The Environmental Impact Of Electric Vehicles

The Environmental Impact Of Electric Vehicles
Over the last several years, electric vehicles and hybrid electric–gasoline vehicles have been gaining popularity as a more environmentally friendly
transportation option. Experts agree that the recent innovations in technology are impressive, but some question the veracity of the statements made
about emissions and environmental impact of electric cars and hybrids. Currently, electric vehicles are expensive to produce and create more emissions
than gasoline vehicles during the manufacturing process. However, over the entire life of the car electric vehicles claim to have a lesser effect on the
environment than gasoline cars. If true, then it is possible that greenhouse gas pollution and global warming could be significantly reduced over time.
As the United States continues to develop more effective ways to generate and store renewable energy, electric cars will become more significant.
There have been numerous studies done on the effect of electric cars on the environment, but not all of them agree. Some only analyze part of the
broader issue, while others seem to have obvious biases as the center of their argument. One article, "Electric Vehicles: Just How Green Are They?" by
Pamela Worth explains that the average gasoline powered vehicle gets 29 miles per gallon. Worth uses this statistic to show that after production,
electric vehicles are cleaner than the average gasoline powered vehicle in all areas of the United States (Worth). Another piece, "Gasoline vs
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Electric Vehicles Vs. Gasoline Vehicles Essay
Materials and Methods Source #1 In the first article, Electric Vehicles vs Gasoline Vehicles: A Cost and Emissions Comparison, the cost and GHG
emissions of plug–in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), electric vehicles (EVs), and standard gasoline cars were compared. All the numbers used in
the research were based on averages in the Midwestern region of the United States, and was published June 2nd, 2011 at 10:53 a.m. Its goal was to
measure how much better, or worse, any type of electric car is compared to your standard gas car. It also compared how much it costs you to drive
per mile. The source believes hybrid vehicles actually hurt the environment more than it preserves. To calculate the cost per mile, they took the
average power used for PHEVs per 100 miles, 35 Kwh, and multiplied that by the average cost per Kwh in residential regions, $0.11. Then, it takes
into account the cost to get a charging station at your home. This really drives up the cost of electric vehicles because it cost $50 to $90 for a
subscription every month. After that, the emissions per mile was calculated for all three cars by calculating the average. The regional average for
hybrid cars ' 35 Kwh per 100 miles. It also took into account the regions power plant GHG emissions from natural gas and coal. Source #2 In the
second article, Emissions from Hybrid and Plug–In Electric Vehicles, the types of energy used to make power for PHEVS, gas cars, and EVs

The Hybrid Vehicle Is A Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Since 1984 the United States military has been using various versions of the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), or Humvee as
it's more commonly known. As the environment, technology, and mission needs change, so must the design and capabilities of vehicles used by the
military. A version of the Reconnaissance, Surveilling, Targeting Vehicle (RST
–V) nicknamed The Shadow is a hybrid electric vehicle developed to
meet the changing demands. Its creation is intended to meet the demands of an ever changing battlefront and reduce the limitations posed by previous
vehicles. This paper will cover what a hybrid vehicle is, brief history of the technology, how it is being used to develop new vehicles for the military,
and what ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first hybrid electric vehicle is developed by Ferdinand Porsche in 1901. The Lohner–Porsche Mixte Hybrid, being the first ever of its kind, makes
use of a gasoline powered engine in conjunction with electric generators and motors. In the early 1980's hybrid vehicles become more advanced
through the use of the regenerative brake design. Modern versions of hybrids enter the scene in the late 1990's with the Honda Insight and Toyota
Prius. These models suffer a slow start due to high purchase costs and relatively low costs of fuel. As the purchase price of hybrid vehicles decline
over the following years and the cost of fossil fuels increase, hybrids have become increasingly popular. Today, the use of hybrid vehicles are
continuing to rise and become more popular with the addition of plug–in hybrid electric vehicles. Plug–in vehicles are able to be charge from an
external power source while it is parked, allowing for the batteries to fully charge without the use of the combustion engine. This technology isn't
only for civilian applications. The Shadow is developed by two American companies, General Dynamic Land Systems (GDLS) and Lockheed Martin
Missiles and Fire Control. They are awarded an initial contract in 1997 by the Office of Naval Research as well as the Defense Advanced Research
Agency (DARPA). The purpose of this contract is to create a vehicle compatible to meet multiple mission variants, which is currently being fulfilled

Electric Cars : The Benefits Of Electric Vehicles
Electric Vehicles produce few or none emissions, which can provide a healthy and clean environment. While driving electric vehicles does not emit
any tailpipe emissions. Every year, many individuals die from air pollution caused by gasoline cars, but electric vehicles can reduce the number
dramatically with their power source as a battery not emitting any carbon dioxide. Driving an electric vehicle can save lives and decrease, the number of
deaths per year caused by air pollution. Manufacturing electric vehicles reduce the number of harmful gases being released into the atmosphere. When
it comes to constructing a combustion engine there are abounding amounts of parts that burn to create one car, but for electric cars the battery has ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other vehicles such as gasoline car, more services need to be done such as oil change, changing spark plugs, and cleaning the engine, which can add
up to thousands of dollars which year. For those reasons, electric vehicles are inexpensive to fuel and maintain. Driving on the road can be dangerous,
but driving an electric car can be safer than most vehicles. The weight of electric vehicles highly benefits from the vehicle's weight. In electric
vehicles the battery are located below the passengers, which provides lower center of gravity. In addition, making them less likely to roll over and
providing a ride quality. The making of the battery are a plus when it comes to safety. Engineers have made the batteries with multiple layers to
prevent leaking and damage. There is accidents related to gas cars that caught on fire than electric vehicles. Electric vehicles can change the world
of driving with their safety features. The vehicle's weight and battery is a key factor when it comes to safety. The biggest negative outcome of
electric cars is their limited range, which leads to limited miles and limited charging stations. Most electric vehicles have a certain amount of miles
per charge, which can be less for most car owners. In today's society individuals all have places to be such school, church, and work is can lead to
numerous amounts of miles per day. Most electric vehicles tend to

Electric Vehicles: Article Analysis
The editorial article argues about the need of more EV charging stations in California because of the continuous growth of people using electric
vehicles. The author started with a claim saying that California have the highest consumption of electric vehicles. The author also stated that they don't
have enough charging stations that will accompany all the electrical vehicle owners. The problem is that even though that some people use electric
vehicles, the need to make some more charging stations is not necessary because not everyone drives an electric vehicle and there's still a significant
amount of people driving cars that uses gas. The next sentence provides a premise to support the conclusion saying "The California Public Utilities
Commission

