2. Means the absence of any
phonation.
The vocal folds are held far
enough apart to allow a
nonturbulent airflow through
the glottis.
Catford’s figures (1977) suggest that voiceless
articulation in maintained provided that airflow
does not exceed 200-350 cm3 per second.
The opening of the glottis is usually greater in
voiceless mode than in other mode used in speech
3. Ladefoged (1971) suggest that the opening for voiceless
articulation is similar to that required in normal breathing.
Voiceless sounds in English includes the stops:
[p] as in pea [k] as in key
[t] as in tea
Fricatives:
[f] as in fee [θ] as in theme
[s] as in see
The distinction between voiceless [f] and [s], and voiced
[v] and [z], is found in languages as diverse as French,
Greek, Russian, Hungarian, Turkish, Vietnamese and Zulu
4. Requires far greater
constriction than the
voiceless setting of the
glottis, and it is generally
achieved by adducting the ligamental vocal folds while
maintaining an opening between the arytenoid
cartilages, trough which the bulk of the airflow is
forced.
*Adduction of the false vocal folds may also help to
narrow the glottal airflow path, and to inhibit true vocal
fold vibration (Sawashima et al. 1969)
5. The characteristic consequence of the whisper setting is
that there is significant turbulence at the glottis.
This functions as a sound source which can then be
modified by articulatory activity in the supraglotal vocal
tract.
As the area of glottal opening is small, this mode can
provide turbulence with relatively low airflow rates ( from
about 25 cm3 per second according to Catford 1977)
Whisper thus exploits a usable sound source without
demanding a large air supply from the respiratory system;
but it does also require considerable overall laryngeal
tension.
