Difference Between Search & Browse Methods in Odoo 17
Intelligence 171109131827
1. INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence is popularly defined as the
ability to learn, understand and deal with
novel situation. The intelligent person is seen
as quick-witted, acute, keen, sharp, canny,
astute, bright and brilliant. This is the notion
of intelligence as it is used in our ordinary
and language.
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2. The term intelligence has been defined
differently by different psychologists.
This reveals the complex nature of
intelligence.
3. Ebbinghaus and Thorndike defines
“Intelligence is the ability to learn”.
Stern defines intelligence as he ability of
the individual to adjust himself to a novel
situation.
Terman defines; intelligence is the ability
of the person to carry on abstract thinking.
4. Wechsler defines intelligence as, Intelligence
is the aggregate or global capacity of the
individual to act purposefully (understand the
world) to think rationally, and to deal effectively
with his environment.
Stoddard: Intelligence is the ability to
undertake activities that are characterized by
difficulty, complexity, abstractness etc.
5. Binet defines,” Intelligence is the
ability for judgement or commonsense.
Thorndike, “Intelligence is one’s
capacity to deal effectively with
situations”.
Staney Gray defines “ Intelligence is
the capacity to use language in the
solution of problems.
6. But intelligence is neither knowledge nor is it
the same as talent. Intelligence is not memory
and it is different from skill also.
Thorndike describes three kinds of Intelligence.
They are
Concrete Intelligence
Abstract intelligence
Social Intelligence
7. Concrete Intelligence
It is the Intelligence which is the capacity
to manipulate and deal with things.
It is the ability of an individual to
comprehend actual materials and situations
and to react them adequately.
8. Abstract Intelligence
It is the capacity to manipulate and deal
with symbols.
It is the ability to react to words,
numbers, letters and other symbols.
9. Social intelligence
It is the capacity to deal with
people.
It is the ability of an individual to
adjust to social situations.
11. Unitary theory or monarchic theory
This theory holds that intelligence
consists of one factor: simply a fund of
intellectual competence, which is universal for
all activities of the individual. But, we see that
in actual life situations, the ideas propagated
by this theory do not fit well.
E.g.: Children who are bright in mathematics
may, despite of hard work, not so good in
English.
13. Intelligence consists of one factor.
It believes on universal fund of intellectual
competency which can be used in all aspects.
Intelligence can be utilized in any area of the life.
It has some draw backs such as some situation it
does not suit well.
A child may have good intelligence of Math but
many be poor in civics
The Unitary theory stand rejected.
14. Multifactor theory
E.L Thorndike : There is no general
intelligence(single factor) but only many highly
independent specific abilities which go into
different task.
According to Thorndike each mental
activity is unique in its own way. According to him,
intelligence is a general name given to number or
specific activities. These abilities have some
common elements but they do not make the whole
of intelligence. All intelligence are not the same
kind.
15. Various specific abilities are independent of
one another. According to this theory
knowledge of a person’s ability in one area
does not mean that we can say anything
about his ability in other areas
16.
17. LEVEL
This refers to the difficulty of task that can be
solved.
RANGE
This refers to the number of task at any given
degree of difficulty that we can solve.
18. AREA
It refers to the total number of situations at each
individual is able to respond.
SPEED
This is the rapidity with which an individual can
respond to items.
19. Spearman’s two factor theory(Eclectic
theory):
According to this theory, intellectual abilities
consist of two factors:
a general factor(g) and a number of specific
factors(S).
The g factor stands for the general ability and the S
factor stands for the specific ability. So all can sing,
though only a person with’ S’ will be able to sing
well..
20. Every individual has one ‘g’ factor and some “S’
factors. ‘g’ factor is universal. The amount of g
differs from individual to individual. Greater the g in
an individual and greater the success in life.
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24. Theory of primary mental abilities(PMA)
/Group factory theory
This theory was developed by L.L.
Thurnstone. This theory is intermediate between
the theories of Thorndike and spearman. He
analyzed 60 different kinds of intelligence tests
and came to the conclusion that there is no
general factor. According to him, intelligence is
composed of a number of primary mental
abilities..
25. The seven primary factors emerged are:
i. Number factor(N) : Ability to do numerical
calculations rapidly and accurately.
ii. Verbal factor (V) : Ability to do numerical
calculations rapidly and accurately.
iii. Space relation(S) : Ability to visualize
relationships to and to draw a design from
memory.(ability to deal with object in space).
26. iv. Memory (M) : ability to memorize
quickly ( to retain and to recall the learned
material).
v. Reasoning (R) : Ability to formulate rules
and principles.
vi. Word fluency (W): Ability to think of
isolated words rapidly.( ability to produce
words: A child may be fluent even though
he has a small vocabulary). Word fluency is
measured by a test requiring the writing of
as many words as possible beginning with a
certain later.