Electric Vehicle Research Paper
III.History of Electric Vehicles
The steady increase in electric vehicles over the past 10 years is a result of gasoline scarcity. Many believe this reason plus environmental factors
are what forced scientist to develop an alternative. The idea of a vehicle running off of electricity without a combustion engine sounds very extreme
and futuristic. The majority of people fail to realize the electric car was originally introduced in the late 1800's, but was eventually put to rest with
the conveniences of gasoline power. The two currently competing sources of automobile energy have already duked it out about a century ago, and
the once defeated electric car is off the mat for round 2. As described in Technologies Tortoise and Hare (2000DATE?) "It is a dynamic process of
competing strategies and, for the automotive industry, a very traumatic even in a vital historical drama." Electric vehicles played a small role in the pre
industrialization era, but did have much significance. EV's started out as a method of transportation. For example, the electric train was very important
in the distribution of coal out of mines because they don't clog the air with combustion affecting the miners. Electric taxi cabs were also used in
London during the late 1800's, they held the nickname "hummingbirds" due to their quiet hum. By 1899 the fastest land–speed record was held by an
electric car, reaching 65.7 mph! Many consumers also saw how appealing the electric vehicle was with the start–up

Electric Vehicle Persuasive Essay
I reviewed your memorandum to Governor Jerry Brown, outlining a "Plan to Increase Demand for Electric Vehicles." Your message to the California
government is clear about its intent. You offer solid arguments. You urge the government to develop electric vehicles to improve air quality in
California, and clearly identify the burden to develop and market the electric car within the private sector. To improve your paper, you could strengthen
your arguments with more concrete support, develop more seamless transitions, and include associated counter–arguments.
Strengthen Your Arguments
You identify good strategies, but they can be more convincing with additional support. You explain a tension existing between the government and the
car manufacturers, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How can the public and private sectors collaborate to improve California's air quality?
Ensure Seamless Transitions
Your transitions from paragraph to paragraph do not flow very well. For clarity, your second paragraph could be part of the main body. The sentence
that starts with, "to increase the penetration of electric vehicles, I recommend...," should follow your introductory paragraph. The two subheadings
after each paragraph create more confusion than a clarity for the reader. You should replace the subheadings with transitional sentences. For instance,
the subheading "Infrastructure" is already stated in the heading "Invest in Infrastructure and Research and Development." Remove it because it is
repetitive.
Include Counter–Arguments
A counter argument is crucial to support your argument advocating for the removal the zero emission mandate. This is because the oil company
lobbyist will fight such mandates. In addition, your recommendation to the government advising the incorporation of a carbon tax on gasoline
purchases can use a stronger argument, because the oil companies have control of the gas supply and demand. Therefore, to launch the carbon tax on
gas purchases, the government must defeat lobbyists from the oil companies. Think of ways the government can make this

The Pros And Cons Of Electric Vehicles
Global Warming is a topic of interest in today's world and ways that we could cut back our carbon footprint. Electrical vehicles are vehicles that use
electricity to power the motors in order to run. Electrical vehicles are thought to be one of the solutions to greenhouse gases and global warming.
While electric vehicles tend to produce pollution at times from their backup motors, electrical cars depend on a fuel source that doesn't originate from
burning fossil fuels, which produces fewer greenhouse gases and cuts back on oil consumption. Electric Vehicles are starting to replace combustion
engine vehicles, and some towns are using smaller electric vehicles in their own Public Safety, Parks, and Water departments. Greenhouse gases should
be cut back by electrical vehicles, and fear for their lives.
Greenhouse gases are composed of different types of compounds that pollute the Earth's atmosphere. The three main compounds that contribute to the
greenhouse gas effect are water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane. Carbon dioxide is found when fossil fuels are burned, fossil fuels are found in
gasoline and diesel products. Electric vehicles are designed in order to cut back on carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is one of the largest contributors
to greenhouse gases, and by relying on electricity instead of gas CO2 emission is cut back. James Kliesch states " On a national average basis, an
efficient electric car emits about half the amount of carbon dioxide as a conventional car,

How Do Electric Vehicles Make A Sacrifice?
Electric vehicles today are promoted as the precursor to an environmentally cleaner future. At the same time these vehicles are stylish and high
performance, however they can be very expensive. Which means they are not attractive to the penniless, but only to the environmentally committed
rich. Those who own an electric vehicle might brag to their families, friends, strangers about their sacrifice for the world, however, are they really
making a sacrifice? The answer is "no". In reality, today's electric vehicle is trading one environmental problem for the other. It doesn't matter if the
vehicle itself does not release carbon dioxide while it's running; an electric vehicle is as clean as its power grid. Since most of the united states electricity
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When it comes to the electric vehicle its true potential lies in its power grid. For example, in a country whose power mostly comes from nuclear
energy, the electric vehicle is truly green however in a country like the united states who derives most of its energy from coal and other fossil fuels,
the electric car no longer serves its purpose. Not only is the power used to drive the car toxic but also the energy used to build it is made out of fossil
fuels. Even though the electric vehicle is not truly green does not mean that it is a lost cause; there is plenty of room for improvement and time for the
electric car to match its green

History of the Electric Vehicle Essay examples
History of the Electric Vehicle
The History of Development:
In general the automobile was invented to transport people. Horses were the main mode of transportation and a self powered vehicle seemed to offer
many benefits. We have looked at the automobile history and seen how this innovation occurred. The United States in the 19th century had been
developing a very successful metal–working industry, which included firearms, sewing machines and machine tools. Not only did this push technology
ahead but it also created demand products of a complex technical nature. This technology is what leads to the production of the automobile. The electric
car for many years followed the same format that the internal combustion automobile went ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such railcars were a major accomplishment but it would be another thirty years before the next giant leap forward. In 1888 electric cars began to
appear in the United States and abroad as a spillover from the previous technology. The most successful car was built by William Morrison of Des
Moines, Iowa and could run for thirteen consecutive hours at a speed of fourteen miles per hour. However, much of the success of this was due to the
promotional work from Harold Sturges, secretary of the American Battery Company. This theme would develop over and over again in the life of all
alternative fuel systems where success came not from actual integrity, but from force from an outside source.
For the next couple years electric cars seemed like they represented the future of travel. They were adopted by the postal service and companies
began to profit from their production. General Electric began to produce cars in 1898 and achieved a land speed record for a car that went 39.25 miles
per hour, a speed that gas–powered cars could not come close to beating. At this point the market for electric cars was big enough were a couple of
firms were successful. Due to the level of competition between these firms technological advance gained speed because companies were trying to
separate their product from the others. Through the turn of the century electric car manufactures kept beating each other's speeds and raising the bar for
electric technology. By 1902 the speed record

The Impact Of Electric Vehicles On The Environment
The planet changes over time, but people cause negative impact to their environment. To protect Earth, consumers need to be conscious of their role as
technology continues to advance. More specifically, the automobile industry creates pollution, "in 2013, transportation contributed more than half of
the carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides, and almost a quarter of the hydrocarbons emitted into our air" (ucs). Conventional vehicles, utilizing internal
combustion engines, cause these harmful emissions, but electric–vehicles protect the environment while providing consumers with an efficient use of
energy. Energy serves as a crucial factor in technology and allows society to operate, but certain usages harm the world. As arguments develop about
pollution and its effects, society needs to take the step towards clean energy. The transportation industry releases pollution through fumes caused by
combustion within engines. In terms of automobiles, the conventional gasoline vehicles and electric–vehicles compete to gain attention from consumers.
The electric–vehicle uses energy more efficiently than the gasoline vehicle, which loses energy through combustion. Additionally, the EV offers
performance benefits for individuals. While offering a smooth and quiet drive, these vehicles require less maintenance. Finally, the EV allows money to
stay within the nation, since local utility companies produce electricity. For these reasons, a national tax exemption should be offered to encourage

