disinfection of Instruments like
endoscopes,improper sterilisation of instruments.
- Indirect-contact transmission.

7. Airborne Route
of transmission
 Droplets:
- Droplets of Respiratory
infections: transmitted by
inhalation.
 Dust:
- Dust from bedding, floors,
wound exudates & skin.
 Aerosols:
- Aerosols from nebulizers,
humidifiers & AC
Eg: pneumophila

8. Parenteral route of Transmission
• Disposable syringes & needles.
• Certain infections may be transmitted by blood
transfusion,contaminated blood products.
Eg: Hepatitis B, HIV

9. Vectorborne route of Transmission
• Transmission through insects and other
invertebrates animals such as mosquito and
fleas.

10. UTI
Most common HAI (40% of Nosocomial infections)
Eg: E. coli, Klebsiella
Gastrointestinal infections
Food poisoning due to Salmonella, Shigella sonnei
Eg: E. Coli
Wound & skin sepsis
These are also frequent
Eg: Staph aureus,E. Coli
Pneumonia (Respiratory Infections)
Leading cause of mortality in patients
Eg: Staph. aureus,Klebsiella,E.coli
Common Nosocomial Infections

11. MRSA : The Superbug
MRSA – Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Staph bacteria i.e. resistant to several types of
antibiotics.
“Superbug” because spreads readily especially in
crowded living conditions.
This is also know as Hospital staphylococci
HOW DO YOU CATCH IT?
 Contact with someone who already has infection.
 Touching a contaminated surfaces.

12. Symptoms of MRSA
Characterisation of infection:
o Irrritating red bumbs
o Itchiness
o Rashes
If the bacterial enter
bloodstreams, infection
can spread to and damage to vital organs.
In extreme cases, MRSA infection can be fatal

13. Prevention & Control of HAI
 Sterilization
Sterilization of all reusable equipments
such as ventilator, humidifier and
any device that come in contact
with the respiratory tract.
 Hand Hygiene
Most effective intervention to reduce
cross transmission of
Nosocomial infections.
 Wear Glove
Provide a protective barrier.
Prevent contamination of hands.
 Wear Aprons
Preventing yourself from getting disease.

14. Conclusion
• There is no official national approach and no
real managerial support from authorities for
nosocomial infection.
• Only thing is proper asepsis, proper hand
washing and sterilization.

15. Thank you