27. Perceptual ability (P) : Ability to understand the
similarities and dissimilarities of objects seen.(i.e.
To identify objects quickly and accurately.
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38. There could be 4 x 5 x 6 = 120 factors in all
which may constitute human intelligence. Each of
the 120 cells or little cubes in the model,
represent a unique kind of ability. Each one of the
120 factors has trigram symbol i.e.. At least one
factor from each category of three parameters
must be necessarily present in any specific
intellectual activity or mental task. An ability in
any cell is unique by virtue of its own
combination of one kind of operation, one kind of
content, and one kind of product.
39. For example a person is shown 10 designs for 5
seconds each and is later asked to sketch them. The
‘Content’ of this took is ‘figural’, since it involves
visible forms. The ‘ operation’ is memory; since the
person must recall a number of individual items.
40. Multiple intelligence Theory
The theory was developed in 1983 by
Dr.Howard Gardner. This model was proposed by him in
his book ‘Frames of Mind'. He has defined eight different
types of intelligence that each individual has the capacity
to possess. “Multiple intelligence “ is a psychological
theory about the mind. It’s a critique of the notion that
there is a single intelligence which we’re born with, which
can’t be changed, and which psychologist can measure.
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44. Verbal/linguistic intelligence ( word smart)
Involves reading, writing speaking and conversing in
different languages. These learners have highly developed
auditory skills and often think in words. They like reading,
playing word games, making up of poetry or stories. Typical
roles are writers, journalists, speakers, trainers, copy-writers,
poets etc.
45. Logical/ Mathematical Intelligence.( number/
reasoning smart)
Involves number and computing skills, recognizing
patterns and relationships, timeliness and order and the
ability to solve different kinds of problems through
logic. Such learner think conceptually, abstractly and
are able to see and explore patterns and relationships.
46. They like to taught through logic, games,
investigations, mysteries. They need to learn
and form concept before they can deal with
details. Typical roles are Scientists, engineers,
computer experts etc
47. Visual/ spatial intelligence ( picture smart)
Involves visual perception of the
environment, the ability to create and manipulate mental
images, and the orientation of the body in space. This
area deals with spatial judgment and the ability to
visualize with the mind’s eye.
48. They can be taught through verbal and physical imagery.
Tools include models, graphics, charts, photographs,
television, multimedia etc. Typical roles are artists,
designers, cartoonists etc
They are very aware of their environment and like to
draw, do jigsaw puzzles, read map, day dream..
49. Bodily/ Kinesthetic Intelligence
Involves physical coordination and dexterity, using
fine and gross motor skills, and expressing oneself or
learning through physical activities. They use their
body effectively, like a dancer or a surgeon and have a
keen sense of body awareness. They like movements,
making things, touching etc. They communicate well
through body language and be taught through physical
activity, hands on learning ,acting out, role playing.
50. Typical roles are dancers, demonstrators, actors,
athletes, sports people etc.
51. Musical Intelligence( music smart)
involves understanding and expressing oneself through
music and rhythmic movements or dance, or composing
or playing or conducting music. Learners show
sensitivity to rhythm and sound. They love music, but
they are also sensitive to sound in their environment.
They may study better with music in the background.
They can be taught by turning lessons into lyrics, speking
rhythmically etc.
53. Interpersonal intelligence
Involves understanding how to communicate and
understand other people and how to work collaboratevely.
These students learn through interaction. They have many
friends, empathy for others, street smarts etc. They can be
thought through group activities, seminars, dialogues. Tools
include the telephone, audio, conferencing, time and
attention from the instructor, video conferencing etc.
55. Intrapersonal Intelligence ( self smart)
Involves understanding of one’s inner world
of emotions, thoughts, one's own interests, goals and
growing in the ability to control them and work with them
consciously. These learners tend to shy away from others.
They’re in tune with their inner feelings; they have
wisdom, intuition and motivation, as well as a strong will,
confidence and opinions. They can be taught through
independent study and introspection.
56. Tools include books, creative materials, diaries,
privacy and time. They are most independent of the
learners. Career Matches are psychologists,
Philosopher and writer.
57. Naturalistic intelligence
Involves understanding the natural world of
plants and animals, noticing their characteristics, and
categorizing them; it generally involves keen
observation and the ability to classify other things as
well.
58. People who have naturalistic intelligence are fit into
professions that deal with or are focused on
agriculture, horticulture, archeology, valconology,
biology, ecology, zoology, meteorology etc.
59. Existential/Spiritual Intelligence
Involves a concern with Ultimate Issues, This Ninth
intelligence , others referred to it as Spiritual Intelligence
or Cosmic starts, would define as the ability to be
sensitive to, or have the capacity for, conceptualizing or
tackling deeper or larger questions about human existence.