The Impact of Electric Vehicles on Greenhouse Gas...
The rising levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHG) caused by the increased use of fossil fuels for energy services–notably transportation,
heating, and the generation of electricity–is known to be one of the foremost drivers of climate change. The United States is responsible for one–fourth
of the world's total greenhouse gas emissions, representing only 5% of the world population and it becomes the world's single largest emitter of
atmospheric greenhouse gasses (EPA, 2011) . Since 1970, the U.S. share of net import of crude oil and consumption had been increased significantly
and the majority of the imported liquid–based petroleum fuels were used for U.S. transportation sector (EIA, 2010). Today, the transportation is the
second ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the American Clean Energy and Security Act (ACES), the U.S. work towards an economy–wide CO2 cap–and–trade reduction program
to reduce CO2 emissions to 17% below 2005 levels by 2020 (Morrow, Gallagher, Collantes, & Lee, 2010).
As part of the United States planned greenhouse gas emissions reduction strategy, it is necessary for U.S. to consider the effect of new electricity
services coming to the transportation sector. One such service that is gaining widespread interest is the electrification of personal transportation (also
referred to as "passenger cars") using Plug–in Electric Vehicles (PEV's). The advantage of electrification of personal transportation leads to improved
air quality and to reduce the U.S's GHG contribution to global climate change.
In 2007, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) made a collaborated study on penetration of
plug–in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and published it as "Environmental Assessment of Plug–In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV), Volume 1:
Nationwide Greenhouse Gas Emissions". The EPRI "well–to–wheels" study is based on the data which is primarily collected from the 48 states of
U.S.A. This study compared the well–to–wheels GHG emissions per mile for three distinct vehicle types: Conventional gasoline

A Research On Electric Vehicle Policy
For this paper, I examined literature written about electric vehicle policy, specifically those articles with a focus on current issues related to vehicle
assimilation into our electrical grid. It's an exciting time to research the state of electric vehicle policy, with so much new technology coming to the
market so quickly, and still so many unknowns about how it will all operate efficiently within our current system. I have grouped the literature into two
main categories for purposes of this paper: Encouraging EV Adoption and Charging Infrastructure
Encouraging EV Adoption
One variable that will impact private and public investment in the EV space is obviously the infiltration of electric vehicles during the next decade. In
other words, how many EVs will be purchased, replacing gas cars that are currently on our roads and highways. Understanding the speed of adoption
and consumer acceptance rates for this new way of traveling is important for U.S. policy and planning purposes. Determining and understanding the
causes of EV adoption and correlating that to estimates of future technology adoption rates requires application of statistical modeling methods. Baha
Al–Alawi and Thomas Bradley provide a comprehensive summary of EV market saturation in their 2013 report entitled "Review of Hybrid, Plug–In
Hybrid, and Electric VehicleMarket Modeling Studies" (Al–Alawi et al. 2013).
I also found some literature focusing on the impact of financial incentives on electric vehicle

Honda and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Honda and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Honda was founded in Hamamatsu, Japan, by Soichiro Honda in 1946 as the Honda Technical Research Institute. The company began as a developer
of engines for bicycles, but by 1949 it had produced its first motorcycle, called the Dream. In 1959, Honda entered the U.S. automobile and motorcycle
market by opening the American Honda Motor Company. A few years later, in 1963, Honda released its first sports car, the S500, in Japan. Honda
Motor Co. Inc. grew rapidly to become one of the largest automobile companies in the world. Its "globalization" strategy of building factories around
the world that would meet the needs of local customers had resulted in a total worldwide presence of more than 100 factories ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Sales of hybrids were further hindered by consumer ignorance regarding hybrid technology: as of 2004, 50 percent of U.S. consumers still believed
that hybrid cars require battery regeneration via electric plug.
Hybrid cars were also expensive to produce relative to traditional automobiles. While Honda charged a sales price for the Insight that was comparable
to its non– hybrid counterparts––around $20,000, depending on options–it was estimated that Honda lost as much as $8,000 per car when the hybrids
were originally launched, as a result of insufficient volume to achieve economies of scale.
Total Hybrid Electric Passenger Vehicle Sales in United Sates, 2000
–2004
YearUnit sales
20009,367
200120,287
200235,691
200347,525
200483,153
Strategy at Honda
At Honda, being an environmental leader means never uttering the words "It can't be done." That's why for more than two decades Honda has led the
way in balancing what consumers want with what the environment needs. Technologies change over time–but our commitment to the environment
never will.
Honda Corporate Web Site, August 2003

Honda's strategy had consistently emphasized innovation, independence and environmental friendliness. In 1972, Honda introduced the Civic, which
became n immediate success, ranking first in U.S. fuel–economy tests for four consecutive years starting

Hybrid Types Of Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Full Hybrid Transmission System 1FULL HYBRID DESCRIPTION Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) differentiates from basic electric vehicles (EV)
through their use of two power sources. The purpose of having two power sources is to utilize the properties of both the electric component and
combustion engine to create a vehicle that's more efficient and less environmentally damaging. Different types of hybrid systems utilise different
properties of the power sources through compromise, allowing better performance for the vehicles specifications. Full Hybrids, considered the most
fuel efficient, can automatically swap between series, parallel and full–electric modes (further explained below) allowing the vehicle to run at full
utilization and economy through different uses, such as in traffic, highway driving and racing. Examples of full hybrid vehicles include that of the
Toyota Prius and many of Toyota's Synergy Drive Hybrid range. Series powertrains refer to using an electric motor to rotate the wheels, whilst the
alternate power source drives an on board generator which essentially increases the reliability of the electric motor without directly powering the
wheels. Unlike series mode, in parallel mode both power sources are used to provide power to the wheels. This can be configured in a wide variety of
ways by alternating the use of full–electric or full–combustions, or having different wheels powered by different sources, i.e. front wheels electric drive
and back wheels

The Pros And Cons Of Electric Vehicles
Electric vehicles began taking the market by storm when Nissan introduced its mass–production Leaf model in 2011. Since then, nearly every
manufacturer has brought its own EV to the market. The future appears bright for EVs, especially as engineering improvements make them more
efficient and cost–effective. That said, we will examine the good, the bad and the ugly of electric vehicles to help you make an informed decision
about this emerging technology.
The Good
1. No emissions. One of the big reasons EVs are so attractive to some is that they emit absolutely no emissions. If you are worried about your direct
impact on the environment, an electric vehicle will allay those concerns.
2. No gas. How often do you visit the service station to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Less maintenance. Electric cars still require maintenance, although oil changes, exhaust system care and spark plug changes are a thing of the past.
One thing that will not change is brake system care, although the regenerative braking system on EVs usually means your brake pads will typically last
twice as long than with a conventional gas–powered model.
The Bad
1. Your upfront cost. Electricvehicle prices have come down, but they are still higher than comparable gas–powered models. A Nissan Leaf will cost
you at least $30,000 new, while a well–equipped Nissan Sentra costs about $20,000. Fortunately, taxpayers may find themselves eligible for a $7,500
federal tax credit as well as state–level credits, rebates and incentives. Ideally, you will want to recoup the cost of your investment, something
government–backed incentives make possible. In a best–case scenario, the "bad" can actually be categorized as "good."
2. Restricted range. Run low on gas and you can fuel your conventional vehicle within minutes. With an electric vehicle, you can only travel so many
miles before you must connect to a power source. Even with longer ranges for second–generation EVs, weather and driving factors can reduce the
published range by one–third or more according to the EPA. Suddenly, that EV with a 150–mile range may need a charge after just 100 miles of

