All parts are included

1. UNIT 21:
UNDERSTANDING
VIDEO
TECHNOLOGYU 2 1 A 1 : V I D E O R E C O R D I N G , E D I T I N G A N D
B R O A D C A S T T E C H N O LO G Y

2. GRADING CRITERIA FOR U21A1
REPORT:
P1 - describe the principles of digital video technology and digital video recording with
some appropriate use of subject terminology
• Give definitions of all of the terms covered in this presentation
M1 - explain the principles of digital video technology and digital video recording with
reference to detailed illustrative examples and with generally correct use of subject
terminology
• Find examples (pictures) that are relevant to the definitions
D1 - comprehensively explain the principles of digital video technology and digital video
recording with elucidated examples and consistently using subject terminology correctly
• Use secondary sources of information (quotes/articles/screenshots from films) to
support what you are writing about

3. TELEVISION STANDARDS AND
CONNECTION SYSTEMS
a) The RGB system
- This is the standard colour system used in TV & Film
- The primary additive colours are Red, Green & Blue
- The human eye sees all colours as a combination of these colours
- The secondary additive colours are Yellow, Cyan and Magenta
- Televisions and computers display all colours as a combination of these colours
- Cameras covert these colours

4. TELEVISION STANDARDS AND
CONNECTION SYSTEMS
b) TV Standards
The following are colour encoding systems for analogue television
- PAL – Phase Alternative Line – was used in the UK and parts of Europe
- NTSC – was used in the US
- SECAM – was used in France
The following are colour encoding systems for digital television
- DVB – Digital Video Broadcast – used in the UK and many other companies
- DTMB - Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast – used in China
- ISDB - Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting - used in Japan

5. TELEVISION STANDARDS AND
CONNECTION SYSTEMS
Two methods used for "painting" an image on a television screen:
• Interlace (for example 1080i)
– PAL – scans 50 lines per second (25 odd, 25 even)
– Needs to be de-interlaced by televisions and computer monitors
– Can create ‘artefacts’.
– Signal bandwidth – cheaper as it requires less bandwidth
• Progressive (for example 720p)
– All lines are drawn in sequence
– Requires more bandwidth

6. TELEVISION STANDARDS AND
CONNECTION SYSTEMS
You need to define
and discuss the
different types of
Digital cinema/TV
formats

7. TELEVISION STANDARDS AND
CONNECTION SYSTEMS
c) HDTV – High Definition TV
– 1080 lines at 30 frames per second (FPS)
– A lot higher and faster than the analogue TV Signal which was 625 lines at 25 FPS
– This faster refresh rate of the frames means that the resolution is much higher
d) Aspect Ratio – to do with the width and height of the image
– TV and films were traditionally 4:3
– Screens with greater width are widescreen – 16:9
– Examples are on the next slide

9. TELEVISION STANDARDS AND
CONNECTION SYSTEMS
e) Connection Systems:
– Phono Connections have one video line and two audio lines
– SCART connections separate luminescence (brightness) and Chrominance (colour RGB)
– Serial/Parallel Port connections are used in digital systems/computers
• Please research the following and explain where they may be used – also look at USB
& Firewire

10. BROADCAST SYSTEMS
A) Terrestrial Broadcasting
– The transmission of a TV signal without it leaving the earth’s atmosphere

11. BROADCAST SYSTEMS
B) Satellite Broadcasting
– The transmission of a TV signal which leaves the earths atmosphere and is beamed back to
the earth via satellite

12. BROADCAST SYSTEMS
C) Multiplexes
– Technology that enables several signals to be transmitted at the same time along the same
path – e.g. multichannel television

13. PRODUCING IMAGES AND SOUND

14. PRODUCING IMAGES AND SOUND
• How images are produced
– Light passes through the camera lens
– The image is focussed on the prism
– The light is split into its 3 primary colours
– The 3 beams of light pass to 3 Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) or image sensors
– The CCDs transform the light into electrical signals
– These signals are then converted through a series of microchips into a digital image
– This digital image is then stored (usually on an SD Card)
– The amount of light that reaches the CCDs is determined by the Shutter Speed and Iris
Aperture

15. PRODUCING IMAGES AND SOUND
• The Iris
– Can be opened up or closed down
– Smaller aperture = less light
– Larger aperture = more light

16. PRODUCING IMAGES AND SOUND
• Shutter Speed
– This is the amount of time that light is processed for each frame
• Slow shutter speed = more light
• Fast shutter speed = less light

17. PRODUCING IMAGES AND SOUND
• White Balance
– a control on the camera that
compensates for the colour
effect of day light (blue) and
artificial light (yellow)
– Different light has different
temperatures and will look
different on camera
– White balance compensates
for this change in
temperature/light

18. PRODUCING IMAGES AND SOUND
• Focus
– Focus is adjusted by changing
the position of the lens in
relation to the prism
– This helps to sharpen or blur
the image

19. PRODUCING IMAGES AND SOUND
• Microphones
– How sound is produced
• The head of the microphone vibrates a diaphragm around a magnet when it picks up sound waves
• This produces and electrical signal in the coil

20. RECORDING AND PLAYBACK
• DVDs and CDs (Digital Versatile Disc/Compact Disc)
– They are made of several layers of plastic with a spiral track
– Data is written to the disc with a laser that burns ‘pits’ into the spiral track
– Data is read by a laser and detector that senses pits in the tracks

21. RECORDING AND PLAYBACK
• CDs were first used in 1982. They can contain 650MB of info
• DVDs were first used in 1996. They can contain between 4.7GB (2 hours) and 17GB (8
hours) of info (this depends on the structure of the disc and how they are used)

22. DIGITAL EDITING
• A) Analogue to Digital conversion
– Equipment can change an analogue signal into a digital signal and vice
versa
– This can be useful for capturing analogue video to a PC for editing
• B) Digital compression
– Images can be condensed into a smaller amount of electrical space
(bytes)
– MPEG – ‘Moving Picture Experts Group’ is a common form of
compression
– AVI files are larger
– Look at the following types of Digital compression, define them and
find out about them
• Different types of Digital file
formats:
– AVI
– MPG
– VOB
– MP4
– MOV
– MKV
– WMOV

23. DIGITAL EDITING
• C) Editing Images and Sound
– Linear Editing
• Linear edit systems are analogue
• Linear editing is shots that are shot one after the other in the required order
• If an edit is to be changed then all of the following shots have to be re-
edited/re-shot as well
• What are the positives and negatives of this kind of editing?

24. DIGITAL EDITING
• C) Editing Images and Sound
– Non-Linear Editing
• Non-Linear editing systems are digital
• Shots can be taken in any order at any time
• A Non-Linear editing system consists of:
– A tape, film or SD Card
– A computer
– A monitor
– Speakers
– Software – Adobe Premiere, Final Cut Pro, Avid

25. DIGITAL EDITING
• C) Editing Images and Sound
– Non-Linear Editing
• Recorded footage is captured from the SD Card
• Captured footage is imported into the project
• The individual clips can then be added to the
timeline
• Shots can be cut to the right length and are
arranged in the appropriate order
• The edited film can be laid off and then uploaded
to a website (YouTube, Vimeo, etc)
What are the
positives and
negatives of
this kind of
editing?