The word disaster is derived from Middle French désastre and that from Old Italian disastro, which in turn comes from the Ancient Greek pejorative prefix (dus -) "bad“ and (aster), "star". The root of the word disaster ("bad star" in Greek) comes from an astrological sense of a calamity blamed on the position of planets A disaster is a serious disruption occurring over a short or long period of time that causes widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95% of all deaths caused by hazards occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural hazards are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized countries

1. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
.
Submitted By :-
Name:- DWIGPAL SHAHI
PID.:- 18BSCAGH128
Course:- B.Sc.(Hons) Agricultural
Extension & Communication
Semester:- 3th

2. CONTENTS
Sl. No Topics Slide No.
1. WHAT IS A DISASTER? 03
2. CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTER 04
3. 5 NATURAL DISASTER IN INDIA 05
4. 1999 SUPER CYCLONE, ODISHA 06
5. 2001 GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE 07
6. 2004 INDIAN OCEAN EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI 08
7. 2007 BIHAR FLOOD DISASTER 09
8. 2013 UTTARAKHAND FLASH FLOODS 10
9. 5 MAN-MADE DISASTER IN INDIA 11
10. BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY 12
11. AMRI HOSPITAL FIRE, KOLKATA 13
12. GIRISH PARK KOLKATA FLYOVER COLLAPSE 14
13. MAHA KUMBH MELA STAMPEDE IN
ALLAHABAD,1954
15
14. CHASNALA MINING DISASTER 16

3. What Is A Disaster?
• The word disaster is derived from
Middle French désastre and that from Old Italian disastro,
which in turn comes from the Ancient Greek pejorative prefix
(dus -) "bad“ and (aster), "star". The root of the
word disaster ("bad star" in Greek) comes from
an astrological sense of a calamity blamed on the position of
planets
• A disaster is a serious disruption occurring over a short or
long period of time that causes widespread human, material,
economic or environmental loss which exceeds the ability of
the affected community or society to cope using its own
resources.
• Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a
disaster hits – more than 95% of all deaths caused by
hazards occur in developing countries, and losses due to
natural hazards are 20 times greater (as a percentage
of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized
countries

4. CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTER:-
DISASTER
NATURAL MAN-MADE

5. 5 NATURAL DISASTER IN
INDIA
 1999 Super Cyclone, Odisha
 2001 Gujarat Earthquake
 2004 INDIAN OCEAN EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI
 2007 Bihar flood disaster
 2013 Uttarakhand Flash Floods

6. 1. 1999 Super Cyclone,
Odisha
 The 1999 Odisha cyclone was the most
intense recorded tropical cyclone in the North
Indian Ocean and among the most destructive
in the region.
 The 1999 Odisha cyclone organized into
a tropical depression in the Andaman Sea on
25 October, though its origins could be traced
back to an area of convection in the Sulu
Sea four days prior. The disturbance gradually
strengthened as it took a west-northwesterly
path, reaching cyclonic storm strength the
next day.The storm rapidly intensified,
attaining super cyclonic storm intensity on 28
October, before peaking on the next day with
winds of 260 km/h (160 mph) and a record-
low pressure of 912 mbar.
 The damage was compounded by the earlier impact of a very severe cyclonic storm that struck nearby
areas just 11 days earlier.
 In total, 12.9 million people were affected by the storm; estimates for the storm's death toll vary significantly,
though the India Meteorological Department indicated that around 9,887 were killed, with an additional
40 persons missing and 2,507 others injured.
 The sugarcane crop was destroyed alongside other kharif and rabi crops.About 2 million tonnes (2.2 million
tons) of the winter rice crop was destroyed.Total damage caused by the destructive cyclone amounted to
US$4.4444 billion.

7. 2. 2001 Gujarat Earthquake
 The 2001 Gujarat earthquake, also known as the Bhuj
earthquake, occurred on 26 January, India's 52nd Republic
Day, at 08:46 am IST. The epicenter was about 9 km south-
southwest of the village
of Chobari in Bhachau Taluka of Kutch District of Gujarat, India
 The intraplate earthquake reached 7.7 on the moment
magnitude scale and had a maximum felt intensity of X
(Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale. The earthquake killed
between 13,805 and 20,023 people (including 18 in
southeastern Pakistan), injured another 167,000 and destroyed
nearly 340,000 buildings.
 The death toll in the Kutch region was 12,300. Bhuj, which was
situated only 20 km away from the epicentre, was
devastated. The quake destroyed around 40% of homes, eight
schools, two hospitals and 4 km of road in Bhuj, and partly
destroyed the city's historic Swaminarayan temple and historic fort
as well Prag Mahal and Aina Mahal. The Indian National Trust for
Arts and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) inspected more than 250
heritage buildings in Kutch and Saurashtra and found that about
40% of them are either collapsed or seriously damaged.
In Ahmedabad, Gujarat's commercial capital with a population of
approximately 7 million (according to data in 2018), as many as
50 multi-storey buildings collapsed and several hundred people
were killed.