Zap and Electric Vehicle
1.The competition to develop and market electric vehicles has increased during the last year and is expected to continue to increase. The electric
bicycle industry has four major manufacturers and a large group of small companies. The major manufacturers are Honda, Suzuki, Sanyo and Yamaha.
They mainly sell products to Japan and Europe. The other group of manufacturers is much smaller in size and sales volume. These manufacturers have
products they sell into the U.S., European and Asian markets.
Porter's five–forces model is a powerful tool for systematically diagnosing the principal competitive pressures in a market and assessing how strong and
important each one is. The electric vehicle industry is a definite for applying this technique. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This also makes it harder for businesses in the EV industry to find ways to make buyers choose their business. Also, suppliers have strong
bargaining power so industries have a difficult time trying to shop around for the best prices on the parts they need. However, Zap was an early
mover and is a current market leader in the industry and with a good strategy can have a profitable future that new entries find they can't get. Because
Zap was an early mover into the EV industry, they have positioned themselves very high in the marketplace. This is a result of several acquisitions
made including a major acquisition of EV Systems, CA. They also acquired several patents which helped keep other companies from copying their
designs and what they put into their designs. They also conducted most of their business overseas which helped to save Zap money, which allowed
them to focus on their distribution methods. Also, they are environmental friendly which allows consumers to look at them when deciding between
electric and gas powered vehicles.
Their present strategy is to develop, acquire and commercialize electric vehicles and electric vehicle propulsion systems that have fundamental,
practical and environmental advantages over available internal combustion modes of transportation, while also having the ability to be produced
commercially on an economically competitive basis. Also, they have positioned themselves as the premier EV provider, have strong focus on

Hybrid Electric Vehicles ( Electric Vehicle )
Imagine a world in which the air we breathe is clean, the skies are blue, automobiles are sleek and fast, and don't burn fossil fuels. That world could
be coming. It's a world filled with clean running electric vehicles. An EV (electric vehicle) is a vehicle that gets some or all of its power for
propulsion from the electric grid. These cars present one of the best alternatives to gas based vehicles as they are environmentally friendly, and
circumvent the distribution of harmful elements such as carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Some of the manufactures for the EVs and their models
include the Nissan LEAF, the Mitsubishi iMiEV, andplug–in hybrid electric vehicles (part gasoline, part electric battery), such as the Chevrolet Volt or
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1908 the electric car suffered a big blow. That year, Henry Ford introduced the mass–produced Model T. It made gasoline–powered cars widely
available and affordable. By 1912, the gasoline car cost only $650, while an electric car sold for $1,750. By the 1920s, the U.S. had much better roads
connecting cities, which Americans were eager to explore. When crude oil was discovered in Texas, gas became cheap and was easily available to
rural Americans, while few had electricity. By 1935, electric vehicles had all but disappeared (Energy.gov, 2014). Commercially available EVs hit the
market again in 2011 (Larson, P., ViГ
Ўfara, J., Parsons, R., Elias, A., 2014). Environmental concerns about air quality, growing concerns about global
warming, and finite fossil fuel supplies prompted a new emphasis on the production of more fuel–efficient vehicles (Nayum, KlГ¶ckner., Mehmetoglu,
2016). These concerns led to the development of improvements in automobile materials, system technologies, and the design of improved
rechargeable battery systems that are smaller, lighter weight, and have a longer lasting charge. Advances such as these have rapidly accelerated the
design of better, more reliable EVs (Coffman, Bernstein, Wee, 2016). Unfortunately, sales of these vehicles are not progressing as quickly as had been
hoped, some prominent reasons being that EV vehicles are still too expensive, consumers continue to have "range anxiety" (the fear of

Electric Cars : The Benefits Of Electric Vehicles
Electric cars were first introduced in the 21st century and they seemed to cause an uproar with people approving of them. During this time, many
wanted machines that would consume less fuel and that would be environmentally friendly. With the idea of wanting a vehicle that could travel long
distance without having to fill up constantly, a university student thought of the electric car. The project was successful, and many appreciated the fact
that the car was eco–friendly. The electric vehicles have a lot of advantages, and this paper seeks to analyze the reasons why people should embrace
them. The paper argues that electric vehicles are more efficient and user–friendly as compared to fuel–consuming cars and therefore people should opt
for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some people normally want to power the batteries only to listen to music in the vehicle while others want it for movement. The dashboard in the
electric cars has nobs that one turns to suit the needs at hand. In that case, the moment one opts to purchase an electric car; there should be
expectations that there many good things that will be enjoyed so long as the necessary inputs have been provided (Kley, Lerch & Dallinger, 2011).
Fuel consuming cars need to be constantly filled with gas and cause so much more pollution. In 2013, transportation contributed to more than half of
the carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides that are released into our air (Union of Concerned Scientists). With the use of electric cars, there would be
less pollution and a lot more efficient ways of charging the car.
The type of technology that has been used to come up with the electric cars is advanced even though that makes them expensive. But they say,
"expensive is good." The built of the vehicles is in such a way that they detect when the power is running low, and they can also count the mileage that
is remaining to get to the next charging station (Kley, Lerch & Dallinger, 2011). In that case, the boot is fitted with power backup systems that one can
use temporarily before getting to charge it again. Also, the vehicles are made in a way that they can calculate the amount of charge that one needs to
reach a given destination.

Energy Vehicles And Electric Vehicles
Consumers are constantly surrounded by advertisements and these advertisements play a significant role in affecting people's daily decision–making.
Automobiles continue to be one of the fastest growing industries, especially in the United States; therefore, advertisements are crucial and are
constantly changing to meet the requirements and needs of the consumers. In order to target the desired consumers and market effectively, the
advertising techniques need to be different from traditional gasoline vehicles because the consumers must be able to compare the types of vehicles out
in the market and find the type that best suits their demand. In this case, consumers are contemplating between traditional gasoline vehicles and electric
vehicles (EV). There are three ways of advertising that carefully examine how each type of vehicle can satisfy the specific demands of their potential
customers; therefore, automobile companies must compete endlessly to come up with advertisements that target consumers right at the heart focusing
on manufactures' ethics, consumers' psychology, and trends. Electric vehicles' advertisements target consumers' demands by including some of the
advantages of EV in the advertisements. These advantages include wordings like zero emission and driving the future. The specific wordings are able
to imprint positive qualities of EV into consumers' minds. It puts EV in a better position than traditional vehicles as it takes advantages by using words
that

The Physics Behind The Electric Vehicle
The Physics behind the Electric Vehicle It has been estimated that there will be approximately 1200 million motor vehicles by the year 2020. That
is almost twice the number of cars that are already traveling on our busy roads. Due to this ever increasing vehicle population, the demand for fuel
will continue to increase as well. With the depleting supply of oil already an issue for the U.S. especially, there is a growing interest in alternative
energy fuels that can be used to power motor vehicles. Electric vehicles (EV) are one of the cleanest and most environmentally friendly cars available
at this point in time. By definition, an electric car is an automobile that is propelled by one or more electric motors, using electrical energy stored in
rechargeable or another energy storage device. The electric motors used in these cars gives off instant torque, creating strong and smooth
acceleration. Some of the models of EVs have an electric motor for each wheel. Having these four motors not only allows for better propulsion, but
also for the use of braking and changing the kinetic energy back into chemical energy in the batteries. The traction that the car gets is also increased
with each wheel driving. In some of the EV models the electric motors can be mounted directly inside the mounting for the wheel, which enables a loss
of all the moving parts between the motor and the wheel. When there is no axle, differential, or transmission, the EVs have less drivetrain

Are Electric Vehicles The Future Of Automobiles? . Electric
Are Electric Vehicles the Future of Automobiles?
Electric vehicles have been increasing in popularity because of the manufacturers claims about the vehicle 's so called, low emission rates. Big
companies like Ford, Tesla, Chevy, and Nissan are the main manufacturers of electric vehicles (Miret). People have been buying into the idea of
helping the environment and saving the world based on their claims. Electric vehicles have zero tailpipe emissions but that is not the entire story. The
main concern is how electric vehicles work, what type of energy is used to charge the vehicle, and what emissions are released.
Electric vehicles are not designed for every driver. In 2015, the global sales of an electric vehicle had grown by 72% (Miret). ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Electric vehicles are a fairly new thing, so charging station are not always available and plugging in at home can take hours compared to the one
half hour it takes at a charging station. Electric vehicles also have great benefits. Electric vehicles convert more than double of their power to the
wheels compared to a gasoline engine ("What Are Electric Cars"). Electric vehicles feel fast because the power is delivered instantly to the wheels.
Another benefit of an electric vehicle is they are virtually silent (Wilson). Electric vehicles are good for city use, were the daily commute is short and
access to power is readily available.
Electric vehicles require electricity to charge their batteries. Electricity is produced by many different types of power plants such as coal, nuclear,
solar, wind, or hydro power. Coal power is considered dirty because it release massive amounts of pollutants into the air. Nuclear, solar, wind and
hydro power are considered clean power types which release little to no pollutants into the air. Coal is one of the leading sources of electricity and it
also puts out the most greenhouse gases (Biello). In the United States coal contributes to 34% of all energy produced ("Greenhouse Gas Emissions").
70% of all carbon dioxide released in the electricity sector is from coal power plants ("Greenhouse Gas Emissions"). This number would go up if more
electric vehicles were used. The main power manufacturing types vary from

The Expansion Of Electric And Hybrid Vehicles
Supposedly implicit in the term "leading edge technology" is the expansion of electric and hybrid vehicles in the GM line. Indeed, in order to
meet its commitment to help achieve 500,000 electric or hybrid vehicles on the U.S. road by 2017 and to help reduce the average carbon
emissions of U.S. cars by 15% by 2016, GM must continue to invest in green vehicles. However, multiple challenges currently stand in the way of
GM's previously defined goal to become an electric car provider. In fact, this paper suspects these challenges prompted GM to omit mention of
electric cars in its 2014 strategic plan, and insofar as the failure to specifically mention electric cars signifies a wavering in the company's commitment
to green technology, GM has opened itself up to significant criticism in the formulation of its 2015 strategy. Given the current price of Brent Crude at
$49.31 per barrel, down more than $50 in less than two years, demand for fuel–efficient cars has seen a precipitous decline. Through June 2015, the
market share for hybrid electric cars and electric vehicles accounted for 2.8% of automobile market share, down from 3.6% through the same period in
2014. Correspondingly, GM's plug–in hybrid Volt fell 35% in July. To make the outlook more dismal for electric cars, a global glut in oil and
weakening world demand both point to sustained low prices for oil over the medium term. Despite these negative signs, GM must reaffirm its
commitment to the design and

Electric Versus Gasoline Powered Vehicles
Electric Versus Gasoline Powered Vehicles
Every year we hear about electric cars more and more, and understandably so. With the rising cost of gasoline, and environmental concerns among
others, it is not surprising that people would want more energy efficient vehicles. So now that automobile manufacturers have started producing these
types of vehicles, how do they compare to their gas powered counter parts?
To answer this question you must first understand how they work, there advantages and disadvantages then you can see how the compare.
Gas Powered Vehicles
Gas powered vehicles have been the standard for over 60 years, they are powered by an eternal combustion engine which use a mixture of air and fuel
ignited by a spark to create energy to turn the engine thus powering the vehicle. Technology, engine design, and materials used have changed
considerably since the first automobile rolled of the line making modern engines more efficient.
The Upside
Listed below are few of the upsides to a gas powered vehicle.
The Infrastructure Exists: Gas stations are everywhere, as well as stores carrying everything necessary to keep your vehicle running and shops to
repair or replace parts.
Fuel Tank Capacity: The amount of fuel a gas powered vehicle can hold enables them to travel great distances on a single tank before needing to refuel.
Cheaper Sticker Price: Gas powered vehicles are typically cheaper to buy than an electric vehicle of comparable size and style.
The Downside

The Electric Vehicle: Good or Bad?
The Electric Vehicle: Good or Bad?
By
Elizabeth Andrews
English 102: Writing Research Paper
Instructor: David McCarthy
Outline
1. Introduction Paragraph and thesis
2. History of Electric Vehicles
a) 1890–1929: Early ideas
b) 1930–1989: brought up due to shortages from WWII
c) 1900–present: environmental issues, shortage on gasoline
3. Impact on environment and what needs to be done
a) Power grids
b) Impacts on power grid

c) CO2 (Carbon Monoxide) production from cars
d) Power grid study
e) Power grids need to be upgraded to be more efficient
f) Development into electrical infrastructure will need to be changed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We need to integrate smart technology to regulate the power and eliminate was. This combined will conservation efforts will free up the energy needed
for electrical vehicles. (Weeks. 145–168) A person with this same idea is R. Frank, writer of, Electric Vehicles: The Smart Grid's Moving Target. He
focuses on the ability and consumer feasibility of the electric vehicle and the impact on the power grid, and suggests that many advancements need to
be made to our infrastructure before a large percent of our vehicles could transition to electric power. ( Frank. 65–70). A study was conducted ornl.gov
to see the impact electric vehicles would have on the nation's power grid. Projections are for at lease a twenty–five percent penetration of hybrid
vehicles in the market by two–thousand and twenty, with high percentage of those being plug–in variety. The study shows that if consumer's charge
their vehicles at five PM when they get home from work, the country would need an additional one–hundred and sixty power plants, compared to no
additional plants needed if everyone charged after ten PM. Systems will have to be mandated to ensure charging only occurs in the overnight hours
when demand is at its lowest. If this can not happen then a suggestion "Power grids need to be upgraded to be more efficient and utilize off–peak
times for charging of electric vehicles" said by David Sandalow