8. 3. 2004 INDIAN OCEAN
EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI
 The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami (also
known as the Boxing Day Tsunami and, by the
scientific community, the Sumatra–Andaman
earthquake) occurred at 07:58:53 in local time on 26
December, with an epicenter off the west coast of
northern Sumatra, Indonesia. It was
an undersea megathrust earthquake that registered a
magnitude of 9.1–9.3 Mw.
 The earthquake was caused by a rupture along the
fault between the Burma Plate and the Indian Plate.
 A series of massive tsunami waves grew up to 30 m
(100 ft) high once heading inland, after being created by
the underwater seismic activity offshore. Communities
along the surrounding coasts of the Indian Ocean were
severely affected, and the tsunamis killed an estimated
227,898 people in 14 countries.
 The earthquake was the third-largest ever recorded and
had the longest duration of faulting ever observed,
between eight and ten minutes.
 It caused the planet to vibrate as much as 10 mm
(0.4 in),and also remotely triggered earthquakes as far
away as Alaska.

9. 4. 2007 Bihar flood
disaster
 The 2007 Bihar flood, which started in August 2007, was
described by the United Nations as the worst flood in the
"living memory" of Bihar. It is believed to be the worst
flood in Bihar in the last 30 years.
 By 8 August, the flooding had affected an estimated 10
million people in Bihar. Total deaths recorded in 2007
Bihar floods was 1,287, which was second highest death
toll in state after 1,399 deaths in 1987 Bihar floods.
 More than 4822 villages and 10,000,000 hectares of farm
land were affected. About 29,000 houses were destroyed
and 44,000 houses were damaged by the floods.
Thousands of people were shifted to places of safety,
including relief camps.
 The flood affected 19 districts of the state. Some of the worst
affected districts are Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi, Saharsa, East
Champaran, Supaul, Darbhanga, Patna, Bhagalpur, West
Champaran, Katihar, Madhubani, Samastipur, Sheohar, Naland
a, Khagaria, Gopalganj, Madhepura, Araria and Begusarai.
 Flooding had submerged more than 40 percent of Bihar. The
area around the town of Darbhanga was one of the worst
affected areas in the state. Roads leading to the remainder of
the state were impassible by the flood.

10. 5. 2013 Uttarakhand Flash
Floods
 In June 2013, a multi-day cloudburst centered on the
North Indian state of Uttarakhand caused devastating
floods and landslides becoming the country's worst
natural disaster since the 2004 tsunami.
 The reason the floods occurred was that the rainfall
received was on a larger scale than the regular rainfall
the state usually received.
 The debris blocked up the rivers, causing major
overflow. The main day of the flood was 16 June 2013.
 Though some parts of Himachal
Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh in India
experienced the heavy rainfall, some regions of
Western Nepal, and some parts of Western Tibet also
experienced heavy rainfall, over 89% of the casualties
occurred in Uttarakhand.  As of 16 July 2013, according to figures provided by
the Government of Uttarakhand, more than 5,700
people were "presumed dead.“ This total included 934
local residents.
 Destruction of bridges and roads left about 300,000
pilgrims and tourists trapped in the valleys leading to
three of the four Hindu Chota Char Dham pilgrimage
sites.
 The Indian Air Force, the Indian Army, and paramilitary
troops evacuated more than 110,000 people from the
flood-ravaged area.

11. 5 MAN-MADE DISASTER IN
INDIA
 Bhopal Gas tragedy
 AMRI Hospital fire, Kolkata
 Girish Park Kolkata Flyover Collapse
 Maha Kumbh mela stampede in Allahabad,1954
 Chasnala mining disaster

12. 1. Bhopal Gas tragedy
 Recalling the night of December 2-3 1984 in Bhopal still
sends a shiver down the spine of those who were there
that fateful night when toxic Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) gas
leaked from the factory owned by Union Carbide. The gas
silently spread out engulfing the densely populated areas
around the factory.
 People woke up and ran outside desperately gasping for
breath only to take in more of the deadly gas. Many died
in their sleep while others went blind. Over time, several
people suffered from post trauma diseases, while many
continue to suffer even today.
 This was one of the worst chemical disasters
globally that resulted in over 10,000 losing their
lives (the actual number remains disputed) and
over 5.5 lakh persons affected and suffering from
agonizing injuries.
 The tragedy was a result of human error and poor
supervision at the factory. Unfortunately, several
industries in India still continue to operate with
very little government pressure on implementation
of safety protocols as per Standard Operating
Procedures laid down by the authorities