Engineering Principles And Processes Of A Hybrid Electric...
Table of Contents
Engineering Principles and Processes2
i.Briefly describe the difference between a "Hybrid Electric Vehicle" and an Electric Vehicle.2 ii. With the aid of diagrams explain the difference
between a Series and Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles.2 iii. Research and outline the function, engineering principles and operation of the following
parts of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle. Include suitable diagrams to aid your explanations.3
Regenerative braking3
Battery types used3
Electric motors4 5
Internal combustion engine (Relate the information to HEVs)5
Case Study – Toyota Camry Hybrid6
i.Location and size of the manufacturing facility.6 ii. Picture of your vehicle.6 iii. List the technical specifications of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
ii.With the aid of diagrams explain the difference between a Series and Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicles.
Both series and parallel hybrid electric vehicles primarily contain the same parts, however, they are configured differently. Both types ofhybrid electric
vehicle contain a gasoline–based engine, a battery which is rechargeable, an inverter, transmission and an electric motor. The main difference
between the two, disregarding the difference in sizes of the separate parts, is that series hybrid electric vehicles have a generator whereas in a
parallel hybrid electric vehicle the motor acts as a generator. Moreover, in a parallel HEV, the engine is directly connected to the wheels, however this
is not the case in a series HEV.
In a parallel HEV, the motor and the combustion engine work in accordance to power the vehicle. The gasoline–based engine and motor are both
connected to the transmission. As fuel travels to the engine or the battery is turned on, it propels the car.
In a series HEV, the motor is charged by the battery or generator (powered by gasoline–based engine). Thus, the gasoline engine does not directly
propel the car, unlike in the parallel HEV. The transmission is responsible for determining how much energy is required and whether to retrieve it
from the battery or the generator. Pictured above, is a parallel HEV system, as made obvious by the position of the electric motor and

Taking a Look at Electric Vehicles
Introduction: Although electric vehicles save money they do not go the long distances a gas vehicle can go. They are also cheaper than gas vehicles
and better for the environment!
Body paragraphs: Charging stations can be installed in a location where there is a regular 120V outlet or a 240V outlet. The averageelectric vehicle
charger is designed to be powered by a dedicated 240V outlet for just charging that vehicle. The charger that can plug into either a 120V or 240v is
called the Turbocord, it is small and compact. This is the type of charger a person that travels a lot and knows they would not be able to access a
240V outlet. This charger is designed to work with either 120V or 240V, every place that has electricity has an 120V outlet. EV states "TurboCord is
the next generation of plug–in EV chargers. It's ultra–compact size provides you the flexibility and freedom to take it anywhere. Just plug it directly
into an outlet and charge at home, work or play. The Dual version works with both a 120 volt standard outlet and a 240 volt outlet for charging
nearly 3 times faster than your Level 1 cordset." Now with these electric vehicles and how the technology is improving every day the charging time
is getting cut down, some vehicles take up to 23 hours to fully charge. EV chargers can cut that time down to 6.3 hours which is a huge drop. EV's
newest charger, the Turbocord is opening opportunities for the owners of these electric vehicles. This new style of a charger

The Electric Vehicle Essay
The Electric Vehicle
The technology of electric vehicles has been around since the turn of the nineteenth century but faded as the gasoline powered engine took the
spotlight. Now the future of electric vehicles is very bright. Their impacts are very significant ranging from economic, to new technology that can be
applied elsewhere, to most importantly, the environment. Ford and GM, through its Saturn plant, have already begun production on their own version of
the electric vehicle and have made them available to the public. In 1998 California plans to have one percent of its major auto makers sell electric
vehicles and other states have looked into the same possibility, mainly Massachusetts and New York. Imagine driving a quieter,... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The mandate is set to take effect in 1998 in California and as many as five other states have considered adopting the ZEV mandate for themselves, with
New York already mandating the policy. Several auto makers have filed suit against the ZEV mandate, but the latest rulings have gone against the auto
makers.
In 1989, Los Angeles City Council member Marvin Braude issued a worldwide bid for 10,000 electric vehicles to be delivered to southern California
in the mid–1990's (Sperling 1995). The bid was met with major skepticism from major automotive companies about the market for the electric vehicles,
and the bid was granted to Clean Air Transport, an Anglo–Swedish company with a small number of employees. The company spent millions to build a
hybrid electric–gasoline car but could not get any funding to begin manufacturing. As a result, the company simply disappeared in the early nineties,
but it did not matter because by this time the major auto makers had taken interest.
Elsewhere in the world, many other countries were also experimenting with electric vehicles. British manufacturers never stopped producing these
vehicles and had turned out several thousand electric milk delivery trucks a year. By 1990 it was estimated that 33,000 of these were on England's
roads. In Japan, major auto makers had indulged themselves in the development of the electric vehicle during the 1970's, but backed off their efforts in
the 1980's only after they had built a small

The Impact Of Electric Vehicles On The Future Of Electric...
Context and Background
Electric vehicles have been around far longer than their fossil fuel powered counter parts. They have been popular as early as the late 19th century and
the early part of the 20th century. One of the best–selling vehicles at the point was the Columbia Runabout, which could go 40miles on a single charge
and run at speed up to 25 kmph. They were initially considered a safer option when compared to cars powered by fossil fuels, as initial ICI cars
were prone to backfire. This all changed with the mass production and the technological advancements when it came to ICE (Internal Combustion
Engines) [1]. When Ford started mass producing their cars and fuel prices began to drop, advancements in electric vehicles came to a halt. There has
been a slow resurgence in interest for Electric vehicles from the late 70's when the damage that the fossil fuel powered cars were causing to the
environment was slowly being understood. Yet the public acceptance of electric vehicles has been less than enthusiastic. This can be attributed to the
low prices of gasoline and push by petroleum giants against electric car initiatives and public aversion to buying electric cars owing to their high
prices, their low resale value and lack of infrastructure for charging. But with the recent success of Electric Vehicles in California and Estonia, it would
be time to look at ways to implement an infrastructure for Electric Vehicles in Australia and spread awareness among the public.

Hybrid Cars And Hybrid Electric Vehicles
In the present generation where automobiles are very important in daily life, there is two types of cars i.e. Gasoline vehicles and hybrid–electric
vehicles, hybrid–electric cars which used quite a while but not as much as their gasoline counterparts. The difference between these two cars is mainly
the Engine, tank, and the source on which the cars work. The hybrid–electric vehicle is more a computerized and electric version where it switch
between running on gasoline and electricity. Other than that major changes, these cars are fundamentally the same. The body and the maneuvering
design of these are fundamentally the same. Hybrid cars were few to come by when they were initially introduced, but current climate change and
pollution issues have encouraged people to opt for the cleaner and greener version of the automobile. Although both kinds of automobiles are being
used, there are a lot of aspects where these automobiles can be differentiated. A few comparisons between these two vehicles is stated below.
1.HISTORY:–
a.Hybrid: This type of engine vehicles were invented in the 19th century but it came into market in early 2000 and gained popularity in the 2005 from
then on many started to use this type of vehicles.
b.Gasoline: This type of vehicles were invented in 1876 in Germany and the usage of these cars was from 1882 and it is still very much in demand in
the market for its features.
2.WORKING :–
a.Hybrid: The electric power is fed to the electric motor from the

Energy Of Electric Powered Vehicles
1.0Environmental.
Electricity.
Electric powered vehicles are approximately 90 percent more efficient than those using fossil fuels, which is the primary reason that it is nearly
always cheaper to drive a mile using electricity as a fuel rather than gasoline . One challenge concerning electric powered vehicles is that the
batteries are both heavy and expensive. As technology and adaptation progress, however, it is anticipated that AA that are fully or partially powered
by electricity would be able to travel the same range using batteries that are smaller, and thus, cheaper. As a result of the improved drive cycles and
decreased traffic congestion, the use of electric powered AA would further allow for using smaller and lighter batteries. This would reduce the overall
cost for consumers, and hasten the adoption of conventionally sized electrified vehicles. Smaller batteries would also reduce life–cycle environmental
impacts from producing electric vehicle batteries, as well as reduce their environmental impacts at the end of their useful life. Electric vehicles charged
by low–carbon electricity have the potential to dramatically lower the level of GHG emissions, oil use, and conventional air pollutants. Moreover, AA
can be programmed to drive in a way that is fuel efficient so that by programming travel speeds, accelerations, and even mapping out optimal travel
routes AA can be programmed to reduce power consumption.
Ethanol.
Ethanol (E85), ethyl alcohol, has a potential to

Hybrid Electric Vehicles ( Phevs )
However, (Weiller, 2011) presented that a number of existing investigations have found that plug–in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have emissions
advantage more than hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and conventional vehicles considerably when representing grid emissions [1–4]. Furthermore,
EPRI, 2007; Yang, 2009; Yeh, 2009). Jamarillo et al. (2009) Find that PHEVs have the ability to reducing emissions by 6
–16 % compared to
conventional gasoline vehicles, even in the case of electricity use coal without carbon capture and storage is used to power transportation. (ElNozahy,
2015) Pointed that an additionally examine in the U.S [9, 10] indicated that though 43% of the U.S Light–obligation vehicle fleet is supplanted by
PHEVs, the aggregate... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
, 2009; Gonder et al. , 2009), and reduces greenhouse gases emissions GHGs) relying on the raw materials of the marginal supply of electricity used
to charge them (McCarthy and Yang, 2009; benjamin What 's more Hirsh, 2009). Furthermore, (Yang, 2013) conducted that compare with a base
conventional vehicle, a PHEV can decrease gas utilization by more than 70%, given the accessibility of daytime charging. (Denholm et. al, 2013)
presented that PHEVs are comparable to conventional hybrid electric vehicles, yet all the characteristic a bigger battery and plug–in charger that lets
electricity from the grid to displace a part of the petroleum fuel drive energy. Also, PHEVs reduce petroleum utilize and output fewer tailpipe emissions
when operating electrically, in any case without the extent constraint of immaculate battery electric vehicles. They additionally diversification and cost
stabilization on fuels, since electricity could make produced from a lot of various elementary fuel sources. Also, (Zhang et. al, 2011) found that given
the magnitude of establishment the infrastructure that would be required high power, non–home charging locations, large batteries with home 1. 44
kW charging show the probability for reducing fuel consumption with a significant minimum

A Fight For Electric Vehicles
A Fight for Electric Vehicles is A Fight for Our Future
2050 is the year the ozone is expected to have a judgement of its own. If we, the people of the world can significantly reduce pollution, then by the
year 2050 the Ozone Layer should be restored back to natural levels. If we keep on polluting at the pace we are at, then we can see our Ozone Layer
disappear by the year 2050. I am in love with this planet, and it hurts me to know that my grandchildren might not have the same earth that I have been
blessed with experiencing. I know that we, the people of this planet, cannot overturn the wrongs that we have done to this planet, but we can take steps
in the right direction to fix the mess we have made. I think a large step in the right direction would be killing out gasoline powered cars, and slowly
making electric car the more popular vehicle. Electric cars are more expensive to buy and maintain, and they require a special charging port to
charge. Gas station are more accessible. Electric fueled cars do not pollute the air and are a better choice for the sake of the environment. Although
electric cars may cost more and require a special charge, they do not pollute the air and are more energy efficient. Taking a step towards electric cars is
taking an even bigger step towards saving the environment.
The first electric car was created in 1834 by Thomas Davenport, but was made without a rechargeable battery. Electric vehicles were the vehicle of
choice in the late 1800's, "In

Electric Vehicles Vs Hybrid Vehicles
My recommendation report will be focusing on the Electric vehicles versus Hybrid vehicles by keeping in view two criterions. Problem The use
of vehicles has solved many of our problems and has facilitated the human kind in many aspects starting from transportation purposes to the time
efficiency. If we just be looking at the positive side of the vehicles then the negative aspects of the use of vehicles will be hidden from us.
(Hooftman, Oliveira, Messagie, Coosemans, & Mierlo, 2016)The two important aspects that bring negativity in the selection of the vehicles are its
effects on environment and also its costs as compared to the benefits it is giving. The paper will select two types of vehicles and will analyze them
on the basis of environment concerns and cost/benefit analysis to provide a better solution to select which product is the best. The basic problem
which is arising is that which product is most effective to be used which will satisfy both the criteria selected for the analysis. The two criteria
selected are actually the 2 most important aspects of selecting any vehicle. Scope The paper compares two vehicles Electric Vehicles and Hybrid
Vehicles on the following two criteria; 1.Environmental Concerns 2.Cost/Benefit Analysis The above mentioned 2 criteria will be used to make a
comparison and analysis of report of the two vehicles to judge their effectiveness and efficiencies in both the criteria. Discussion Environmental
Concerns With the latest advancement in

Hybrid Vehicles Vs. Electric Vehicles
In this day and age, our world is being consumed by the rapid growth of the world's population. From the beginnings of time with cave men
thousands of years ago up until the Industrial Revolution, the number of people living on this planet never passed a billion, and was always
growing at a slow pace. When the Industrial Revolution hit the population skyrocketed to over 7 billion people. The growth of population has not
slowed down since then, and more technological advances are popping up everyday to help balance the rapid growth. The amount of people in the
world is literally growing each and every day. As the population grows we put more demands on our planet to provide for the billions and billions of
people inhabiting it. The world... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1990, the decision by the California Air Resources Board to limit air pollution by enforcing the rule that 2% of each automaker's sales must have
zero emissions in the 1998 model year. This decision opened the door completely for electric vehicles and essentially mandated the automobile
industry to make developments in hybrid/electric vehicles (Anglin 1). Functional hybrids have additionally been around for over a century. By 1900,
a Belgian carmaker introduced a hybrid that had a small gasoline engine along with an electric motor. Like the history of electric cars, the production
of hybrid vehicles was at a standstill between the 1930's and 1960's due to the development of the piston combustion engine, and the fact that oil
consumption and air quality were not pressing issues. After this period of time, hybrid vehicles once again attracted interest and by the 1990's more
time and energy were going into the development of hybrid vehicles (Berman 1). Most manufacturers developed EV's on an experimental basis in the
1990's, often with research subsidies from the government. But since these initial breakthroughs, the manufacture of EV's driven solely by an electric
motor has been discontinued due to practical considerations. The key problem was their limited range, often less than 100 miles, and the recharging
process took upwards of several