13. 2. AMRI Hospital fire,
Kolkata
 It was early December morning in Kolkata when a fire
broke out at the basement of AMRI Hospital in Dhakuria
area of Kolkata. It was around 3 am on the morning of 9
December 2011 when most patients and attending staff
were asleep.
 The fire spread rapidly to the floors above. Patients were
trapped inside wards and with no exit possible as all
windows were grilled, the rapidly spreading smoke did
more damage than the fire itself.
 The staff were slow to react and got bogged down in
protocol rather than call in the fire department immediately
as the fire broke.
 The first responders at the site were the slum dwellers residing
next to the hospital who took up the initiative of rescuing the
patients. They managed to access the hospital through
windows, by breaking the grills, and rescued several patients
and staff.
 At the end, of the 160 persons inside the hospital at the time, 89
lost their lives, of which 85 were patients and 4 staff members.
 This was a classic case of negligence on part of management
and operational staff, who did not implement most of the
mandatory fire safety norms, as laid down by the government.
Adding to this was lack of clear Standard Operating Procedures
for such emergencies.

14. 3. Girish Park Kolkata
Flyover Collapse
 The most recent man-made disaster occurred on 31 March
at 12.25 pm when a portion of the under construction
Vivekananda Road flyover at Girish Park crossing
collapsed, crushing 18 people to death and leaving over 78
injured.
 Construction work on the 2.2 kilometer flyover began in
2009 but has been way behind schedule with several
deadlines missed. It is reported that the project cost has
escalated significantly over the years and the builder had
been pressing the West Bengal government to release
funds, which has not been forthcoming, as per amount or
schedule required.
 The delays in completing the project were mainly on
account of several land acquisition litigations that the
government had to settle but for the past several months
the principle contractor IVRCL, a Hyderabad based builder,
was under pressure from the state government to complete
the project, with an eye on forthcoming elections.
 It is still early to conclude whether poor design and/or poor
construction material contributed to the tragedy but it is
clear that lack of supervision on part of the authorities led
the contractor to be lax on quality monitoring as
construction progressed.

15. 4. Maha Kumbh mela
stampede in Allahabad,1954
 Stampede caused by poor people management and lack
of adequate infrastructure to monitor and manage large
crowd gatherings, especially during religious occasions,
has been a bane in India.
 One of the worst incidents took place just after
independence on 3 February 1954 on the occasion of
Maha Kumbh in Allahabad. The resulting stampede took
the lives of 820 and left over 100 injured.
 Compounding the failure of crowd control measures was
not just the presence of a large number of politicians,. But
also the fact that the Ganges River had changed course
and moved in closer to the Bund (embankment) and the
city, reducing the available space of the temporary
Kumbh township and restricting movement of the people.
 Ultimately what triggered the tragedy was that a surge of
the crowd broke through the barriers separating them
from a procession of sadhus and holy men of
various akharas, resulting in a stampede.
 Not a single rupee of compensation was paid to the
victims' families.The judicial inquiry commission, set up
after what was one of the worst stampedes in India's
history, was headed by Justice Kamala Kant Verma, and
its recommendations became the basis for better
management of future events in the coming decades.

16. 5. Chasnala mining disaster
 The Chasnala mining disaster was a disaster that
happened on 27 December 1975 in a coal mine
in Chasnala near Dhanbad in the Indian state
of Jharkhand. An explosion in the mine followed
by flooding killed 380 miners.
 The explosion was most likely caused by sparks from
equipment igniting a pocket of flammable methane gas.
Even a small spark can ignite the surges of gas that may
suddenly fill a mine. Clouds of coal dust raised by the
explosion and accompanying shock wave contribute to
these sorts of mine explosions, making the flames self-
sustaining.
 When a roof of coal caved in, 7 million imperial gallons
(32,000 m3) of water per minute flooded into the mine.
 The miners were trapped under a mountain of debris and
drowned when the water surged into the mine.
 Rescue workers continued their efforts to dig out bodies
and survivors until 19 January 1976. Sadly, there were no
survivors, and most of the bodies were never recovered.
 The Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO), which
owned the mine, said it conformed to international
standards.

17. REFERENCES :-
• Disaster – Wikipedia
• Chasnala - The Story of Betrayal of Independence | Sankalp India Foundation
• Chasnala mining disaster – Wikipedia
• 1954 Prayag Kumbh Mela stampede – Wikipedia
• 1999 Odisha cyclone - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia
• 1999 Odisha cyclone – Wikipedia
• List of 7 major natural disasters in the history of India (jagranjosh.com)
• 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami – Wikipedia
• 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami – Wikipedia
• Uttarakhand flash floods – A report - India | ReliefWeb
• 5 Worst Man-made Disasters in India | My India (mapsofindia.com)
• 2001 Gujarat Earthquake: When India Faced One of its Worst Disasters 14 Years Ago [PHOTOS] -
IBTimes India
• 2007 Bihar flood - Wikipedia