Hybrid Electric Vehicle Research Papers
Joe Martinez ID: 009806210, Enrique Manzo ID:009614447
Electrical Engineering Department, California State University, Long Beach
1250 Bellflower Blvd, Long Beach, CA 90840
Joe.Martinez@student.csulb.edu
Enrique.Manzo@student.csulb.edu
Professor Dr. Sleiman
Fall Semester December 1, 2015
Introduction
Purpose:
The purpose for this research report is so that students can familiarize themselves with hybrid electric vehicles and their features that make them unique
in contrast to other vehicles. This report will educate the reader on the "BMW i8's" vital components such as the engine, battery, and other elements
related to electric vehicles. To put into perspective the significant advantage hybrid electric vehicles have over vehicles ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In SPORT mode, the thrust and brake regenerative energy are their peak and thus it is the ideal mode when charging the battery. In HYBRID mode,
the battery is charged via by brake energy regenerative, thus not much energy is fed back to the battery in this state.
Engine: The BMW i8 consists of a TwinPower Turbo 1.5 litre 3–cylinder petrol engine rated at 362 HP along with a torque of 420 lb–ft. The petrol
portion of the engine is rated 231 HP whilst the electric motor is rated 131 HP for a combined total of 362 HP. In addition, the vehicle is capable of
achieving speeds of 62 MPH in 4.4 seconds, peaking 155 MPH. The top speed the vehicle is capable of reaching varies from SPORT mode to HYBRID
mode.When driving the BMW i8 in both SPORT and HYBRID modes, the vehicle is capable of achieving up to 76 MPGe. Furthermore, though the
vehicle of able to reach speeds of up to 155 MPH in SPORT mode, the hybrid electric vehicle is only capable of achieving speeds of up to 75 MPH for
22 miles while in HYBRID mode only. In addition, when driving the vehicle strictly on gas, the hybrid electric vehicle is capable of driving up to 28
MPG.
Compare and Contrast
In efforts to display the pros and cons of owning a hybrid electric vehicle, the BMW i8 will be compared to the Honda Civic Type–R. To start off, the

BMW i8 is a hybrid electric vehicle whilst the Honda Civic Type–R is a vehicle that runs on petrol only. Due to the design and structure of the i8, the

Hybrid And Electric Vehicles : The Future Of Our World
Hybrid and electric vehicles are the future of our world. They won't be replacing every single gas vehicle in the United States, but hybrids and
electric vehicles will certainly become more prevalent in everyday life. Electric and hybrid vehicles have actually been around for a quite a while
with electric cars dating all the way back to 1828. Hybrid vehicles have evolved a tremendous amount in the past 100 years leading to improved
fuel economy and lower cost of the vehicle itself. Hybrid and electric vehicles come in many different sizes such as a large SUV to a small car.
However, even though there are a lot of benefits to an electric or hybrid vehicle there are still some cons to the design and practicality. Moving
toward hybrid and electric car is a good thing since it helps out the environment and puts more money in our pockets with savings. Hybrid and
electric cars are moving in a fantastic direction and have come a long way since the invention with advances in fuel economy, and technology
advances such as new types of batteries too many different types of transmissions to drive the car, there are many pros to them but there are
however some downs. Hybrid and electric cars are not new by any means as compared to the solely reciprocating gas powered car. They both date
back to the 1820's where there were many prototypes that were being invented but not produced. It wasn't till the 1900's in America that electric cars
would become more popular than gas powered vehicles.

Argumentative Essay: Traditional Cars Vs. Electric Vehicles
Cars are extremely important in day to day life. That being said, the type of car you choose, whether that be electric or a normal gas car, is
remarkably important and will impact you for years to come. So, what would be the preferred choice? An electric car, or a conventional car that runs
off of gasoline? You should obviously choose an electric car over a conventional car, as it will improve your daily life and benefit society.
One way the electric car is substantially superior to a conventional car that runs off of gas is that an electric car will save you money. You may be
thinking, "But wait a second, aren't electric cars more expensive than normal cars?" And yes, they are, but only a little. When comparing two
remarkably similar cars, the 2013 Ford Focus, a gasoline car, and the 2013 Nissan LEAF, an electric car, the LEAF is about $11,000 more. When you
factor in the $7,500 that you get from the government for going green, it brings it to a $4,000 difference. (Chambers) Then you factor in the money
you save by not having to pay for gas. The cost of charging an electric car is 2.5 times lower than the cost of filling up on gasoline. These statistics
show that buying an electric car is easily the preferred choice. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Electric cars are a lot nicer to the environment than normal gasoline cars. Studies show that electric cars produce 27 percent less carbon dioxide into
the air than cars that run off of gasoline. (Kaplan). They also benefit society by improving our air quality. Studies show that gasoline–run vehicles are
the leading cause of smog. When people breathe in smog, they have an immense chance of getting pneumonia, or even fatal diseases such as lung
cancer. (Rinkesh) If you drive an electric car, you can help prevent

Electric Vehicle Stereotypes Essay
Public attitudes and preferences toward electrically powered vehicles are considered to be developing rapidly in Canada. The vast majority of
Canadians (almost nine in ten) of either heard or seen something about vehicles powered fully or in part by electricity, known to consumers as
electric vehicles or hybrids Pollution Probe (2009). According to a study by Pollution Probe "awareness goes beyond provinces and into
demographic subgroups" which suggests that the focus has been moved away from awareness rates per country, state or province but now into age,
gender or economic class. In terms of gender 88 percent of men and 85 percent of women within Canada are familiar with electric vehicles. They own
one, know someone with one, know the types of electric cars or have been thinking about purchasing an electric vehicle. Many studies describe gender
difference in travel behavior based on things such as commute choices, carpooling, automobile choice and safe driving practices. However when it
comes to electric vehicles which is closely linked to caring for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Women quickly grew to distrust the estimated range calculator on cars like the Leaf, and thus only used the EVs when they had two or three times the
estimated range needed to run their errands. Yet women are in the minority when it comes to plug–in car purchases. Many of these women drivers
developed "range anxiety". In an article titled "Range Anxiety" Ben Schott (2009) describes range anxiety as fear that a vehicle has insufficient range to
reach its destination and would thus strand the vehicle's occupants. In California – probably the most green–car–friendly state – women account for
only 29 percent of Nissan LEAF, 24 percent of Chevrolet Volt, and 16 percent of Tesla Model S purchases and

The Environmental Impact Of Electric Vehicles

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Diana Marquez

More from Diana Marquez (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

The Environmental Impact Of Electric Vehicles